不同水培时间下大麦苗的营养价值及CNCPS组分
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摘要
为揭示水培大麦(Hordeum vulgare)苗的营养价值,采用专用水培箱人工水培大麦苗,于第4、5、6、7天采集样品,测定干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗灰分(Ash)、粗脂肪(EE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、淀粉(starch)、中性洗涤不溶蛋白质(NDIP)、酸性洗涤不溶蛋白质(ADIP)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、可溶性蛋白质(SOLP)和非蛋白氮(NPN)含量,同时测定矿物质及18种氨基酸含量,并采用康奈尔净碳水化合物–蛋白质体系(CNCPS)对其组分进行分析。结果表明,1)第7天的CP、NDF、ADF、NDIP、ADIP、SOLP、NPN含量均显著高于第4、5、6天(P <0.05);2)第7天的钙(Ca)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)含量均显著高于第4、5、6天(P <0.05);3)第7天的赖氨酸(Lys)、总氨基酸(TAA)、必需氨基酸(EAA)含量均显著高于第4、5、6天(P <0.05);4)第7天的中速降解真蛋白质(PB_2)含量显著高于第5、6天(P <0.05),慢速降解真蛋白质(PB_3)和不可降解粗蛋白质(PC)含量显著高于第4天(P <0.05);第7天的非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC)含量显著低于第4、5、6天(P <0.05),可利用纤维(CB_2)含量显著高于第4、5、6天(P <0.05)。综上所述,第7天水培大麦苗营养价值较高,可作为草食动物优质饲料资源开发利用。
The nutritive value of green barley grass(Hordeum vulgare) was investigated by sprouting barley grain in a still,hydroponic growing chamber for the 4~(th), 5~(th), 6~(th), and 7~(th) days and then sampling it to determine the dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), crude ash(Ash), crude fat(EE), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), starch, neutral detergent insoluble protein(NDIP), acidic detergent insoluble protein(ADIP), acidic detergent lignin(ADL), soluble protein(SOLP), and the non-protein nitrogen(NPN) contents. A simultaneous determination of minerals and the contents of 18 kinds of amino acids was also undertaken along with an analysis of the grain components using the Cornell net carbohydrateprotein system(CNCPS). The results showed that 1) the CP, NDF, ADF, NDIP, ADIP, SOLP, and NPN contents in the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05); 2) the calcium(Ca), manganese(Mn), and iron(Fe) contents of the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05); 3) the lysine(Lys), total amino acid(TAA), and essential amino acid(EAA) levels in the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05); and 4) the medium speed degradation protein(PB_2) contents in the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05). The slow degradation protein(PB_3) and non-degradable crude protein(PC) contents were significantly higher on the 7~(th) day than on the 4~(th) day(P < 0.05). The non-structural carbohydrate(CNSC) contents on the 7~(th) day were significantly lower than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05). Finally, the available fiber(CB_2) contents on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05). In summary, on the 7~(th) day, barley grass had higher nutritional value than the other days and could be a high quality forage grass resource that can be used for herbivore development and nutrition.
The nutritive value of green barley grass(Hordeum vulgare) was investigated by sprouting barley grain in a still,hydroponic growing chamber for the 4~(th), 5~(th), 6~(th), and 7~(th) days and then sampling it to determine the dry matter(DM), crude protein(CP), crude ash(Ash), crude fat(EE), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF), starch, neutral detergent insoluble protein(NDIP), acidic detergent insoluble protein(ADIP), acidic detergent lignin(ADL), soluble protein(SOLP), and the non-protein nitrogen(NPN) contents. A simultaneous determination of minerals and the contents of 18 kinds of amino acids was also undertaken along with an analysis of the grain components using the Cornell net carbohydrateprotein system(CNCPS). The results showed that 1) the CP, NDF, ADF, NDIP, ADIP, SOLP, and NPN contents in the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05); 2) the calcium(Ca), manganese(Mn), and iron(Fe) contents of the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05); 3) the lysine(Lys), total amino acid(TAA), and essential amino acid(EAA) levels in the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05); and 4) the medium speed degradation protein(PB_2) contents in the grain on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05). The slow degradation protein(PB_3) and non-degradable crude protein(PC) contents were significantly higher on the 7~(th) day than on the 4~(th) day(P < 0.05). The non-structural carbohydrate(CNSC) contents on the 7~(th) day were significantly lower than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05). Finally, the available fiber(CB_2) contents on the 7~(th) day were significantly higher than on the 4~(th), 5~(th), and 6~(th) days(P < 0.05). In summary, on the 7~(th) day, barley grass had higher nutritional value than the other days and could be a high quality forage grass resource that can be used for herbivore development and nutrition.
