不同来源中国李(Prunus salicina L.)的多样性与近缘种关系
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摘要
【目的】中国李资源丰富、分布广泛。更好地明晰不同来源中国李栽培品种的多样性、遗传结构差异以及与同域近缘种的关系,将有利于明确中国李驯化扩散历程以及近缘种在栽培驯化过程中的作用,促进中国李地方品种资源的深入挖掘和新品种的选育。【方法】利用均匀分布于基因组的22对SSR分子标记,采用荧光毛细管电泳检测技术对48份种质进行基因分型,其中包括38份不同来源的中国李种质、10份变异类型或近缘种。通过GenAlEx 6.41软件评估22对SSR引物的多态性,对参试种质按不同来源分析遗传多样性;利用NTSYS-pc 2.1软件构建48份材料的树状聚类分析图;并根据贝叶斯模型的Structure 2.2软件分析不同居群间的遗传结构差异。【结果】基于48份供试材料的数据,22对SSR引物等位变异范围为3—21个,平均每个位点检测到13.54个;总共检测到298个等位变异,其中有51.8%的等位变异属于稀有等位变异。在不同居群间进行比较,根据平均有效等位变异(Ne)、平均Shannon’s多样性指数(I)、观察杂合度(Ho)和期望杂合度(He)可以看出,南方品种群的多样性最高,其次为东北品种群;而杏李的多样性最低,且明显低于华北品种群。通过分子方差分析,认为中国李的多样性有69%的遗传变异来源于居群内,仅有31%的遗传变异来源于居群间。基于遗传分化系数和Nei’s遗传距离的数据比较,认为不同居群间存在显著的遗传分化,同时不同地理来源种质间存在适当的基因交流。树状聚类分析暗示国外育成品种与我国南方品种群具有较近的亲缘关系;而华北品种群与杏李关系密切;东北品种群与乌苏里李关系紧密。群体结构分析可以将栽培中国李种质资源划分为南方小果脆肉品种群、南方大果品种群(包括国外育成品种)、华北品种群和东北品种群。【结论】我国南方地区中国李的多样性最为丰富,按东北品种群、国外品种群、华北品种群顺序依次降低。东北品种群为了提高适应性融入了乌苏里李基因;杏李是从华北品种群中高度驯化后的特化类型,且该类型通过无性繁殖保存了其高度杂合性状态。我国南方江浙地区的大果型种质对国外育成品种起着重要作用。
【Objective】 There are abundant Japanese plums(Prunus salicina L.) germplasm resources in China, which are distributed widely in geography. The better understanding of the diversity, the genetic structure and the relationship between sympatric related species, can be helpful to clarify the process of domestication of the cultivated groups of plum and the role of the related species, also further contribute to the in-depth exploration of local resources and enhance the fruit quality in breeding. 【Method】 The 22 pairs of SSR markers covering the entire genome were used to scan 48 samples, including 38 accessions of P. salicina from different sources and 10 accessions of the variation types or related species, by high-throughput fluorescence capillary electrophoresis platform. The polymorphism of 22 SSR loci and genetic diversity of 48 samples were evaluated via the software GenAlEx 6.41, and the dendrogram of these accessions was constructed by using the NTSYS-pc Version 2.1 program. The STRUCTURE 2.2 software based on Bayesian clustering method was used to analyze the genetic mixture of samples and to perform an assignment test on the studied individuals. 【Result】 The detected alleles of 22 SSR primers ranged from 3 to 21, with an average of 13.54 alleles for each locus. A total of 298 alleles were detected in these accessions, 51.8% of which were rare alleles. The values of average effective allele(Ne), average Shannon's diversity index(I), observation heterozygosity(Ho) and expectation heterozygosity(He) indicated that the diversity was the highest in the southern population, followed by the northeast population, which also indicated that the diversity of the Prunus simonii was lower than that of northern China. The analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) showed that 69% of the diversity in P. salicina was within the population, and only 31% was among populations. On the basis of the data comparisons of the genetic differentiation coefficient and Nei's genetic distance, the results showed that there were extremely significant genetic differentiation and appropriate genes mixture among different geographical populations. The results of cluster analysis implied that the breeding cultivars abroad were closely related to the local accessions in southern China, and the northern cultivars population was similar with P. simonii, the northeast cultivars population had close relationship with Prunus ussuriensis. The genetic structure analysis indicated that the accessions in P. salicina were divided into four types: northern cultivars population, northeast cultivars population, southern cultivars of small fruit and crisp meat population, and southern cultivars of large fruit population(including foreign breeding cultivars). 【Conclusion】The diversity of the southern varieties were the most abundant in the P. salicina, followed by that of Northeast China varieties, foreign varieties and Northern varieties. In order to enhance the adaptability, the northeast population might be introgressed with P. ussuriensis. P. simonii might be a special type which was highly domesticated from Chinese plum in Northern China, and it had high heterozygosis owing to asexual reproduction by grafting. The large fruit accessions in Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions played an important role in modern breeding varieties abroad.
