农林废弃物高效循环利用模式与效益分析
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摘要
中低慢速热解技术将生物质在绝氧或低氧环境中加热分解,生产生物炭、热解油和不可冷凝气体产物,是农林废弃物高效利用的重要途径。该文基于生物质热解炭气联产技术,构建了农林废弃物能源化资源化高效循环利用应用模式,秸秆炭用于还田,木质炭成型后用于供暖,热解气用于居民炊事和热水,热解油回用燃烧为系统加热,木醋液稀释后用作杀虫剂。前南峪热解联产示范工程年运行5 500～6 000 h的条件下,可处理各类农林废弃物2 500 t,生产生物炭700 t(其中秸秆炭约150 t、木质炭550 t),生产热解气20余万m~3,木质型炭和热解气可满足全村386户居民冬季取暖和全年炊事热水用能需求,秸秆炭与人畜粪便复混,全部用于还田。原料收购采用生物炭兑换方式,本村居民5 t农林废弃物原料兑换1t炭基肥或木质型炭,热解气以0.9元/m~3的价格出售给本村农民,工程运行可持续、可复制,具有良好的社会环境效益。项目可实现农林废弃物的高值利用,改善农村用能结构,促进农业可持续发展。
China has abundant agroforestry residue resources. According to the statistics, the amount of crop straw and forestry residue reached 900 million and 300 million tons, respectively. At present, the use of agroforestry residues mainly includes fertilizer, raw material, energy, and feed. Realizing the efficient recycling of agroforestry waste resources is an important way to increase the added value of agroforestry, promote the green development of agroforestry, improve the rural energy structure, and enhance the rural human settlement environment. Biomass pyrolysis poly-generation based on slow pyrolysis technology of biomass, through pyrolysis gas purification and co-production technology integration, produces a wide range of products in clean gas, biochar, pyrolysis oil, vinegar, electricity and hot water. Biomass pyrolysis gas is clean and renewable, and it is an important energy source for the replacement of bulk coal in rural areas. Biochar can improve soil, and can also be processed to produce high quality energy products. Biomass pyrolysis poly-generation is one of the important ways to comprehensively utilize agricultural and forestry wastes, which can further enhance the comprehensive benefits of the development and utilization of agricultural and forestry waste resources, and have a good prospect for popularization and application. Based on the biomass pyrolysis carbon gas co-production technology, this paper constructs an energy-efficient resource efficient recycling application model for agriculture and forestry waste. Straw biochar is used for returning to the field, and wood charcoal for heating after molding. The pyrolysis gas is used for residents' cooking and hot water. The pyrolysis oil is burned for system heating, and the wood vinegar is diluted for insecticide. Under the conditions of 5 500 to 6 000 hours of operation, the Qiannanyu Pyrolysis Poly-generation Demonstration Project processes 2 500 t of various agricultural and forestry wastes annually, produces 700 t of biochar(including 150 t of straw biochar and 550 t of wood biochar), and produces more than 200 000 m~3 of pyrolysis gas. The woody charcoal and pyrolysis gas can meet the requirements of 386 farmers in the village for winter heating and hot water for the whole year. The straw biochar is mixed with human and animal manure, all of which are used for returning to the field. The raw material purchase adopts the method of woody charcoal exchange, 5 t agricultural and forestry wastes are exchanged for 1 t carbon base fertilizer or woody charcoal for heating, and the pyrolysis gas is sold to the villagers at the price of 0.9 yuan/m~3. The project is sustainable, reproducible and has significant social and environmental benefits, and it realizes a high value utilization of agroforestry waste, improves the energy structure of rural areas, and promotes the sustainable development of agriculture.