引文
[1]张放,蔡海莹,王志耕,杨烈.全株大麦作为奶牛粗饲料的饲用价值.中国奶牛,2015(7):17-20.ZHANG F,CAI H Y,WANG Z G,YANG L.Whole plant barley as feed value for dairy cow roughage.China Dairy Cattle,2015(7):17-20.
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[4]张秋英,陈剑锋,庄宝华.口服麦苗粉对人体健康效应的观察.中国农学通报,2009,25(8):106-109.ZHANG Q Y,CHEN J F,ZHUANG B H.Observation of effects of taking barley grass powder orally on human health.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(8):106-109.
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[6]鲜瑶,张雷,宋戈,李卫敏,廖侠.大麦苗粉营养保健功能的研究进展.中国食物与营养,2016,22(11):73-76.XIAN Y,ZHANG L,SONG G,LI W M,LIAO X.Research progress of nutritional and health function of barley leaves powder.Food and Nutrition in China,2016,22(11):73-76.
[7]王炜,刘春泉,刘春菊,李大婧,李建军.大麦若叶苗粉研究进展.食品工业科技,2017,38(3):395-399.WANG W,LIU C Q,LIU C J,LI D J,LI J J.Research progress in barley leaf powder.Science and Technology of Food Industry,2017,38(3):395-399.
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[9]王永辉,李培兵,李天,金宏.麦苗中氨基酸测定与评价.氨基酸和生物资源,2011,33(1):14-15+38.WANG Y H,LI P B,LI T,JIN H.Analysis and evaluation of amino acids of wheat seedling.Amino Acids and Biotic Resources,2011,33(1):14-15+38.
[10]惠秋沙,李天磊.大麦草中微量元素的测定及微量元素营养分析.中国实用医药,2010,25(5):15-17.HUI Q S,LI T L.Measurement and analysis of trifling elements in barley plants.China Practical Medical,2010,25(5):15-17.
[11]王彩虹,王新欣,李卫华.饲草水培技术.新疆畜牧业,2015(6):61-63.WANG C H,WANG X X,LI W H.Forage hydroponics.XINJIANG XUMUYE,2015(6):61-63.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:49-80.ZHANG L Y.Analysis and Quality Control Technolgies of Feeds.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007:49-80.
[13]VAN SOEST P J.SNIFFEN C J,MERTENS D R.A net protein system for cattle:The rumen submodel for nitrogen.//OWENS F N.Protein Requirements for Cattle:Proceedings of an International Symposium.Stillwater:Oklahoma State Univerity,1981:265.
[14]KRISHNAMOORTHY U C,SNIFFEN C J,STERN M D,VAN SOEST P J.Evaluation of a mathematical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs.British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):555-565.
[15]AACC.Approved Methods of the AACC.Saint Panl:American Association of Cereal Chemistry,1976.
[16]SNIFFE'N C J,OCONNOR J D,VAN SOEST P J.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability.Journal of Animal Scicnce,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[17]SMITH L W,UOERING H K,GORDON C H.Rclationships of forage compositions with rates of cell wall digestion and indigestibility of cell walls.Journal of Dairy Scicnce,1972,55(2):1140-1149.
[18]FAZAELI H,GOLMOHAMMADI H A,TABATAYEE S N,ASGHARI-TABRIZI M.Productivity and nutritive value of barley green fodder yield in hydroponic system.World Applied Sciences Journal,2012,16(4):531-539.
[19]YOLCU H.Effect of applications of organic solid cattle manure on Hungarian vetch and barley intercropping mixtures grown on soils of different depths.Grass&Forage Science,2015,70(3):428-438.
[20]CHAVAN J K,KADAM S S.Nutritional improvement of cereals by sprouting.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,1989,28(5):401-437.
[21]李建云,柴贵宾,朱晓萍,张微,贾志海.辽宁绒山羊常用饲料营养价值.中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):38-42.LI J Y,CHAI G B,ZHU X P,ZHANG W,JIA Z H.Nutritive value evaluation of some feed for liaoning cashmere goat.Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(7):38-42.