【Objective】 There are abundant Japanese plums(Prunus salicina L.) germplasm resources in China, which are distributed widely in geography. The better understanding of the diversity, the genetic structure and the relationship between sympatric related species, can be helpful to clarify the process of domestication of the cultivated groups of plum and the role of the related species, also further contribute to the in-depth exploration of local resources and enhance the fruit quality in breeding. 【Method】 The 22 pairs of SSR markers covering the entire genome were used to scan 48 samples, including 38 accessions of P. salicina from different sources and 10 accessions of the variation types or related species, by high-throughput fluorescence capillary electrophoresis platform. The polymorphism of 22 SSR loci and genetic diversity of 48 samples were evaluated via the software GenAlEx 6.41, and the dendrogram of these accessions was constructed by using the NTSYS-pc Version 2.1 program. The STRUCTURE 2.2 software based on Bayesian clustering method was used to analyze the genetic mixture of samples and to perform an assignment test on the studied individuals. 【Result】 The detected alleles of 22 SSR primers ranged from 3 to 21, with an average of 13.54 alleles for each locus. A total of 298 alleles were detected in these accessions, 51.8% of which were rare alleles. The values of average effective allele(Ne), average Shannon's diversity index(I), observation heterozygosity(Ho) and expectation heterozygosity(He) indicated that the diversity was the highest in the southern population, followed by the northeast population, which also indicated that the diversity of the Prunus simonii was lower than that of northern China. The analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA) showed that 69% of the diversity in P. salicina was within the population, and only 31% was among populations. On the basis of the data comparisons of the genetic differentiation coefficient and Nei's genetic distance, the results showed that there were extremely significant genetic differentiation and appropriate genes mixture among different geographical populations. The results of cluster analysis implied that the breeding cultivars abroad were closely related to the local accessions in southern China, and the northern cultivars population was similar with P. simonii, the northeast cultivars population had close relationship with Prunus ussuriensis. The genetic structure analysis indicated that the accessions in P. salicina were divided into four types: northern cultivars population, northeast cultivars population, southern cultivars of small fruit and crisp meat population, and southern cultivars of large fruit population(including foreign breeding cultivars). 【Conclusion】The diversity of the southern varieties were the most abundant in the P. salicina, followed by that of Northeast China varieties, foreign varieties and Northern varieties. In order to enhance the adaptability, the northeast population might be introgressed with P. ussuriensis. P. simonii might be a special type which was highly domesticated from Chinese plum in Northern China, and it had high heterozygosis owing to asexual reproduction by grafting. The large fruit accessions in Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions played an important role in modern breeding varieties abroad.
引文
[1]REALES A,SARGENT D J,TOBUT K R,RIVERA D.Phylogenetics of Eurasian plums,Prunus L.section Prunus(Rosaceae),according to coding and non-coding chloroplast DNA sequences.Tree Genetic Genomes,2010,6:37-45.
