湘潭县农田土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价
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摘要
为探讨湘潭县农田土壤重金属的污染特征及潜在生态风险,以湘潭县农田土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Cd、Ni 8种重金属元素含量和污染特征,并利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该区域农田中土壤重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:8种重金属中Cd含量平均值高于风险筛选值,低于风险管制值,其他7种重金属含量的平均值均低于风险筛选值,且Cd和Hg累积程度较高,其最小值分别是背景值的1.53倍和1.04倍。在单项污染风险评价中,超过90%的样本Cr、As、Hg、Pb含量小于风险筛选值,90.4%的样本Cd含量大于风险筛选值,且Cd含量高的区域主要分布在东部地区,没有Cr、As、Hg、Pb和Cd含量大于风险管制值的样本;综合污染风险评价结果显示92%的样本可能存在食用农产品不符合质量安全标准等的土壤污染风险。综合潜在生态风险系数的平均值为314.9,处于强潜在生态风险水平。通过以上分析说明,该区农田土壤重金属整体呈现出高生态风险状态,这种现象主要是由该区农田土壤中Cd的污染程度比较高造成的。
To characterize the pollution and potential ecological risk from heavy metals in soil of farmland in Xiangtan County, eight heavy metals(As, Hg, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni)were analyzed and evaluated, using the Potential Ecological Hazard Index. Based on the Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standards for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land(GB 15618—2018), we found that only Cd concentration(mean value)exceeded the risk screening value(RSV)among all the soil heavy metals in the study region. Cd and Hg showed high accumulation, and the minimum Cd and Hg concentration was 1.53 times and 1.04 times that of the local background values, respectively. With regards to single index evaluations, the proportion of samples with concentrations of Cr, As, Hg and Pb lower than the RSV was more than 90%. In most samples, Cd concentration was higher than RSV. The high Cd concentration occured in the eastern region. No samples with heavy metals concentrations higher than the risk intervention value(RIV)were found. The results of this comprehensive evaluation indicate that 92% of the samples may have soil pollution risks, and edible agricultural products may not be meeting quality and safety standards. The soil pollution in this county should be attributed to Cd pollution. Furthermore, the average of the potential ecological risk factor is 314.9 in this area, which indicates a high level of potential risk, mainly due to the high levels of Cd contamination.
To characterize the pollution and potential ecological risk from heavy metals in soil of farmland in Xiangtan County, eight heavy metals(As, Hg, Zn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Ni)were analyzed and evaluated, using the Potential Ecological Hazard Index. Based on the Soil Environmental Quality Risk Control Standards for Soil Contamination of Agricultural Land(GB 15618—2018), we found that only Cd concentration(mean value)exceeded the risk screening value(RSV)among all the soil heavy metals in the study region. Cd and Hg showed high accumulation, and the minimum Cd and Hg concentration was 1.53 times and 1.04 times that of the local background values, respectively. With regards to single index evaluations, the proportion of samples with concentrations of Cr, As, Hg and Pb lower than the RSV was more than 90%. In most samples, Cd concentration was higher than RSV. The high Cd concentration occured in the eastern region. No samples with heavy metals concentrations higher than the risk intervention value(RIV)were found. The results of this comprehensive evaluation indicate that 92% of the samples may have soil pollution risks, and edible agricultural products may not be meeting quality and safety standards. The soil pollution in this county should be attributed to Cd pollution. Furthermore, the average of the potential ecological risk factor is 314.9 in this area, which indicates a high level of potential risk, mainly due to the high levels of Cd contamination.
引文
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[20]Lei M,Tie B Q,Song Z G,et al.Heavy metal pollution and potential health risk assessment of white rice around mine areas in Hunan Province,China[J].Food Security,2015,7(1):45-54.
[21]Wang M,Chen W,Peng C.Risk assessment of Cd polluted paddy soils in the industrial and township areas in Hunan,Southern China[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:346-351.
[22]湛天丽,黄阳,滕应,等.贵州万山汞矿区某农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析[J].土壤通报,2017,48(2):474-480.ZHAN Tian-li,HUANG Yang,TENG Ying,et al.Characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in a farmland soil in Wanshan mercury mining area,Guizhou Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(2):474-480.
[23]曾妍妍,周金龙,王松涛,等.新疆若羌县农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(9):87-91.ZENG Yan-yan,ZHOU Jin-long,WANG Song-tao,et al.Distribution characteristics and pollution assessment of heavy metals in farm-387land soils in Ruoqiang County,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(9):87-91.
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[25]于洋,高宏超,马俊花,等.密云县境内潮河流域土壤重金属分析评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3572-3577.YU Yang,GAO Hong-chao,MA Jun-hua,et al.Analysis and evaluation of heavy metals along the Chaohe River in Miyun County[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(9):3572-3577.
[26]海米提·依米提,祖皮艳木·买买提,李建涛,等.焉耆盆地土壤重金属的污染及潜在风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1523-1530.HAMID Yimit,ZULPIYA Mamat,LI Jian-tao,et al.Sources explanation,pollution and assessment of potential ecological hazards of heavy metals in the soils of Yanqi Basin,China[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(6):1523-1530.
