消落带夏冬季土壤溶解有机质的组成特征及来源
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摘要
溶解性有机质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)普遍存在于土壤、沉积物和水体中,在环境地球化学和全球碳循环中发挥重要作用。消落带独特的"干湿交替"使土壤有不同的季节特征,但有关不同季节土壤DOM的性质、组成及来源差异还未见报道。利用紫外-可见光谱、三维荧光光谱(Excitation-emission matrices,EEMs)与平行因子分析模型(Parallel factor analysis,PARAFAC)相结合的方法,分析了丹江口库区消落带表层土壤DOM在不同季节的组成、结构,并对其来源进行解析。结果表明,不同季节消落带土壤DOM的组成特征存在一定差异。冬季土壤的有色溶解性有机物(Chromophoric dissolved organic matter,CDOM)浓度、土壤DOM的芳香性、缩合度、腐殖化程度、所含疏水性组分都高于夏季土壤,但参与光漂白的活性要低于夏季土壤。荧光指数(FI)、腐殖化指数(HIX)和生物源指数(BIX)表明该区土壤DOM的来源在不同季节都有明显的自生源特征,且腐殖化程度和生物可利用性都不高,并未表现显著差异。该区土壤DOM存在两个主要的荧光峰:紫外光区类富里酸峰、可见光区类富里酸峰和类腐殖酸峰。研究提出消落带淹水期间产生的DOM对水环境有很大影响,以内源为主的库区在水质改善的过程中需加强对内源物质的管控。这些研究结果可为消落带的水体修复和污染物的迁移转化提供科学依据。
Dissolved organic matter(DOM) is a very important component in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, which also plays a key role in geo-environmental chemistry. Soil from water-level fluctuation zones have an important effect on water quality. But there was little qualitative analysis of DOM in soils in different season. In this study, DOM samples were extracted from soils obtained from typical water-level fluctuation zones of Danjiangkou reservoir. Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) absorption spectra and the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum(EEMs) combined with Parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) were applied to determine the properties of DOM and its sources in different season. The results showed that the properties of DOM in different season had different changes, and the CDOM concentration, aromaticity, humification and hydrophobicity were much higher in winter than those in summer, but the photo-bleaching was lower. Moreover, the parameters of fluorescence index, humification index and biological index showed the existence of DOM in Danjiangkou reservoir was mainly derived from endogenous sources, which was closely correlated with biological or bacterial activity. Meanwhile, DOM from the Danjiangkou reservoir could be divided into two components: fulvic acid and humic acid. The results suggest that DOM releases during flooding for water-level fluctuation zones should be a crucial source of DOM in waters. The endogenous reservoir should strengthen the control of endogenous substances to improve water quality. The study could provide a theoretical basis for water remediation and the migration and transformation of contaminants in water-level fluctuation zones.
Dissolved organic matter(DOM) is a very important component in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem, which also plays a key role in geo-environmental chemistry. Soil from water-level fluctuation zones have an important effect on water quality. But there was little qualitative analysis of DOM in soils in different season. In this study, DOM samples were extracted from soils obtained from typical water-level fluctuation zones of Danjiangkou reservoir. Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis) absorption spectra and the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum(EEMs) combined with Parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) were applied to determine the properties of DOM and its sources in different season. The results showed that the properties of DOM in different season had different changes, and the CDOM concentration, aromaticity, humification and hydrophobicity were much higher in winter than those in summer, but the photo-bleaching was lower. Moreover, the parameters of fluorescence index, humification index and biological index showed the existence of DOM in Danjiangkou reservoir was mainly derived from endogenous sources, which was closely correlated with biological or bacterial activity. Meanwhile, DOM from the Danjiangkou reservoir could be divided into two components: fulvic acid and humic acid. The results suggest that DOM releases during flooding for water-level fluctuation zones should be a crucial source of DOM in waters. The endogenous reservoir should strengthen the control of endogenous substances to improve water quality. The study could provide a theoretical basis for water remediation and the migration and transformation of contaminants in water-level fluctuation zones.
