精准农业对华北平原冬小麦温室气体排放和产量的短期影响
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摘要
本试验以京郊冬小麦田为研究对象,采用大田试验设置4个处理:CTF(常规整地+常规施肥)、PF(精准施肥)、LL(激光平地)、PF+LL(精准施肥+激光平地),采用静态箱-气相色谱法分析了不同农业措施下的土壤温室气体(CO_2、N_2O、CH_4)排放特征。结果表明:和CTF相比,LL冬小麦产量显著提高7.10%;降雨、灌溉后表层土壤含水率显著提高,冬小麦季土壤CH_4吸收量显著增加22%,土壤CO_2、N_2O累计排放量分别显著增加27.20%、8.81%。PF产量与CTF无显著差异;土壤N_2O排放峰出现在追肥后,PF排放峰值显著较CTF低15.41%,精准施肥至收获期间PF土壤N_2O显著减排15.05%,但整个冬小麦生长季PF土壤CO_2、N_2O累计排放量和CH_4累计吸收量与CTF均无显著差异。和CTF相比,PF+LL小麦产量显著提高8.2%,同时PF+LL土壤具备较好的持水性,雨季及灌溉后表层土壤含水率分别显著提高8.81%、7.63%,冬小麦生长季土壤CO_2累计排放量显著增加33.53%,CH_4吸收量显著增加31.5%,N_2O累计排放量无显著差异,但在精准施肥至收获期间土壤N_2O显著减排10.22%。综上,激光平地技术可显著增产但综合增温潜势较强,精准施肥技术对产量无显著影响,但降低了N_2O排放峰值,减少了精准施肥后的N_2O累计排放量,表现出一定的N_2O减排潜力。
A field experiment was conducted in suburban areas of Beijing.The effect of four treatments,namely conventional tillage and fertilization(CTF),precision fertilization(PF)alone at the topdressing stage,laser land leveling(LL)alone prior to sowing,and a combination of PF+LL,on CO_2,N_2O,and CH_(4 )emissions were examined.The results showed that LL significantly increased the wheat yield by 7.10%compared with CTF,and surface soil moisture content was significantly improved.Regarding greenhouse gas emissions,the amount of CH_4absorbed by soil was significantly increased by 22.00%,but CO_(2 )and N_2O emission fluxes were increased by 27.20%and 8.81%,respectively.Compared with CTF,PF had no effect on wheat yield.The peak value of N_2O emissions emerged after topdressing and significantly decreased by 15.41%.The emission fluxes of N_2O between the topdressing stage and harvest stage were significantly decreased by 15.05%.However,in the entire season of winter wheat,there were no differences in emissions of CO_2,N_2O,and CH_(4 )found between PF and CTF.PF+LL significantly increased the wheat yield by 8.20%compared with CTF,and the water holding capacity of soil was enhanced,as the water content was significantly increased by 8.81%and 7.63%in the rainy season and irrigation season,respectively.The cumulative emissions of CO_(2 )were significantly decreased by 33.53%.The absorbed amount of CH_(4 )was significantly decreased by 31.50%.PF+LL also had no effect on the cumulative emissions of N_2O in the entire season of winter wheat,but it significantly decreased the N_2O emissions between the topdressing stage and harvest stage.In summary,LL could significantly increase the winter wheat yield,but it also increased the global warming potential.PF had no significant effect on wheat yield,but it decreased the peak value of N_2O emissions,thereby showing the potential to reduce N_2O emissions.In conclusion,the prospects of precision agriculture technology in increasing production and reducing emissions need to be further studied.