[27]Manta D S,Angelone M,Bellanca A,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils:A case study from the city of Palermo(Sicily),Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,300(1/2/3):229-243.
[28]Nichohon F A,Smith S R,Alloway B J,et al.An inventory of heavy metal inputs to agricultural soil in England and Wales[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,311:205-219.
[29]Yuan Y,Zeng G,Liang J,et al.Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period:Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,525:450-456.
[30]Huang B,Shi X,Yu D,et al.Environmental assessment of smallscale vegetable farming systems in peri-urban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112(4):391-402.
[31]陈洪刚.长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险研究[J].世界有色金属,2016,15:148-149.CHEN Hong-gang.Heavy metal pollution and potential environmental risks in long-term sewage irrigation farmland soils[J].World Nonferrous Metals,2016,15:148-149.
[32]刘丽琼,魏世强,江韬.三峡库区消落带土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1204-1211.LIU Li-qiong,WEI Shi-qiang,JIANG Tao.Distribution of soil heavy metals from water-level-fluctuating zone in Three-Gorge Reservoir Area and their evaluation of potential ecological risk[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1204-1211.
[33]Li Q S,Cai S S,Mo C H,et al.Toxic effects of heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables grown in a saline soil[J].Environmental Safety,2010,73(1):84-88.
[2]Fatoba P O,Ogunkunle C O,Folarin O O,et al.Heavy metal pollution and ecological geochemistry of soil impacted by activities of oil industry in the Niger Delta,Nigeria[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2016,75(4):1-9.
[3]Phoungthong K,Xia Y,Zhang H,et al.Leaching toxicity characteristics of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science&Engineering,2016,10(2):399-411.
[4]Li Z Y,Ma Z W,Van der Kuijp T J,et al.A review of soil heavy metal pollution from mines in China:Pollution and health risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,468-469(6):843-853.
[5]Kumar V,Sharma A,Minakshi,et al.Temporal distribution,source apportionment,and pollution assessment of metals in the sediments of Beas river,India[J].Human&Ecological Risk Assessment,2018,24(8):1-20.
[6]邹素敏,杜瑞英,文典,等.不同品种蔬菜重金属污染评价和富集特征研究[J].生态环境学报,2017,26(4):714-720.ZOU Su-min,DU Rui-ying,WEN Dian,et al.Evaluation and enrichment characteristics of heavy metal pollution in different varieties of vegetables[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2017,26(4):714-720.
[7]Hossain M A,Ali N M,Islam M S,et al.Spatial distribution and source apportionment of heavy metals in soils of Gebeng industrial city,Malaysia[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2015,73(1):115-126.
[8]Santos-Francés F,Martínez-Gra?a A,Alonso Rojo P,et al.Geochemical background and baseline values determination and spatial distribution of heavy metal pollution in soils of the Andes Mountain Range(Cajamarca-Huancavelica,Peru)[J].International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health,2017,14(8):859.
[9]金晓丹,马华菊,廖俊鸿,等.广西某铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染生态和健康风险特征[J].桂林理工大学学报,2018,38(1):124-131.JIN Xiao-dan,MA Hua-ju,LIAO Jun-hong,et al.Ecological and health risk characteristics of heavy metal pollution in a lead-zinc mining area in Guangxi[J].Journal of Guilin University of Technology,2018,38(1):124-131.
[10]陈玉东,王火焰,周健民,等.黑龙江省海伦市农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].土壤,2012,44(4):613-620.CHEN Yu-dong,WANG Huo-yan,ZHOU Jian-min,et al.Heavy metals distribution characteristics and pollution assessment in farmland soils of Hailun City,Heilongjiang Province[J].Soils,2012,44(4):613-620.
[11]Benhaddya M L,Hadjel M.Spatial distribution and contamination assessment of heavy metals in surface soils of Hassi Messaoud,Algeria[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2014,71(3):1473-1486.
[12]Zhou J,Feng K,Pei Z,et al.Multivariate analysis combined with GISto source identification of heavy metals in soils around an abandoned industrial area,Eastern China[J].Ecotoxicology,2016,25(2):380-388.
[13]周艳华,黄卫,李涛.应对湖南省稻米重金属污染的技术对策研究[J].粮食与油脂,2018,31(5):84-86.ZHOU Yan-hua,HUANG Wei,LI Tao.Technical countermeasures for dealing with heavy metal pollution of rice in Hunan Province[J].Food and Oil,2018,31(5):84-86.
[14]杨海君,张海涛,许云海,等.长株潭地区集中式饮用水水源地周边土壤环境质量监测与评价[J].水土保持研究,2018,25(3):150-156.YANG Hai-jun,ZHANG Hai-tao,XU Yun-hai,et al.Monitoring and evaluation of soil environmental quality around the concentrated drinking water source in Changsha-Xiangtan area[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(3):150-156.