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[3]阮颖,周朴华,刘春林.九种李属植物的RAPD亲缘关系分析.园艺学报,2002,29(3):218-223.RUAN Y,ZHOU P H,LIU C L.Phylogenetic relationship among nine Prunus species based on random amplified polymorphic DNA.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2002,29(3):218-223.(in Chinese)
[4]LIU W S,LIU D C,FENG C J,ZHANG A M,LI S H.Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in plum germplasm resources revealed by RAPD markers.Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology,2006,81(2):242-250.
[5]LIU W S,LIU D C,ZHANG A M,FENG C J,YANG J M,YOON J,LI S H.Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among plum germplasm resources in China assessed with inter-simple sequence repeat markers.Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2007,132(5):619-628.
[6]BRETSCHNEIDER E.History of European Botanical Discoveries in China,Vol 2.Sampson Low,London,1898:827-833.
[7]FAUST M,SURANYI D.Origin and dissemination of plums.Horticultural Reviews,1999,23:179-231.
[8]郭忠仁.我国南方中国李种质资源收集和利用研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2006.GUO Z R.Collection and utilization of Prunus salicina germplasm resource in South China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]乔玉山.中国李RAPD、ISSR和SSR反应体系的建立及其品种资源遗传多样性分析[D].南京:南京农业大学,2003.QIAO Y S.Establishment of RAPD,ISSR and SSR reactions system and analysis of genetic diversity of Japanese plum cultivars[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2003.(in Chinese)
[10]刘威生.李种质资源遗传多样性及主要种间亲缘关系的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LIU W S.Studies on the genetic diversity among plum germplasm resources and the phylogenetic relationships of main plum species[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[11]左力辉,韩志校,梁海永,杨敏生.不同产地中国李资源遗传多样性SSR分析.园艺学报,2015,42(1):111-118.ZUO L H,HAN Z X,LIANG H Y,YANG M S.Analysis of genetic diversity of Prunus salicina from different producing areas by SSRmarkers.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(1):111-118.(in Chinese)
[12]陈圣林,王会娜,孙颖,陈显,李建安.三峡库区14个李品种遗传多样性的ISSR分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(9):130-134.CHEN S L,WANG H N,SUN Y,CHEN X,LI J A.ISSR analysis on genetic diversity of fourteen Prunus varieties in three gorges reservoir area.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2012,32(9):130-134.(in Chinese)
[13]TOPP B L,RUSSELL D M,NEUMULLER M,DALBO M,LIU W S.Plum//BADENES M L,BYRNE D H.Fruit Breeding.Media:Springer Science Business,2012:571-621.
[14]章秋平,刘威生,郁香荷,刘宁,张玉萍,孙猛,徐铭.基于优化LDSS法的中国李(Prunus salicina)初级核心种质构建.果树学报,2011,28(4):617-623.ZHANG Q P,LIU W S,YU X H,LIU N,ZHANG Y P,SUN M,XUM.Establishment and evaluation of primary core collection of Chinese plum(Prunus salicina L.)germplasm.Journal of Fruit Science,2011,28(4):617-623.(in Chinese)
[15]DOYLE J J,DOYLE J L.Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue.Focus,1990,12:13-15.
[16]SCHUELKE M.An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments.Nature Biotechnology,2000,18:233-234.
[17]SOSINSKI B,GANNAVARAPU M,HAGER L D,BECK L E,KINGG J,RYDER C D,RAJAPAKSE S,BAIRD W V,BALLARD R E,ABBOTT A G.Characterization of microsatellite markers in peach[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2000,101(3):421-428.
[18]DIRLEWANGER E,GRAZIANO E,JOOBEUR T,GARRIGA-CALDERéF,COSSON P,HOWAD W,ARúS P.Comparative mapping and marker-assisted selection in Rosaceae fruit crops.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(26):9891-9896.