A field experiment was conducted in suburban areas of Beijing.The effect of four treatments,namely conventional tillage and fertilization(CTF),precision fertilization(PF)alone at the topdressing stage,laser land leveling(LL)alone prior to sowing,and a combination of PF+LL,on CO_2,N_2O,and CH_(4 )emissions were examined.The results showed that LL significantly increased the wheat yield by 7.10%compared with CTF,and surface soil moisture content was significantly improved.Regarding greenhouse gas emissions,the amount of CH_4absorbed by soil was significantly increased by 22.00%,but CO_(2 )and N_2O emission fluxes were increased by 27.20%and 8.81%,respectively.Compared with CTF,PF had no effect on wheat yield.The peak value of N_2O emissions emerged after topdressing and significantly decreased by 15.41%.The emission fluxes of N_2O between the topdressing stage and harvest stage were significantly decreased by 15.05%.However,in the entire season of winter wheat,there were no differences in emissions of CO_2,N_2O,and CH_(4 )found between PF and CTF.PF+LL significantly increased the wheat yield by 8.20%compared with CTF,and the water holding capacity of soil was enhanced,as the water content was significantly increased by 8.81%and 7.63%in the rainy season and irrigation season,respectively.The cumulative emissions of CO_(2 )were significantly decreased by 33.53%.The absorbed amount of CH_(4 )was significantly decreased by 31.50%.PF+LL also had no effect on the cumulative emissions of N_2O in the entire season of winter wheat,but it significantly decreased the N_2O emissions between the topdressing stage and harvest stage.In summary,LL could significantly increase the winter wheat yield,but it also increased the global warming potential.PF had no significant effect on wheat yield,but it decreased the peak value of N_2O emissions,thereby showing the potential to reduce N_2O emissions.In conclusion,the prospects of precision agriculture technology in increasing production and reducing emissions need to be further studied.
引文
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[15]薛绪掌,陈立平,孙治贵,等.基于土壤肥力与目标产量的冬小麦变量施氮及其效果[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):59-62.XUE Xu-zhang,CHEN Li-ping,SUN Zhi-gui,et al.Results of variable-rate nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat based on soil fertility and yield map[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(3):59-62.
[16]田慎重,宁堂原,迟淑筠,等.不同耕作措施的温室气体排放日变化及最佳观测时间[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):879-888.TIAN Shen-zhong,NING Tang-yuan,CHI Shu-yun,et al.Diurnal variations of the greenhouse gases emission and their optimal observation duration under different tillage systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):879-888.
[17]IPCC.Climate change the physical science basis:Working groupⅠcontribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC[R].2007.
[18]Aquino L S,Timm L C,Reichardt K,et al.State-space approach to evaluate effects of land levelling on the spatial relationships of soil properties of a lowland area[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2015,145:135-147.
[19]Brye K R,Slaton.Soil physical and biological properties as affected387by land leveling in a clayey aquert[J].Soil Science Society of America,2006,70:631-642.
[20]Darve F,Freitas H,Moldes A,et al.Short-term effects of land leveling on irrigation-related some soil properties in a clay loam soil[J].Hindawi Publishing Corporation,2013,1-16.
[21]Jat M L,Gupta R,Saharawat Y S,et al.Layering precision land leveling and furrow irrigated raised bed planting:Productivity and input use efficiency of irrigated bread wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains[J].American Journal of Plant Sciences,2011,2(4):578-588.
[22]张东秋,石培礼,张宪洲.土壤呼吸主要影响因素的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(7):778-785.ZHANG Dong-qiu,SHI Pei-li,ZHANG Xian-zhou.Some advance in the main factors controlling soil respiration[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(7):778-785.
[23]Luo Y L,Zhou X H.Soil respiration and the environment[R].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[24]Sharifi A,Gorji M,Asadi H,et al.Land leveling and changes in soil properties in paddy fields of Guilan province,Iran[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2014,12(1):139-145.
[25]徐文彬,刘维屏,刘广深.应用DNDC模型分析施肥和翻耕方式变化对旱田土壤N2O释放的潜在影响[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(6):917-922.XU Wen-bin,LIU Wei-ping,LIU Guang-shen.Potential effect of fertilizing and tilling on N2O emission from upland soils analyzed by DNDC model[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(6):917-922.
[26]Liang G P,Houssou A A,Wu H J,et al.Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and related soil biochemical properties under nitrogen addition in winter wheat field[J].PLoS One,2015,10(12):e0144115.
[27]Saiya C,Sinsabaugh R L,Zak D R.The effects of long-term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil[J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,2002,34:1309-1315.
[28]刘运通,万运帆,林而达,等.施肥与灌溉对春玉米土壤N2O排放通量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):997-1002.LIU Yun-tong,WAN Yun-fan,LIN Er-da,et al.N2O flux variations from spring maize soil under fertilization and irrigation[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):997-1002.