[22]曲永利,吴建豪,李铁.应用康奈尔净碳水化合物蛋白质体系评定东北地区奶牛饲料营养价值.动物营养学报,2010,22(1):201-206.QU Y L,WU J H,LI T.Use of cornell net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluation of nutrient value of feeds to dairy cattle in the northeast agricultural region of china.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):201-206.
[23]AJMI A,Salih A,KADHIM I OTHMAN Y.Yield and water use efficiency of barley fodder produced under hydroponic system in GCC countries using tertiary treated sewage effluents.Journal of Phytology,2009,1(5):342-348.
[24]SNOW A M,GHALY A E.A comparative assessment of hydroponically grown cereal crops for the purification of aquaculture wastewater and the production of fish feed.American Journal of Agricultural&Biological Science,2008,3(1):364-378.
[25]FAO/WHO.Energey and protein requirement.Gneva:WHO,1973.
[26]NRC.Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle.7th ed.Washington,D.C:National Academy Press,2001.
[27]云颖,赵苗苗,双胡尔,吴哲,玉柱.刈割期和添加剂对苜蓿青贮发酵品质和CNCPS蛋白组分的影响.草业科学,2017,34(10):2149-2156.YUN Y,ZHAO M M,SHUANG H E,WU Z,YU Z.Effect of mowing period and additives on fermentation quality and CNCPSprotein components of alfalfa silage.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(10):2149-2156.
[28]侯建建,白春生,张庆,玉柱.单一和复合乳酸菌添加水平对苜蓿青贮营养品质及蛋白组分的影响.草业科学,2016,33(10):2119-2125.HOU J J,BAI C S,ZHANG Q,YU Z.Effects of different additive amount of single and multiple lactic acid bacteria on the silage quality and protein fractions of alfalfa.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(10):2119-2125.
[2]辛培尧,普晓英,杜娟,杨涛,曾亚文.大麦籽粒和苗粉蛋白质含量的检测.麦类作物学报,2016,36(1):58-61.XIN X P,PU X Y,DU J,YANG T,ZENG Y W.Protein content determination of barley grain and seeding powder.Journal of Triticeae Crops,2016,36(1):58-61.
[3]陈剑锋,张扬,张秋英.不同播种量对大麦苗产量和品质的影响.福建农业学报,2014,29(2):136-138.CHEN J F,ZHANG Y,ZHANG Q Y.Effect of sowing amount on yiled and quality of barley seeding.Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2014,29(2):136-138.
[4]张秋英,陈剑锋,庄宝华.口服麦苗粉对人体健康效应的观察.中国农学通报,2009,25(8):106-109.ZHANG Q Y,CHEN J F,ZHUANG B H.Observation of effects of taking barley grass powder orally on human health.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(8):106-109.
[5]郑慧敏,王军,王梦竹.大麦苗的营养价值及应用.大麦与谷类科学,2017,34(2):20-22.ZHENG H M,WANG J,WANG M Z.The nutritive value and use of barley grass.Barely and Cereal Sciences,2017,34(2):20-22.
[6]鲜瑶,张雷,宋戈,李卫敏,廖侠.大麦苗粉营养保健功能的研究进展.中国食物与营养,2016,22(11):73-76.XIAN Y,ZHANG L,SONG G,LI W M,LIAO X.Research progress of nutritional and health function of barley leaves powder.Food and Nutrition in China,2016,22(11):73-76.
[7]王炜,刘春泉,刘春菊,李大婧,李建军.大麦若叶苗粉研究进展.食品工业科技,2017,38(3):395-399.WANG W,LIU C Q,LIU C J,LI D J,LI J J.Research progress in barley leaf powder.Science and Technology of Food Industry,2017,38(3):395-399.
[8]张秋英,陈剑锋.不同品种大麦苗产量及营养差异比较.大麦与谷类科学,2011(4):18-21.ZHANG Q Y,CHEN J F.Comparisons on yield and nutrition of barley grass for different varieties.Barely and Cereal Sciences,2011(4):18-21.
[9]王永辉,李培兵,李天,金宏.麦苗中氨基酸测定与评价.氨基酸和生物资源,2011,33(1):14-15+38.WANG Y H,LI P B,LI T,JIN H.Analysis and evaluation of amino acids of wheat seedling.Amino Acids and Biotic Resources,2011,33(1):14-15+38.
[10]惠秋沙,李天磊.大麦草中微量元素的测定及微量元素营养分析.中国实用医药,2010,25(5):15-17.HUI Q S,LI T L.Measurement and analysis of trifling elements in barley plants.China Practical Medical,2010,25(5):15-17.