[19]SORIANO J M,DOMINGO M L,ZURIAGA E,ROMERO C,BADENES M L,ZHEBENTYAYEVA T,ABBOTT A G.Identification of simple sequence repeat markers tightly linked to plum pox virus resistance in apricot.Molecular Breeding,2012,30(2):1017-1026.
[20]LOPES M S,SEFC K M,LAIMER M,DA C?MARA M A.Identification of microsatellite loci in apricot.Molecular Ecology Notes,2002,2(1):24-26.
[21]DIRLEWANGER E,COSSON P,TAVAUD M,ARANZANA M J,POIZAT C,ZANETTO A.Development of microsatellite markers in peach[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch]and their use in genetic diversity analysis in peach and sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.).Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2002,105(1):127-138.
[22]MNEJJA M,GARCIA-MAS J,HOWAD W,BADENES M L,ARúSP.Simple-sequence repeat(SSR)markers of Japanese plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)are highly polymorphic and transferable to peach and almond.Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(2):163-166.
[23]MNEJJA M,GARCIA-MAS J,HOWAD W,ARúS P.Development and transportability across Prunus species of 42 polymorphic almond microsatellites.Molecular Ecology Notes,2005,5(3):531-535.
[24]ARANZANA M J,GARCIA-MAS J,CARBóJ,ARúS P.Development and variability analysis of microsatellite markers in peach.Plant Breeding,2002,121:87-92.
[25]王凤格,田红丽,赵久然,王璐,易红梅,宋伟,高玉倩,杨国航.中国328个玉米品种(组合)SSR标记遗传多样性分析.中国农业科学,2014,47(5):856-864.WANG F G,TIAN H L,ZHAO J R,WANG L,YI H M,SONG W,GAO Y Q,YANG G H.Genetic diversity analysis of 328 maize varieties(hybridized combinations)using SSR markers.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(5):856-864.(in Chinese)
[26]PEAKALL R,SMOUSE P E.GENALEX 6:Genetic analysis in Excel.Population genetic software for teaching and research.Molecular Ecology Notes,2006,6(1):288-295.
[27]PRITCHARD J K,STEPHENS M,DONNELLY P J.Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data.Genetics,2000,155:945-959.
[28]EVANNO G,REGNAUT S,GOUDET J.Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE:A simulation study.Molecular Ecology,2005,14:2611-2620.
[29]EARL D A,VONHOLDT B M.Structure Harvester:A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method.Conservation Genetic Resource,2012,4:359-361.
[30]徐刚标.植物群体遗传学.北京:科学出版社,2009.XU G B.Plant Population Genetics.Beijing:Science Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[31]孙萍,林贤锐,沈建生.基于SSR标记的李种质资源遗传多样性研究.江西农业学报,2017,29(2):33-39.SUN P,LIN X R,SHEN J S.Study on genetic diversity of plum germplasm resources based on SSR markers.Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2017,29(2):33-39.(in Chinese)
[32]CARRASCO B,DíAZ C,MOYA M,GEBAUER M,GARCíA-GONZáLEZ R.Genetic characterization of Japanese plum cultivars(Prunus salicina)using SSR and ISSR molecular markers.Ciencia e Investigación Agraria,2012,39(3):533-543.
[33]陈红,杨迤然.贵州李资源遗传多样性及亲缘关系的ISSR分析.果树学报,2014,31(2):175-180.CHEN H,YANG Y R.Genetic diversity and relationship of plum resources in Guizhou analyzed by ISSR markers.Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(2):175-180.(in Chinese)
[34]郁香荷,章秋平,刘威生,孙猛,刘宁,张玉萍,徐铭.中国李种质资源形态和农艺性状的遗传多样性分析.植物遗传资源学报,2011,12(3):402-407.YU X H,ZHANG Q P,LIU W S,SUN M,LIU N,ZHANG Y P,XUM.Genetic diversity analysis of morphological and agronomic characters of Chinese plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)germplasm.Journal of Plant Genetic Resources,2011,12(3):402-407.(in Chinese)
[35]ZHANG Q P,WEI X,LIU W S,LIU N,ZHANG Y P,XU M,LIU S,ZHANG Y J,MA X X,DONG W X.The genetic relationship and structure of some natural interspecific hybrids in Prunus subgenus Prunophora,based on nuclear and chloroplast simple sequence repeats.Genetic Resource Crop Evolution,2018,65:625-636.