[29]郑建初,张岳芳,陈留根,等.稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(19):6138-6146.ZHENG Jian-chu,ZHANG Yue-fang,CHEN Liu-gen,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions affect by tillage measures in winter wheat under a rice wheat rotation system[J].Acta Ecology Sinica,2012,32(19):6138-6146.
[30]张雪松.华北平原麦田土壤CH4吸收[D].南京:南京气象学院,2003.ZHANG Xue-song.Soil CH4 uptake in winter wheat field in the North China Plain[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Institute of Meteorology,2003.
[31]Goulding K W T,Willison T W,Webster C P,et al.Methane fluxes in aerobic soils[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1996,42(1/2):175-187.
[32]Muhammad A,Manzoor A,Abdul G,et al.Wheat productivity,land and water use efficiency by traditional and laser land-leveling techniques[J].Online Journal of Biological Sciences,2003,3(2):141-146.
[2]Pierce F J,Nowak P.Aspects of precision agriculture[J].Adv Agron,1999,67:1-85.
[3]刘刚,林建涵,司永胜,等.激光控制平地系统设计与试验分析[J].农业机械学报,2006,37(1):71-74.LIU Gang,LIN Jian-han,SI Yong-sheng,et al.Development and experiment on laser controlled leveling system[J].Transactions of the CSAM,2006,37(1):71-74.
[4]赵春江.精准农业研究与实践[M].北京:科学出版社,2009.ZHAO Chun-jiang.Research and practice of precision agriculture[M].Beijing:Science Press,2009.
[5]白岗栓,杜社妮,于健,等.激光平地改善土壤水盐分布并提高小麦产量[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(8):125-134.BAI Gang-shuan,DU She-ni,YU Jian,et al.Laser land leveling improve distribution of soil moisture and soil salinity and enhance spring wheat yield[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2013,29(8):125-134.
[6]Jat M L,Gathala M K,Ladha J K,et al.Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the rice-wheat rotation:Water use,productivity,profitability and soil physical properties[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2009,105(1):112-121.
[7]Jat M L,Chandana P,Sharma S K,et al.Laser land leveling:A precursor technology for resource conservation rice-wheat consortium technical bulletin series,rice-wheat consortium for the Indo-Gangetic plains[M].New Delhi,India,2006:48.
[8]Rickman J F,Bunna S,Sinath P.Agricultural engineering:Program Report for 1998[M].International Rice Research Institute,Manila,Philippines,1998:142.
[9]陈文辉,谢高地,卓庆卿.农田基础环境信息空间变异性分析[J].生态学报,2004,24(2):347-352.CHEN Wen-hui,XIE Gao-di,ZHUO Qing-qing.The analysis of the spatial variability of farmland basic environment information[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(2):347-352.
[10]张亦涛,刘宏斌,王洪媛,等.农田施氮对水质和氮素流失的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(20):6664-6676.ZHANG Yi-tao,LIU Hong-bin,WANG Hong-yuan,et al.A bibliometric analysis of status and trend of international research on field nitrogen application effects on nitrogen losses and water quality[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,36(20):6664-6676.
[11]张书慧,马成林,李伟,等.变量施肥对玉米产量及土壤养分影响的试验[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(8):64-67.ZHANG Shu-hui,MA Cheng-lin,LI Wei,et al.Experimental study on the influence of variable rate fertilization on maize yield and soil nutrients[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2006,22(8):64-67.
[12]王熙,王新忠,王智敏,等.基于DGPS定位的大豆变量施肥播种应用试验[J].黑龙江八一农垦大学学报,2004,4:32-35.WANG Xi,WANG Xin-zhong,WANG Zhi-min,et al.Experiment on the variable rate fertilization in soybean based on the DPGS[J].Journal of Heilongjiang Reclamation University,2004,4:32-35.
[13]薛正平.精准农业变量施肥技术及其环境经济效益[D].南京:南京农业大学,2007.XUE Zheng-ping,Variable-rate fertilization and its environmental and economic benefit in precision agriculture[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agriculture University,2007.
[14]Jon T,Biermacher B,Wade B,et al.The economic potential of precision nitrogen application with wheat based on plant sensing[J].Agriculture Economics,2009,40:397-407.