引文
AIKEN G R,HSU-KIM H,RYAN J N,2011.Influence of dissolved organic matter on the environmental fate of metals,nanoparticles and colloids[J].Environmental Science and Technology,45(8):3196-3201.
CHEN H S,WU J Y,SHANG S L,et al.,2005.Absorption and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Pearl River Estuary,South China[J].Marine Chemistry,97(1-2):78-89.
CHEN M L,HUR J,2015.Pre-treatments,characteristics,and biogeochemical dynamics of dissolved organic matter in sediments:Areview[J].Water Research,79:10-25.
CHEN Z Q,LI Y,PAN J M,2004.Distributions of colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Continental Shelf Research,24(16):1845-1856.
CHIN Y P,AIKEN G,O’LOUGHLIN E,1994.Molecular weight,polydispersity,and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances[J].Environmental Science and Technology,28(11):1853-1858.
DEL CASTILLO C E,COBLE P G,MORELL J M,et al.,1999.Analysis of the optical properties of the Orinoco River plume by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,66(1-2):35-51.
EWA LIPCZYNSKA-KOCHANY,2018.Effect of climate change on humic substances and associated impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater:A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,640-641:1548-1565.
HE M C,SHI Y H,LIN C Y,2008.Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,20(11):1294-1299.
HELMS J R,STUBBINS A,RITCHIE J D,et al.,2008.Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight,source,and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,53(3):955-969.
HUGUET A,VACHER L,RELEXANS S,et al.,2009.Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde Estuary[J].Organic Geochemistry,40(6):706-719.
MINERO C,LAURI V,FALLETTI G,et al.,2007.Spectrophotometric Characterisation of Surface Lakewater Samples:Implications for the Quantification of Nitrate and the Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter[J].Annali di Chimica,97(10):1107-1116.
NELSON N B,CARLSON C A,STEINBERG D K,2004.Production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter by Sargasso Sea microbes[J].Marine Chemistry,89(1-4):273-287.
OLIVIERI A C,2005.Computing sensitivity and selectivity in parallel factor analysis and related multiway techniques:the need for further developments in net analyte signal theory[J].Analytical Chemistry,77(15):4936-4946.
SCHMIDT M W I,TORN M S,ABIVEN S,et al.,2011.Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property[J].Nature,478(7367):49-56.
STROBEL B W,HANSEN H C B,BORGGAARD O K,et al.,2001.Composition and reactivity of DOC in forest floor soil solutions in relation to tree species and soil type[J].Biogeochemistry,56:1-26.
VODACEK A,BLOUGH N V,DEGRANDPRE M D,et al.,1997.Seasonal variation of CDOM and DOC in the middle atlantic bight:terrestrial inputs and photooxidation[J].Limnology and Oceanography,42(4):674-686.
WANG H,HOLDEN J,ZHANG Z J,et al.,2014.Concentration dynamics and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in wetland soils subjected to experimental warming[J].Science of the Total Environment,470-471:907-916.
WINTERDAHL M,BISHOP K,ERLANDSSON M,2014.Acidification,dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and climate change[M].Berlin:Springer Netherlands:281-287.
傅平青,刘丛强,吴丰昌,2005.溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特征研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,25(12):2024-2028.FU Q P,LIU C Q,WU F C,2005.Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,25(12):2024-2028.
高洁,江韬,李璐璐,等,2015.三峡库区消落带土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)吸收及荧光光谱特征[J].环境科学,35(1):151-162.GAO J,JIANG T,LI L L,et al.,2015.Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)and fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in soils of water-level fluctuation zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J].Environmental Science,35(1):151-162.
何伟,白泽琳,李一龙,等,2016.溶解性有机质特性分析与来源解析的研究进展[J].环境科学学报,36(2):359-372.HE W,BAI Z L,LI Y L,et al.,2016.Advances in the characteristics analysis and source identification of the dissolved organic matter[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,36(2):359-372.