China has abundant agroforestry residue resources. According to the statistics, the amount of crop straw and forestry residue reached 900 million and 300 million tons, respectively. At present, the use of agroforestry residues mainly includes fertilizer, raw material, energy, and feed. Realizing the efficient recycling of agroforestry waste resources is an important way to increase the added value of agroforestry, promote the green development of agroforestry, improve the rural energy structure, and enhance the rural human settlement environment. Biomass pyrolysis poly-generation based on slow pyrolysis technology of biomass, through pyrolysis gas purification and co-production technology integration, produces a wide range of products in clean gas, biochar, pyrolysis oil, vinegar, electricity and hot water. Biomass pyrolysis gas is clean and renewable, and it is an important energy source for the replacement of bulk coal in rural areas. Biochar can improve soil, and can also be processed to produce high quality energy products. Biomass pyrolysis poly-generation is one of the important ways to comprehensively utilize agricultural and forestry wastes, which can further enhance the comprehensive benefits of the development and utilization of agricultural and forestry waste resources, and have a good prospect for popularization and application. Based on the biomass pyrolysis carbon gas co-production technology, this paper constructs an energy-efficient resource efficient recycling application model for agriculture and forestry waste. Straw biochar is used for returning to the field, and wood charcoal for heating after molding. The pyrolysis gas is used for residents' cooking and hot water. The pyrolysis oil is burned for system heating, and the wood vinegar is diluted for insecticide. Under the conditions of 5 500 to 6 000 hours of operation, the Qiannanyu Pyrolysis Poly-generation Demonstration Project processes 2 500 t of various agricultural and forestry wastes annually, produces 700 t of biochar(including 150 t of straw biochar and 550 t of wood biochar), and produces more than 200 000 m~3 of pyrolysis gas. The woody charcoal and pyrolysis gas can meet the requirements of 386 farmers in the village for winter heating and hot water for the whole year. The straw biochar is mixed with human and animal manure, all of which are used for returning to the field. The raw material purchase adopts the method of woody charcoal exchange, 5 t agricultural and forestry wastes are exchanged for 1 t carbon base fertilizer or woody charcoal for heating, and the pyrolysis gas is sold to the villagers at the price of 0.9 yuan/m~3. The project is sustainable, reproducible and has significant social and environmental benefits, and it realizes a high value utilization of agroforestry waste, improves the energy structure of rural areas, and promotes the sustainable development of agriculture.
引文
[1]农业部新闻办公室.我国主要农作物秸秆综合利用率超过80%[EB/OL].[2017-07-27].http://jiuban.moa.gov.cn/zwllm/zwdt/201605/t20160526_5151375.htm.
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[10]丛宏斌,赵立欣,孟海波,等.生物质热解多联产在北方农村清洁供暖中的适用性评价[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):8-14.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Meng Haibo,et al.Clean heating mode based on biomass pyrolytic poly-generation technology and its applicability evaluation in northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(1):8-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]何绪生,耿增超,佘雕,等.生物炭生产与农用的意义及国内外动态[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):1-7.He Xusheng,Geng Zengchao,She Diao,et al.Implications of production and agricultural utilization of biochar and its international dynamics[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(2):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Shrestha G,Traina S J,Swanston C W.Black carbon’s properties and role in the environment:A comprehensive review[J].Sustainability,2010,2(1):294-320.
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[15]周卫红,陈冠益,马隆龙,等.农村生物质气化燃气分散供暖经济和环境效益分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):213-218.Zhou Weihong,Chen Guanyi,Ma Longlong,et al.Economic and environmental benefits analysis of decentralized heating using biomass gasification gas in rural area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(14):213-218(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Cong Hongbin,Ma?ek Ond?ej,Zhao Lixin,et al.Slow pyrolysis performance and energy balance of corn stover in continuous pyrolysis-based poly-generation systems[J].Energy Fuels,2018,32(2):3743-3750.
[17]Ma?ek O,Brownsort P,Cross A,et al.Influence of production conditions on the yield and environmental stability of biochar[J].Fuel,2013,103(1):151-155.
[18]丛宏斌,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.玉米秸秆连续干馏条件下能量平衡分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(7):206-212.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Yao Zonglu,et al.Energy balance analysis of corn straw continuous distillation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(7):206-212.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]严伟,陈智豪,盛奎川.适宜炭化温度及时间改善生物质成型炭品质[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(24):245-249.Yan Wei,Chen Zhihao,Sheng Kuichuan.Carbonization temperature and time improving quality of charcoal briquettes[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(24):245-249.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Ning S,Hung M,Chang Y,et al.Benefit assessment of cost,energy,and environment for biomass pyrolysis oil[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2013,42(6):141-149.
[21]Park S W,Jang C H,Baek K R,et al.Torrefaction and low-temperature carbonization of woody biomass:Evaluation of fuel characteristics of the products[J].Energy,2012,45(1):676-685.