[15]薛绪掌,陈立平,孙治贵,等.基于土壤肥力与目标产量的冬小麦变量施氮及其效果[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):59-62.XUE Xu-zhang,CHEN Li-ping,SUN Zhi-gui,et al.Results of variable-rate nitrogen fertilization of winter wheat based on soil fertility and yield map[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2004,20(3):59-62.
[16]田慎重,宁堂原,迟淑筠,等.不同耕作措施的温室气体排放日变化及最佳观测时间[J].生态学报,2012,32(3):879-888.TIAN Shen-zhong,NING Tang-yuan,CHI Shu-yun,et al.Diurnal variations of the greenhouse gases emission and their optimal observation duration under different tillage systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(3):879-888.
[17]IPCC.Climate change the physical science basis:Working groupⅠcontribution to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC[R].2007.
[18]Aquino L S,Timm L C,Reichardt K,et al.State-space approach to evaluate effects of land levelling on the spatial relationships of soil properties of a lowland area[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2015,145:135-147.
[19]Brye K R,Slaton.Soil physical and biological properties as affected387by land leveling in a clayey aquert[J].Soil Science Society of America,2006,70:631-642.
[20]Darve F,Freitas H,Moldes A,et al.Short-term effects of land leveling on irrigation-related some soil properties in a clay loam soil[J].Hindawi Publishing Corporation,2013,1-16.
[21]Jat M L,Gupta R,Saharawat Y S,et al.Layering precision land leveling and furrow irrigated raised bed planting:Productivity and input use efficiency of irrigated bread wheat in Indo-Gangetic plains[J].American Journal of Plant Sciences,2011,2(4):578-588.
[22]张东秋,石培礼,张宪洲.土壤呼吸主要影响因素的研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2005,20(7):778-785.ZHANG Dong-qiu,SHI Pei-li,ZHANG Xian-zhou.Some advance in the main factors controlling soil respiration[J].Advances in Earth Science,2005,20(7):778-785.
[23]Luo Y L,Zhou X H.Soil respiration and the environment[R].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006.
[24]Sharifi A,Gorji M,Asadi H,et al.Land leveling and changes in soil properties in paddy fields of Guilan province,Iran[J].Paddy and Water Environment,2014,12(1):139-145.
[25]徐文彬,刘维屏,刘广深.应用DNDC模型分析施肥和翻耕方式变化对旱田土壤N2O释放的潜在影响[J].应用生态学报,2001,12(6):917-922.XU Wen-bin,LIU Wei-ping,LIU Guang-shen.Potential effect of fertilizing and tilling on N2O emission from upland soils analyzed by DNDC model[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2001,12(6):917-922.
[26]Liang G P,Houssou A A,Wu H J,et al.Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and related soil biochemical properties under nitrogen addition in winter wheat field[J].PLoS One,2015,10(12):e0144115.
[27]Saiya C,Sinsabaugh R L,Zak D R.The effects of long-term nitrogen deposition on extracellular enzyme activity in an Acer saccharum forest soil[J].Soil Biology Biochemistry,2002,34:1309-1315.
[28]刘运通,万运帆,林而达,等.施肥与灌溉对春玉米土壤N2O排放通量的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2008,27(3):997-1002.LIU Yun-tong,WAN Yun-fan,LIN Er-da,et al.N2O flux variations from spring maize soil under fertilization and irrigation[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2008,27(3):997-1002.
[29]郑建初,张岳芳,陈留根,等.稻麦轮作系统冬小麦农田耕作措施对氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(19):6138-6146.ZHENG Jian-chu,ZHANG Yue-fang,CHEN Liu-gen,et al.Nitrous oxide emissions affect by tillage measures in winter wheat under a rice wheat rotation system[J].Acta Ecology Sinica,2012,32(19):6138-6146.
[30]张雪松.华北平原麦田土壤CH4吸收[D].南京:南京气象学院,2003.ZHANG Xue-song.Soil CH4 uptake in winter wheat field in the North China Plain[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Institute of Meteorology,2003.
[31]Goulding K W T,Willison T W,Webster C P,et al.Methane fluxes in aerobic soils[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,1996,42(1/2):175-187.
[32]Muhammad A,Manzoor A,Abdul G,et al.Wheat productivity,land and water use efficiency by traditional and laser land-leveling techniques[J].Online Journal of Biological Sciences,2003,3(2):141-146.
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