李璐璐,江韬,闫金龙,等,2014.三峡库区典型消落带土壤及沉积物中溶解性有机质(DOM)的紫外-可见光谱特征[J].环境科学,35(3):934-941.LI L L,JIANG T,YAN J L,et al.,2014.Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in soils and sediments of typical water-level fluctuation zones of Three Gorges Reservoir Areas[J].Environmental Science,35(3):934-941.
李帅东,姜泉良,黎烨,等,2017.环滇池土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特征及来源分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,37(5):1448-1454.LI S D,JIANG Y L,LI Y,et al.,2017.Spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter from top soils on Songhuaba reservoir in Kunming[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,37(5):1448-1454.
梁俭,江韬,卢松,等,2016.淹水条件下三峡库区典型消落带土壤释放DOM的光谱特征:紫外-可见吸收光谱[J].环境科学,37(7):2496-2505.LIANG J,JIANG T,LU S,et al.,2016.Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)releases from soils of typical water-level fluctuation zones of Three Gorges Reservoir areas:UV-Vis spectrum[J].Environmental Science,37(7):2496-2505.
刘明亮,张运林,秦伯强,2009.太湖入湖河口和开敞区CDOM吸收和三维荧光特征[J].湖泊科学,21(2):234-241.LIU M L,ZHANG Y L,QIN B Q,2009.Characterization of absorption and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra of chromophoric dissolved organic matter at the river inflow and the open area in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,21(2):234-241.
刘新,王友权,徐华成,等,2017.富营养化湖泊藻型及草型区微生物群落对有色可溶有机物组成的影响[J].生态环境学报,26(8):1403-1409.LIU X,WANG Y Q,XU H C,et al.,2017.Effects of microbial communities on the composition of algae-derived and grass-derived chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Eutrophic Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(8):1403-1409.
吕伟伟,姚昕,张保华,2018.太湖水体有机质荧光特征及其来源解析[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1512-1521.LüW W,YAO X,ZHANG B H,2018.Fluorescent characteristics and sources of organic matter in Lake Taihu[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1512-1521.
王福利,郭卫东,2010.秋季南海珠江口和北部湾溶解有机物的光降解[J].环境科学学报,30(3):606-612.WANG F L,GUO W D,2010.Photodegradation of DOM in the Pearl River estuary and the Beibu Gulf of the South China Sea in autumn[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,30(3):606-613.
吴东明,刘景坤,李勤奋,等,2015.热带地区3类不同来源水溶性有机质的光谱特征[J].腐植酸(5):11-18.WU D M,LIU J K,LI Q F,et al.,2015.Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matters from three different kinds of sources in torrid zone[J].Humic Acid(5):11-18.
吴丰昌,王立英,黎文,等,2008.天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性[J].湖泊科学,20(l):1-12.WU F C,WANG L Y,LI W,et al.,2008.Natural organic matter and its significance in terrestrial surface environment[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,20(l):1-12.
闫丽红,陈学君,苏荣国,等,2013.2010年秋季长江口口外海域CDOM的三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析[J].环境科学,34(1):51-59.YAN L H,CHEN X J,SU R G,et al.,2013.Resolving characteristic of cdom by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis in the seawater of outer Yangtze estuary in autumn in 2010[J].Environmental Science,34(1):51-59.
訾园园,孔范龙,郗敏,等,2016.胶州湾滨海湿地土壤溶解性有机质的三维荧光特性[J].应用生态学报,27(12):3871-3881.ZI Y Y,KONG F L,XI M,et al.,2016.Three dimensional fluorescent characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter(DOM)in Jiaozhou Bay coastal wetlands,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,27(12):3871-3881.
CHEN H S,WU J Y,SHANG S L,et al.,2005.Absorption and fluorescence of chromophoric dissolved organic matter in the Pearl River Estuary,South China[J].Marine Chemistry,97(1-2):78-89.
CHEN M L,HUR J,2015.Pre-treatments,characteristics,and biogeochemical dynamics of dissolved organic matter in sediments:Areview[J].Water Research,79:10-25.
