2001–2016年内蒙古草地覆盖度时空格局及其对水热因子的响应
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摘要
内蒙古草地遥感监测评价研究,对国家实施的生态工程效益评价及相关政策调整具有重要意义。本研究选取内蒙古作为研究范围,基于卫星遥感数据、地面气象观测数据及其他相关统计资料,利用像元二分模型估算内蒙古草地覆盖度,分析2001–2016年内蒙古草地覆盖度的时空变化格局及其对气候因子的响应,对内蒙古实施退牧还草工程以来的草地植被恢复和长势进行定量监测与动态评价,以期揭示草地植被的恢复状况和草原生态系统的改善情况。研究结果表明,2001–2016年内蒙古草地覆盖度总体上呈现出由东北向西南逐渐递减的空间分布格局,草地覆盖度平均值为37.90%;草地覆盖度变化呈现出明显的经向地带性,其中东北部草原区最大,中部典型草原区次之,西部荒漠草原区最低;时间格局上,草地覆盖度变化总体上呈波动上升趋势,从2001年的35%到2016年的38.84%,增加了10.97%;草地覆盖度与年均温的平均相关系数为0.058(P> 0.05),与年总降水量的平均相关系数为0.269(P> 0.05),表明内蒙古草地覆盖度与年均温和年降水量间相关性均不显著。
The monitoring of remote sensing and research on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia is of great significance for the implementation of the national ecological engineering evaluation and related policy adjustments. In this study, Inner Mongolia is selected as the research scope, based on satellite remote sensing data, ground meteorological observation data and other statistical data. For which, we used the dimidiate pixel model to estimate the grassland coverage, analyze the spatial and temporal pattern of the grassland coverage from 2001 to 2016, and evaluate the responses to the changing climate factors. The restoration of grassland vegetation and the growth trends of the grassland have been quantitatively monitored and dynamically evaluated, which effectively reveals the restoration of grassland vegetation and the improvement of the grassland ecosystem. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of the grassland coverage in Inner Mongolia,over a 15 year period, gradually decreased from the northeast to the southwest, and the average annual grassland coveragewas 37.90% with obvious meridional zonation. The grassland coverage of the northeast grassland area is the largest, the central steppe area is the second, and the western desert grassland area is the lowest. Overall, the trend increased with fluctuation. The grassland coverage increased from 35% to 38.84% during the study period. The average correlation coefficients between the grassland coverage and temperature is 0.058(P > 0.05) and between grassland coverage and annual total precipitation is 0.269(P > 0.05), indicating that grassland coverage was not significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation in Inner Mongolia.
The monitoring of remote sensing and research on the grasslands of Inner Mongolia is of great significance for the implementation of the national ecological engineering evaluation and related policy adjustments. In this study, Inner Mongolia is selected as the research scope, based on satellite remote sensing data, ground meteorological observation data and other statistical data. For which, we used the dimidiate pixel model to estimate the grassland coverage, analyze the spatial and temporal pattern of the grassland coverage from 2001 to 2016, and evaluate the responses to the changing climate factors. The restoration of grassland vegetation and the growth trends of the grassland have been quantitatively monitored and dynamically evaluated, which effectively reveals the restoration of grassland vegetation and the improvement of the grassland ecosystem. The results showed that the spatial distribution pattern of the grassland coverage in Inner Mongolia,over a 15 year period, gradually decreased from the northeast to the southwest, and the average annual grassland coveragewas 37.90% with obvious meridional zonation. The grassland coverage of the northeast grassland area is the largest, the central steppe area is the second, and the western desert grassland area is the lowest. Overall, the trend increased with fluctuation. The grassland coverage increased from 35% to 38.84% during the study period. The average correlation coefficients between the grassland coverage and temperature is 0.058(P > 0.05) and between grassland coverage and annual total precipitation is 0.269(P > 0.05), indicating that grassland coverage was not significantly correlated with temperature and precipitation in Inner Mongolia.