[2]张加延,周恩.中国果树志·李卷.北京:中国林业出版社,1998.ZHANG J Y,ZHOU E.China Fruit-Plant Monographs,Plum Flora.Beijing:China Forestry Press,1998.(in Chinese)
[3]阮颖,周朴华,刘春林.九种李属植物的RAPD亲缘关系分析.园艺学报,2002,29(3):218-223.RUAN Y,ZHOU P H,LIU C L.Phylogenetic relationship among nine Prunus species based on random amplified polymorphic DNA.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2002,29(3):218-223.(in Chinese)
[4]LIU W S,LIU D C,FENG C J,ZHANG A M,LI S H.Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships in plum germplasm resources revealed by RAPD markers.Journal of Horticultural Science&Biotechnology,2006,81(2):242-250.
[5]LIU W S,LIU D C,ZHANG A M,FENG C J,YANG J M,YOON J,LI S H.Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among plum germplasm resources in China assessed with inter-simple sequence repeat markers.Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science,2007,132(5):619-628.
[6]BRETSCHNEIDER E.History of European Botanical Discoveries in China,Vol 2.Sampson Low,London,1898:827-833.
[7]FAUST M,SURANYI D.Origin and dissemination of plums.Horticultural Reviews,1999,23:179-231.
[8]郭忠仁.我国南方中国李种质资源收集和利用研究[D].南京:南京农业大学,2006.GUO Z R.Collection and utilization of Prunus salicina germplasm resource in South China[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2006.(in Chinese)
[9]乔玉山.中国李RAPD、ISSR和SSR反应体系的建立及其品种资源遗传多样性分析[D].南京:南京农业大学,2003.QIAO Y S.Establishment of RAPD,ISSR and SSR reactions system and analysis of genetic diversity of Japanese plum cultivars[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2003.(in Chinese)
[10]刘威生.李种质资源遗传多样性及主要种间亲缘关系的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2005.LIU W S.Studies on the genetic diversity among plum germplasm resources and the phylogenetic relationships of main plum species[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2005.(in Chinese)
[11]左力辉,韩志校,梁海永,杨敏生.不同产地中国李资源遗传多样性SSR分析.园艺学报,2015,42(1):111-118.ZUO L H,HAN Z X,LIANG H Y,YANG M S.Analysis of genetic diversity of Prunus salicina from different producing areas by SSRmarkers.Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(1):111-118.(in Chinese)
[12]陈圣林,王会娜,孙颖,陈显,李建安.三峡库区14个李品种遗传多样性的ISSR分析.中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(9):130-134.CHEN S L,WANG H N,SUN Y,CHEN X,LI J A.ISSR analysis on genetic diversity of fourteen Prunus varieties in three gorges reservoir area.Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2012,32(9):130-134.(in Chinese)
[13]TOPP B L,RUSSELL D M,NEUMULLER M,DALBO M,LIU W S.Plum//BADENES M L,BYRNE D H.Fruit Breeding.Media:Springer Science Business,2012:571-621.
[14]章秋平,刘威生,郁香荷,刘宁,张玉萍,孙猛,徐铭.基于优化LDSS法的中国李(Prunus salicina)初级核心种质构建.果树学报,2011,28(4):617-623.ZHANG Q P,LIU W S,YU X H,LIU N,ZHANG Y P,SUN M,XUM.Establishment and evaluation of primary core collection of Chinese plum(Prunus salicina L.)germplasm.Journal of Fruit Science,2011,28(4):617-623.(in Chinese)
[15]DOYLE J J,DOYLE J L.Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue.Focus,1990,12:13-15.