[15]吴永盛,徐金龙,庄姜云,等.微波消解-电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法同时测定土壤中8种重金属元素[J].中国无机分析化学,2017,7(4):16-20.WU Yong-sheng,XU Jin-long,ZHUANG Jiang-yun,et al.Simultaneous determination of eight heavy metal elements in soil by microwave digestion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)[J].Chinese Journal of Inorganic Analytical Chemistry,2017,7(4):16-20.
[16]Larks Hakanson I.An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control:A sedimentological approach[J].Water Research,1980,14(2):975-1001.
[17]王斌,张震.天津近郊农田土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(3):23-27.WANG Bin,ZHANG Zhen.Heavy metal pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk assessment of farmland soils in Tianjin Suburbs[J].China Environmental Monitoring,2012,28(3):23-27.
[18]中国环境监测总站.土壤环境监测技术规范HJ/T 166-2004[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2004.China National Environmental Monitoring Centre.The technical specification for soil environmental monitoring:HJ/T 166-2004[S].Beijing:China Environmental Press,2004.
[19]潘佑民.湖南土壤背景值及研究方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1988.PAN You-min.Soil background values and research methods in Hunan Province[M].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,1988.
[20]Lei M,Tie B Q,Song Z G,et al.Heavy metal pollution and potential health risk assessment of white rice around mine areas in Hunan Province,China[J].Food Security,2015,7(1):45-54.
[21]Wang M,Chen W,Peng C.Risk assessment of Cd polluted paddy soils in the industrial and township areas in Hunan,Southern China[J].Chemosphere,2016,144:346-351.
[22]湛天丽,黄阳,滕应,等.贵州万山汞矿区某农田土壤重金属污染特征及来源解析[J].土壤通报,2017,48(2):474-480.ZHAN Tian-li,HUANG Yang,TENG Ying,et al.Characteristics and sources of heavy metal pollution in a farmland soil in Wanshan mercury mining area,Guizhou Province[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(2):474-480.
[23]曾妍妍,周金龙,王松涛,等.新疆若羌县农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2017,31(9):87-91.ZENG Yan-yan,ZHOU Jin-long,WANG Song-tao,et al.Distribution characteristics and pollution assessment of heavy metals in farm-387land soils in Ruoqiang County,Xinjiang[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2017,31(9):87-91.
[24]张丽红,徐慧珍,于青春,等.河北清苑县及周边农田土壤及农作物中重金属污染状况与分析评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(11):2139-2146.ZHANG Li-hong,XU Hui-zhen,YU Qing-chun,et al.Heavy metal pollution status and analysis and evaluation of farmland soils and crops in Qingyuan County of Hebei Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2010,29(11):2139-2146.
[25]于洋,高宏超,马俊花,等.密云县境内潮河流域土壤重金属分析评价[J].环境科学,2013,34(9):3572-3577.YU Yang,GAO Hong-chao,MA Jun-hua,et al.Analysis and evaluation of heavy metals along the Chaohe River in Miyun County[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(9):3572-3577.
[26]海米提·依米提,祖皮艳木·买买提,李建涛,等.焉耆盆地土壤重金属的污染及潜在风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(6):1523-1530.HAMID Yimit,ZULPIYA Mamat,LI Jian-tao,et al.Sources explanation,pollution and assessment of potential ecological hazards of heavy metals in the soils of Yanqi Basin,China[J].China Environmental Science,2014,34(6):1523-1530.
[27]Manta D S,Angelone M,Bellanca A,et al.Heavy metals in urban soils:A case study from the city of Palermo(Sicily),Italy[J].Science of the Total Environment,2002,300(1/2/3):229-243.
[28]Nichohon F A,Smith S R,Alloway B J,et al.An inventory of heavy metal inputs to agricultural soil in England and Wales[J].Science of the Total Environment,2003,311:205-219.
[29]Yuan Y,Zeng G,Liang J,et al.Variation of water level in Dongting Lake over a 50-year period:Implications for the impacts of anthropogenic and climatic factors[J].Journal of Hydrology,2015,525:450-456.
[30]Huang B,Shi X,Yu D,et al.Environmental assessment of smallscale vegetable farming systems in peri-urban areas of the Yangtze River Delta Region,China[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2006,112(4):391-402.
[31]陈洪刚.长期污灌农田土壤重金属污染及潜在环境风险研究[J].世界有色金属,2016,15:148-149.CHEN Hong-gang.Heavy metal pollution and potential environmental risks in long-term sewage irrigation farmland soils[J].World Nonferrous Metals,2016,15:148-149.
[32]刘丽琼,魏世强,江韬.三峡库区消落带土壤重金属分布特征及潜在风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(7):1204-1211.LIU Li-qiong,WEI Shi-qiang,JIANG Tao.Distribution of soil heavy metals from water-level-fluctuating zone in Three-Gorge Reservoir Area and their evaluation of potential ecological risk[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(7):1204-1211.
[33]Li Q S,Cai S S,Mo C H,et al.Toxic effects of heavy metals and their accumulation in vegetables grown in a saline soil[J].Environmental Safety,2010,73(1):84-88.
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