[22]李飞跃,汪建飞.中国粮食作物秸秆焚烧排碳量及转化生物炭固碳量的估算[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(14):1-7.Li Feiyue,Wang Jianfei.Estimation of carbon emission from burning and carbon sequestration from biochar producing using crop straw in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(14):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]刘标,陈应泉,何涛,等.农作物秸秆热解多联产技术的应用[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(16):213-219.Liu Biao,Chen Yingquan,He Tao,et al.Application of cogeneration technology of gas-liquid-solid products pyrolyzed from crop straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(16):213-219.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]潘根兴,张阿凤,邹建文,等.农业废弃物生物黑炭转化还田作为低碳农业途径的探讨[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(4):394-400.Pan Genxing,Zhang Afeng,Zou Jianwen,et al.Biochar from agro-byproducts used as amendment to cropland:An option of low carbon agriculture[J].Journal of Ecologyand Rural Environment,2010,26(4):394-400.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]丛宏斌,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.我国生物质炭化技术装备研究现状与发展建议[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(2):21-26.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Yao Zonglu,et al.Research status of biomass carbonization technical equipment and its development proposals in China[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(2):21-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]解读中央财经领导小组第十四次会议[EB/OL].[2018-12-02]http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2016/1222/c1004-8967815.html.
[27]张慧利,蔡洁,夏显力.水土流失治理效益与生态农业发展的耦合协调性分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(8):162-169.Zhang Huili,Cai Jie,Xia Xianli.Coupling coordinative degree analysis on benefit of water and soil erosion control and development of ecological agriculture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(8):162-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]徐华.四大行动推进农业绿色发展[N].河北日报,2017-02-28(009).
[29]李世勇.提高粮食生产能力全力推进农业生态绿色发展[N].哈尔滨日报,2018-11-29(008).
[30]郑惊鸿.生物质能源产业对接精准扶贫前景广阔[N].农民日报,2016-06-25(003).
[31]王俊.农村能源清洁化路径几多[N].中国电力报,2017-02-18(002).
[2]任继勤.秸秆生物质能利用对节能减排的贡献潜力研究[J].北京交通大学学报:社会科学版,2018,17(4):79-87.
[3]段新芳,周泽峰,徐金梅,等.我国林业剩余物资源、利用现状及建议[J].中国人造板,2017,24(11):1-5.Duan Xinfang,Zhou Zefeng,Xu Jinmei,et al.Utilization situation and suggestion of forestry residues resources in China[J].China Wood-Based Panels,2017,24(11):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]陈超玲,杨阳,胡林,等.中国各省市区秸秆资源管理政策发展述评[J].中国农业大学学报,2017,22(11):1-16.Yang Chaoling,Yang Yang,Hu Lin,et al.Review of the development of crop residue management policy in provincial regions in China[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2017,22(11):1-16.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]中华人民共和国统计局.中国统计年鉴2016[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2016.
[6]祖梁.中国秸秆资源化利用现状及对策建议[J].世界环境,2018(5):16-18.
[7]和祥生.农村能源工作对生态环境建设的重要影响和作用探析[J].绿色科技,2017(4):109-110
[8]丛宏斌,赵立欣,王久臣,等.中国农村能源生产消费现状与发展需求分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(17):224-231.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Wang Jiuchen,et al Current situation and development demand analysis of rural energy inChina[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(17):224-231.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]徐绍峰.为何改善农村人居环境是乡村振兴头场硬仗[N].金融时报,2019-01-17(011).
[10]丛宏斌,赵立欣,孟海波,等.生物质热解多联产在北方农村清洁供暖中的适用性评价[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(1):8-14.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Meng Haibo,et al.Clean heating mode based on biomass pyrolytic poly-generation technology and its applicability evaluation in northern China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(1):8-14.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]何绪生,耿增超,佘雕,等.生物炭生产与农用的意义及国内外动态[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(2):1-7.He Xusheng,Geng Zengchao,She Diao,et al.Implications of production and agricultural utilization of biochar and its international dynamics[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(2):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Shrestha G,Traina S J,Swanston C W.Black carbon’s properties and role in the environment:A comprehensive review[J].Sustainability,2010,2(1):294-320.