[16]SCHUELKE M.An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments.Nature Biotechnology,2000,18:233-234.
[17]SOSINSKI B,GANNAVARAPU M,HAGER L D,BECK L E,KINGG J,RYDER C D,RAJAPAKSE S,BAIRD W V,BALLARD R E,ABBOTT A G.Characterization of microsatellite markers in peach[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch].Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2000,101(3):421-428.
[18]DIRLEWANGER E,GRAZIANO E,JOOBEUR T,GARRIGA-CALDERéF,COSSON P,HOWAD W,ARúS P.Comparative mapping and marker-assisted selection in Rosaceae fruit crops.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2004,101(26):9891-9896.
[19]SORIANO J M,DOMINGO M L,ZURIAGA E,ROMERO C,BADENES M L,ZHEBENTYAYEVA T,ABBOTT A G.Identification of simple sequence repeat markers tightly linked to plum pox virus resistance in apricot.Molecular Breeding,2012,30(2):1017-1026.
[20]LOPES M S,SEFC K M,LAIMER M,DA C?MARA M A.Identification of microsatellite loci in apricot.Molecular Ecology Notes,2002,2(1):24-26.
[21]DIRLEWANGER E,COSSON P,TAVAUD M,ARANZANA M J,POIZAT C,ZANETTO A.Development of microsatellite markers in peach[Prunus persica(L.)Batsch]and their use in genetic diversity analysis in peach and sweet cherry(Prunus avium L.).Theoretical and Applied Genetics,2002,105(1):127-138.
[22]MNEJJA M,GARCIA-MAS J,HOWAD W,BADENES M L,ARúSP.Simple-sequence repeat(SSR)markers of Japanese plum(Prunus salicina Lindl.)are highly polymorphic and transferable to peach and almond.Molecular Ecology Notes,2004,4(2):163-166.
[23]MNEJJA M,GARCIA-MAS J,HOWAD W,ARúS P.Development and transportability across Prunus species of 42 polymorphic almond microsatellites.Molecular Ecology Notes,2005,5(3):531-535.
[24]ARANZANA M J,GARCIA-MAS J,CARBóJ,ARúS P.Development and variability analysis of microsatellite markers in peach.Plant Breeding,2002,121:87-92.
[25]王凤格,田红丽,赵久然,王璐,易红梅,宋伟,高玉倩,杨国航.中国328个玉米品种(组合)SSR标记遗传多样性分析.中国农业科学,2014,47(5):856-864.WANG F G,TIAN H L,ZHAO J R,WANG L,YI H M,SONG W,GAO Y Q,YANG G H.Genetic diversity analysis of 328 maize varieties(hybridized combinations)using SSR markers.Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(5):856-864.(in Chinese)
[26]PEAKALL R,SMOUSE P E.GENALEX 6:Genetic analysis in Excel.Population genetic software for teaching and research.Molecular Ecology Notes,2006,6(1):288-295.
[27]PRITCHARD J K,STEPHENS M,DONNELLY P J.Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data.Genetics,2000,155:945-959.
[28]EVANNO G,REGNAUT S,GOUDET J.Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE:A simulation study.Molecular Ecology,2005,14:2611-2620.
[29]EARL D A,VONHOLDT B M.Structure Harvester:A website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method.Conservation Genetic Resource,2012,4:359-361.
[30]徐刚标.植物群体遗传学.北京:科学出版社,2009.XU G B.Plant Population Genetics.Beijing:Science Press,2009.(in Chinese)
[31]孙萍,林贤锐,沈建生.基于SSR标记的李种质资源遗传多样性研究.江西农业学报,2017,29(2):33-39.SUN P,LIN X R,SHEN J S.Study on genetic diversity of plum germplasm resources based on SSR markers.Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi,2017,29(2):33-39.(in Chinese)
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