[11]王彩虹,王新欣,李卫华.饲草水培技术.新疆畜牧业,2015(6):61-63.WANG C H,WANG X X,LI W H.Forage hydroponics.XINJIANG XUMUYE,2015(6):61-63.
[12]张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2007:49-80.ZHANG L Y.Analysis and Quality Control Technolgies of Feeds.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2007:49-80.
[13]VAN SOEST P J.SNIFFEN C J,MERTENS D R.A net protein system for cattle:The rumen submodel for nitrogen.//OWENS F N.Protein Requirements for Cattle:Proceedings of an International Symposium.Stillwater:Oklahoma State Univerity,1981:265.
[14]KRISHNAMOORTHY U C,SNIFFEN C J,STERN M D,VAN SOEST P J.Evaluation of a mathematical model of rumen digestion and an in vitro simulation of rumen proteolysis to estimate the rumen-undegraded nitrogen content of feedstuffs.British Journal of Nutrition,1983,50(3):555-565.
[15]AACC.Approved Methods of the AACC.Saint Panl:American Association of Cereal Chemistry,1976.
[16]SNIFFE'N C J,OCONNOR J D,VAN SOEST P J.A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets:Ⅱ.Carbohydrate and protein availability.Journal of Animal Scicnce,1992,70(11):3562-3577.
[17]SMITH L W,UOERING H K,GORDON C H.Rclationships of forage compositions with rates of cell wall digestion and indigestibility of cell walls.Journal of Dairy Scicnce,1972,55(2):1140-1149.
[18]FAZAELI H,GOLMOHAMMADI H A,TABATAYEE S N,ASGHARI-TABRIZI M.Productivity and nutritive value of barley green fodder yield in hydroponic system.World Applied Sciences Journal,2012,16(4):531-539.
[19]YOLCU H.Effect of applications of organic solid cattle manure on Hungarian vetch and barley intercropping mixtures grown on soils of different depths.Grass&Forage Science,2015,70(3):428-438.
[20]CHAVAN J K,KADAM S S.Nutritional improvement of cereals by sprouting.Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,1989,28(5):401-437.
[21]李建云,柴贵宾,朱晓萍,张微,贾志海.辽宁绒山羊常用饲料营养价值.中国畜牧杂志,2012,48(7):38-42.LI J Y,CHAI G B,ZHU X P,ZHANG W,JIA Z H.Nutritive value evaluation of some feed for liaoning cashmere goat.Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2012,48(7):38-42.
[22]曲永利,吴建豪,李铁.应用康奈尔净碳水化合物蛋白质体系评定东北地区奶牛饲料营养价值.动物营养学报,2010,22(1):201-206.QU Y L,WU J H,LI T.Use of cornell net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluation of nutrient value of feeds to dairy cattle in the northeast agricultural region of china.Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2010,22(1):201-206.
[23]AJMI A,Salih A,KADHIM I OTHMAN Y.Yield and water use efficiency of barley fodder produced under hydroponic system in GCC countries using tertiary treated sewage effluents.Journal of Phytology,2009,1(5):342-348.
[24]SNOW A M,GHALY A E.A comparative assessment of hydroponically grown cereal crops for the purification of aquaculture wastewater and the production of fish feed.American Journal of Agricultural&Biological Science,2008,3(1):364-378.
[25]FAO/WHO.Energey and protein requirement.Gneva:WHO,1973.
[26]NRC.Nutrient Requirement of Dairy Cattle.7th ed.Washington,D.C:National Academy Press,2001.
[27]云颖,赵苗苗,双胡尔,吴哲,玉柱.刈割期和添加剂对苜蓿青贮发酵品质和CNCPS蛋白组分的影响.草业科学,2017,34(10):2149-2156.YUN Y,ZHAO M M,SHUANG H E,WU Z,YU Z.Effect of mowing period and additives on fermentation quality and CNCPSprotein components of alfalfa silage.Pratacultural Science,2017,34(10):2149-2156.
[28]侯建建,白春生,张庆,玉柱.单一和复合乳酸菌添加水平对苜蓿青贮营养品质及蛋白组分的影响.草业科学,2016,33(10):2119-2125.HOU J J,BAI C S,ZHANG Q,YU Z.Effects of different additive amount of single and multiple lactic acid bacteria on the silage quality and protein fractions of alfalfa.Pratacultural Science,2016,33(10):2119-2125.
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