引文
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[14]王义凤,雍世鹏,刘钟龄.内蒙古自治区的植被地带特征.植物学报,1979(3):78-88.WANG Y F,YONG S P,LIU Z L.Characteristics of the vegetational zones in Inner Mongolia autonomous region.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,1979(3):78-88.
[15]BEHNKE R H,SCOONES I,KERVEN C.Range ecology at disequilibrium:New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African Savannas.Africa,1993,64(4):1091-1093.
[16]SCOONES I,GRAHAM O.New directions for pastoral development in Africa.Development in Practice,1994,4(3):188-198.
[17]许旭,李晓兵,梁涵玮,黄玲梅.内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度变化及其与气象因子的关系.生态学报,2010,30(14):3733-3743.XU X,LI X B,LIANG H W,HUANG L M.Change in vegetation coverage and its relationships with climatic factors in temperate steppe,Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3733-3743.
[18]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,刚成诚,周伟,居为民.2001-2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征.地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.MU S J,LI J L,CHEN Y Z,GANG C C,ZHOU W,JU W M.Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[19]陈效逑,王恒.1982-2003年内蒙古植被带和植被覆盖度的时空变化.地理学报,2009,64(1):84-94.CHEN X Q,WANG H.Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation belts and vegetation cover degrees in Inner Mongolia from1982 to 2003.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(1):84-94.
[20]马文红,杨元合,贺金生,曾辉,方精云.内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系.中国科学,2008,38(1):84-92.MA W H,YANG Y H,HE J S,ZENG H,FANG J Y.Above-and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands,Inner Mongolia.Science in China,2008,38(1):84-92.
[21]孙艳玲,郭鹏,延晓冬,赵天宝.内蒙古植被覆盖变化及其与气候、人类活动的关系.自然资源学报,2010,25(3):407-414.SUN Y L,GUO P,YAN X D,ZHAO T B.Changes of vegetation coverage and its relationship with climate and human activities in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(3):407-414.
[2]ZHAO T,OUYANG Z,JIA L,ZHENG H.Ecosystem services and their valuation of China grassland.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2004,24(6):1101-1110.
[3]ADAMS J M,FAURE H,FAUREDENARD L,Mcglade J M,Woodward F I.Increases in terrestrial carbon storage from the Last Glacial Maximum to the present.Nature,1990,348(6303):711-714.
[4]JMO S,HALL D O.The global carbon sink:a grassland perspective.Global Change Biology,2010,4(2):229-233.
[5]TUCKER C J,JUSTICE C O,PRINCE S D.Monitoring the grasslands of the Sahel 1984 to 1985.International Journal of Remote Sensing,1986,7(11):1571-1581.
[6]章文波,符素华,刘宝元.目估法测量植被覆盖度的精度分析.北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2001,37(3):402-408.ZHANG W B,FU S H,LIU B Y.Error assessment of visual estimation plant coverage.Journal of Beijing Normal University(Natural Science),2001,37(3):402-408.
[7]王计平,郭仲军,黄继红,臧润国,刘轩.北疆不同生态功能区近30年来植被盖度时空变化.林业资源管理,2015(6):64-70.WANG J P,GUO Z J,HUANG J H,ZANG R G,LIU X.Characteristics of spatio-temporal variation of NDVI in different ecological function in North Xinjiang in recent 30 years.Forest Resources Management,2015(6):64-70.
[8]李向婷,白洁,李光录,罗格平,古丽·加帕尔,李均力.新疆荒漠稀疏植被覆盖度信息遥感提取方法比较.干旱区地理,2013,36(3):502-511.LI X T,BAI J,LI G L,LUO G P,Gu·Jiapar,LI J L.Comparison of methods based on MODIS for estimating sparse vegetationfraction across desert in Xinjiang.Arid Land Geography,2013,36(3):502-511.