[13]丛宏斌,姚宗路,赵立欣,等.生物质连续热解炭气油联产中试系统开发[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(18):173-179.Cong Hongbin,Yao Zonglu,Zhao Lixin,et al.Development of carbon,gas and oil poly-generation pilot system based on biomass continuous pyrolysis[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(18):173-179.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]丛宏斌,姚宗路,赵立欣,等.自燃连续式生物质热解炭气油联产系统燃气净化分离技术工艺研究[J].可再生能源,2015,33(9):1393-1397.Cong Hongbin,Yao Zonglu,Zhao Lixin,et al.Research on gas separation and purification technology for continuous pyrolysis system with biomass spontaneous combustion[J].Renewable Energy Resources,2015,33(9):1393-1397.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]周卫红,陈冠益,马隆龙,等.农村生物质气化燃气分散供暖经济和环境效益分析[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(14):213-218.Zhou Weihong,Chen Guanyi,Ma Longlong,et al.Economic and environmental benefits analysis of decentralized heating using biomass gasification gas in rural area[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2014,30(14):213-218(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]Cong Hongbin,Ma?ek Ond?ej,Zhao Lixin,et al.Slow pyrolysis performance and energy balance of corn stover in continuous pyrolysis-based poly-generation systems[J].Energy Fuels,2018,32(2):3743-3750.
[17]Ma?ek O,Brownsort P,Cross A,et al.Influence of production conditions on the yield and environmental stability of biochar[J].Fuel,2013,103(1):151-155.
[18]丛宏斌,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.玉米秸秆连续干馏条件下能量平衡分析[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(7):206-212.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Yao Zonglu,et al.Energy balance analysis of corn straw continuous distillation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(7):206-212.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]严伟,陈智豪,盛奎川.适宜炭化温度及时间改善生物质成型炭品质[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(24):245-249.Yan Wei,Chen Zhihao,Sheng Kuichuan.Carbonization temperature and time improving quality of charcoal briquettes[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(24):245-249.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Ning S,Hung M,Chang Y,et al.Benefit assessment of cost,energy,and environment for biomass pyrolysis oil[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2013,42(6):141-149.
[21]Park S W,Jang C H,Baek K R,et al.Torrefaction and low-temperature carbonization of woody biomass:Evaluation of fuel characteristics of the products[J].Energy,2012,45(1):676-685.
[22]李飞跃,汪建飞.中国粮食作物秸秆焚烧排碳量及转化生物炭固碳量的估算[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(14):1-7.Li Feiyue,Wang Jianfei.Estimation of carbon emission from burning and carbon sequestration from biochar producing using crop straw in China[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(14):1-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]刘标,陈应泉,何涛,等.农作物秸秆热解多联产技术的应用[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(16):213-219.Liu Biao,Chen Yingquan,He Tao,et al.Application of cogeneration technology of gas-liquid-solid products pyrolyzed from crop straw[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(16):213-219.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]潘根兴,张阿凤,邹建文,等.农业废弃物生物黑炭转化还田作为低碳农业途径的探讨[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(4):394-400.Pan Genxing,Zhang Afeng,Zou Jianwen,et al.Biochar from agro-byproducts used as amendment to cropland:An option of low carbon agriculture[J].Journal of Ecologyand Rural Environment,2010,26(4):394-400.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]丛宏斌,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.我国生物质炭化技术装备研究现状与发展建议[J].中国农业大学学报,2015,20(2):21-26.Cong Hongbin,Zhao Lixin,Yao Zonglu,et al.Research status of biomass carbonization technical equipment and its development proposals in China[J].Journal of China Agricultural University,2015,20(2):21-26.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]解读中央财经领导小组第十四次会议[EB/OL].[2018-12-02]http://finance.people.com.cn/n1/2016/1222/c1004-8967815.html.
[27]张慧利,蔡洁,夏显力.水土流失治理效益与生态农业发展的耦合协调性分析[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(8):162-169.Zhang Huili,Cai Jie,Xia Xianli.Coupling coordinative degree analysis on benefit of water and soil erosion control and development of ecological agriculture[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(8):162-169.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]徐华.四大行动推进农业绿色发展[N].河北日报,2017-02-28(009).
[29]李世勇.提高粮食生产能力全力推进农业生态绿色发展[N].哈尔滨日报,2018-11-29(008).
[30]郑惊鸿.生物质能源产业对接精准扶贫前景广阔[N].农民日报,2016-06-25(003).
[31]王俊.农村能源清洁化路径几多[N].中国电力报,2017-02-18(002).
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