CHEN Z Q,LI Y,PAN J M,2004.Distributions of colored dissolved organic matter and dissolved organic carbon in the Pearl River Estuary,China[J].Continental Shelf Research,24(16):1845-1856.
CHIN Y P,AIKEN G,O’LOUGHLIN E,1994.Molecular weight,polydispersity,and spectroscopic properties of aquatic humic substances[J].Environmental Science and Technology,28(11):1853-1858.
DEL CASTILLO C E,COBLE P G,MORELL J M,et al.,1999.Analysis of the optical properties of the Orinoco River plume by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy[J].Marine Chemistry,66(1-2):35-51.
EWA LIPCZYNSKA-KOCHANY,2018.Effect of climate change on humic substances and associated impacts on the quality of surface water and groundwater:A review[J].Science of the Total Environment,640-641:1548-1565.
HE M C,SHI Y H,LIN C Y,2008.Characterization of humic acids extracted from the sediments of the various rivers and lakes in China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,20(11):1294-1299.
HELMS J R,STUBBINS A,RITCHIE J D,et al.,2008.Absorption spectral slopes and slope ratios as indicators of molecular weight,source,and photobleaching of chromophoric dissolved organic matter[J].Limnology and Oceanography,53(3):955-969.
HUGUET A,VACHER L,RELEXANS S,et al.,2009.Properties of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Gironde Estuary[J].Organic Geochemistry,40(6):706-719.
MINERO C,LAURI V,FALLETTI G,et al.,2007.Spectrophotometric Characterisation of Surface Lakewater Samples:Implications for the Quantification of Nitrate and the Properties of Dissolved Organic Matter[J].Annali di Chimica,97(10):1107-1116.
NELSON N B,CARLSON C A,STEINBERG D K,2004.Production of chromophoric dissolved organic matter by Sargasso Sea microbes[J].Marine Chemistry,89(1-4):273-287.
OLIVIERI A C,2005.Computing sensitivity and selectivity in parallel factor analysis and related multiway techniques:the need for further developments in net analyte signal theory[J].Analytical Chemistry,77(15):4936-4946.
SCHMIDT M W I,TORN M S,ABIVEN S,et al.,2011.Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property[J].Nature,478(7367):49-56.
STROBEL B W,HANSEN H C B,BORGGAARD O K,et al.,2001.Composition and reactivity of DOC in forest floor soil solutions in relation to tree species and soil type[J].Biogeochemistry,56:1-26.
VODACEK A,BLOUGH N V,DEGRANDPRE M D,et al.,1997.Seasonal variation of CDOM and DOC in the middle atlantic bight:terrestrial inputs and photooxidation[J].Limnology and Oceanography,42(4):674-686.
WANG H,HOLDEN J,ZHANG Z J,et al.,2014.Concentration dynamics and biodegradability of dissolved organic matter in wetland soils subjected to experimental warming[J].Science of the Total Environment,470-471:907-916.
WINTERDAHL M,BISHOP K,ERLANDSSON M,2014.Acidification,dissolved organic carbon(DOC)and climate change[M].Berlin:Springer Netherlands:281-287.
傅平青,刘丛强,吴丰昌,2005.溶解有机质的三维荧光光谱特征研究[J].光谱学与光谱分析,25(12):2024-2028.FU Q P,LIU C Q,WU F C,2005.Three-dimensional excitation emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,25(12):2024-2028.
高洁,江韬,李璐璐,等,2015.三峡库区消落带土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)吸收及荧光光谱特征[J].环境科学,35(1):151-162.GAO J,JIANG T,LI L L,et al.,2015.Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)and fluorescence spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in soils of water-level fluctuation zones of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region[J].Environmental Science,35(1):151-162.
何伟,白泽琳,李一龙,等,2016.溶解性有机质特性分析与来源解析的研究进展[J].环境科学学报,36(2):359-372.HE W,BAI Z L,LI Y L,et al.,2016.Advances in the characteristics analysis and source identification of the dissolved organic matter[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,36(2):359-372.