[9]ZHANG X F,LIAO C H,LI J,Sun Q.Fractional vegetation cover estimation in arid and semi-arid;environments using HJ-1satellite hyperspectral data.International Journal of Applied Earth Observation&Geoinformation,2013,21(1):506-512.
[10]马娜,胡云锋,庄大方,张学利.基于遥感和像元二分模型的内蒙古正蓝旗植被覆盖度格局和动态变化.地理科学,2012,32(2):251-256.MA N,HU Y F,ZHUANG D F,ZHANG X L.Vegetation coverage distribution and its changes in plan blue banner based on remote sensing data and dimidiate pixel model.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(2):251-256.
[11]董云社,陈佐忠.内蒙古典型草地CO2,N2O,CH4通量的同时观测及其日变化.科学通报,2000,45(3):318-322.DONG Y S,CHEN Z Z.Simultaneous observation and daily variation of CO2,N2O and CH4 fluxes in typical grasslands in Inner Mongolia.Chinese Science Bulletin,2000,45(3):318-322.
[12]方精云.全球生态学:气候变化与生态响应.北京:高等教育出版社,2000.FANG J Y.Global Ecology:Climate Change and Ecological Response.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2000.
[13]杜和平.西部开发战略下生态环境保护对策研究.北京:中央民族大学硕士学位论文,2005.DU H P.Research on ecological environmental protection countermeasures under the western development strategy.Master Thesis.Beijing:Minzu University of China,2005.
[14]王义凤,雍世鹏,刘钟龄.内蒙古自治区的植被地带特征.植物学报,1979(3):78-88.WANG Y F,YONG S P,LIU Z L.Characteristics of the vegetational zones in Inner Mongolia autonomous region.Journal of Integrative Plant Biology,1979(3):78-88.
[15]BEHNKE R H,SCOONES I,KERVEN C.Range ecology at disequilibrium:New models of natural variability and pastoral adaptation in African Savannas.Africa,1993,64(4):1091-1093.
[16]SCOONES I,GRAHAM O.New directions for pastoral development in Africa.Development in Practice,1994,4(3):188-198.
[17]许旭,李晓兵,梁涵玮,黄玲梅.内蒙古温带草原区植被盖度变化及其与气象因子的关系.生态学报,2010,30(14):3733-3743.XU X,LI X B,LIANG H W,HUANG L M.Change in vegetation coverage and its relationships with climatic factors in temperate steppe,Inner Mongolia.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3733-3743.
[18]穆少杰,李建龙,陈奕兆,刚成诚,周伟,居为民.2001-2010年内蒙古植被覆盖度时空变化特征.地理学报,2012,67(9):1255-1268.MU S J,LI J L,CHEN Y Z,GANG C C,ZHOU W,JU W M.Spatial differences of variations of vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010.Acta Geographica Sinica,2012,67(9):1255-1268.
[19]陈效逑,王恒.1982-2003年内蒙古植被带和植被覆盖度的时空变化.地理学报,2009,64(1):84-94.CHEN X Q,WANG H.Spatial and temporal variations of vegetation belts and vegetation cover degrees in Inner Mongolia from1982 to 2003.Acta Geographica Sinica,2009,64(1):84-94.
[20]马文红,杨元合,贺金生,曾辉,方精云.内蒙古温带草地生物量及其与环境因子的关系.中国科学,2008,38(1):84-92.MA W H,YANG Y H,HE J S,ZENG H,FANG J Y.Above-and belowground biomass in relation to environmental factors in temperate grasslands,Inner Mongolia.Science in China,2008,38(1):84-92.
[21]孙艳玲,郭鹏,延晓冬,赵天宝.内蒙古植被覆盖变化及其与气候、人类活动的关系.自然资源学报,2010,25(3):407-414.SUN Y L,GUO P,YAN X D,ZHAO T B.Changes of vegetation coverage and its relationship with climate and human activities in Inner Mongolia.Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(3):407-414.
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