李璐璐,江韬,闫金龙,等,2014.三峡库区典型消落带土壤及沉积物中溶解性有机质(DOM)的紫外-可见光谱特征[J].环境科学,35(3):934-941.LI L L,JIANG T,YAN J L,et al.,2014.Ultraviolet-visible(UV-Vis)spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)in soils and sediments of typical water-level fluctuation zones of Three Gorges Reservoir Areas[J].Environmental Science,35(3):934-941.
李帅东,姜泉良,黎烨,等,2017.环滇池土壤溶解性有机质(DOM)的光谱特征及来源分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,37(5):1448-1454.LI S D,JIANG Y L,LI Y,et al.,2017.Spectroscopic characterization of dissolved organic matter from top soils on Songhuaba reservoir in Kunming[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,37(5):1448-1454.
梁俭,江韬,卢松,等,2016.淹水条件下三峡库区典型消落带土壤释放DOM的光谱特征:紫外-可见吸收光谱[J].环境科学,37(7):2496-2505.LIANG J,JIANG T,LU S,et al.,2016.Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter(DOM)releases from soils of typical water-level fluctuation zones of Three Gorges Reservoir areas:UV-Vis spectrum[J].Environmental Science,37(7):2496-2505.
刘明亮,张运林,秦伯强,2009.太湖入湖河口和开敞区CDOM吸收和三维荧光特征[J].湖泊科学,21(2):234-241.LIU M L,ZHANG Y L,QIN B Q,2009.Characterization of absorption and three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra of chromophoric dissolved organic matter at the river inflow and the open area in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,21(2):234-241.
刘新,王友权,徐华成,等,2017.富营养化湖泊藻型及草型区微生物群落对有色可溶有机物组成的影响[J].生态环境学报,26(8):1403-1409.LIU X,WANG Y Q,XU H C,et al.,2017.Effects of microbial communities on the composition of algae-derived and grass-derived chromophoric dissolved organic matter in Eutrophic Lake[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(8):1403-1409.
吕伟伟,姚昕,张保华,2018.太湖水体有机质荧光特征及其来源解析[J].生态环境学报,27(8):1512-1521.LüW W,YAO X,ZHANG B H,2018.Fluorescent characteristics and sources of organic matter in Lake Taihu[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,27(8):1512-1521.
王福利,郭卫东,2010.秋季南海珠江口和北部湾溶解有机物的光降解[J].环境科学学报,30(3):606-612.WANG F L,GUO W D,2010.Photodegradation of DOM in the Pearl River estuary and the Beibu Gulf of the South China Sea in autumn[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,30(3):606-613.
吴东明,刘景坤,李勤奋,等,2015.热带地区3类不同来源水溶性有机质的光谱特征[J].腐植酸(5):11-18.WU D M,LIU J K,LI Q F,et al.,2015.Spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matters from three different kinds of sources in torrid zone[J].Humic Acid(5):11-18.
吴丰昌,王立英,黎文,等,2008.天然有机质及其在地表环境中的重要性[J].湖泊科学,20(l):1-12.WU F C,WANG L Y,LI W,et al.,2008.Natural organic matter and its significance in terrestrial surface environment[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,20(l):1-12.
闫丽红,陈学君,苏荣国,等,2013.2010年秋季长江口口外海域CDOM的三维荧光光谱-平行因子分析[J].环境科学,34(1):51-59.YAN L H,CHEN X J,SU R G,et al.,2013.Resolving characteristic of cdom by excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy combined with parallel factor analysis in the seawater of outer Yangtze estuary in autumn in 2010[J].Environmental Science,34(1):51-59.
訾园园,孔范龙,郗敏,等,2016.胶州湾滨海湿地土壤溶解性有机质的三维荧光特性[J].应用生态学报,27(12):3871-3881.ZI Y Y,KONG F L,XI M,et al.,2016.Three dimensional fluorescent characteristics of soil dissolved organic matter(DOM)in Jiaozhou Bay coastal wetlands,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,27(12):3871-3881.
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