中医舌苔的口腔菌群基础及其与肠道菌群的联系
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摘要
舌诊是中医四诊中较为重要的部分,而舌苔所对应的口腔菌群变化或与肠道菌群改变具备特征性的对应关系。这种联系的基础在于口腔微生物借助血液或消化道在肠道定植,或通过免疫系统传递菌群代谢产物而实现。在神经系统疾病、心血管疾病等非消化系统疾病中同样存在,实质或是微生物与宿主免疫系统的交流,并参与对宿主和微生物都有利的代谢过程。认为对舌苔-口腔菌群-肠道菌群联系的把握,体现了中医学整体思维的学科特点。系统而规范化的舌苔-菌群研究工作可能为中医诊断技术的客观化提供更丰富的素材。
Tongue diagnosis is an important part of the four diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM),and the oral flora corresponding to the tongue coating has a characteristic correspondence with the changes of intestinal flora. The basis for this connection is that oral microbes are colonized in the intestine by blood or digestive tract,or by transferring the flora metabolites through the immune system. It also exists in non-digestive diseases such as nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases,and the essence or the microbe communicates with the host immune system and participates in metabolic processes beneficial to both the host and the microorganism. It is believed that the grasp of the relationship between the intestinal flora of the oral flora of the tongue coating reflects the disciplinary characteristics of the overall thinking of Chinese medicine. The systematic and standardized study of the sphagnum flora may provide more abundant materials for the objectification of TCM diagnostic techniques.
Tongue diagnosis is an important part of the four diagnosis of traditional Chinese medicine( TCM),and the oral flora corresponding to the tongue coating has a characteristic correspondence with the changes of intestinal flora. The basis for this connection is that oral microbes are colonized in the intestine by blood or digestive tract,or by transferring the flora metabolites through the immune system. It also exists in non-digestive diseases such as nervous system diseases and cardiovascular diseases,and the essence or the microbe communicates with the host immune system and participates in metabolic processes beneficial to both the host and the microorganism. It is believed that the grasp of the relationship between the intestinal flora of the oral flora of the tongue coating reflects the disciplinary characteristics of the overall thinking of Chinese medicine. The systematic and standardized study of the sphagnum flora may provide more abundant materials for the objectification of TCM diagnostic techniques.
引文
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[35]HAN YW,FARDINI Y,CHEN C,et al. Term stillbirth caused by oral Fusobacterium nucleatum[J]. Obstet Gynecol,2010,115(2 Pt 2):442.
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[37]强星宇,张国成.浅析中医理论与微生态学[J].陕西中医,2006,27(10):1249-1250.
[38]QUIGLEY EM. Gut bacteria in health and disease[J].Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,9(9):560-569.
[39]张莉,张军峰,詹7).舌苔形成机理的“组学”研究[J].时珍国医国药,2016,27(6):1464-1466.
[40]JACKSON MA,VERDI S,MAXAN ME,et al. Gut microbiota associations with common diseases and prescription medications in a population-based cohort[J].Nat Commun,2018,9:2655. doi:10. 1038/s41467-018-05184-7.
[41]付肖岩,劳绍贤,黄志新,等.慢性腹泻脾胃湿热证与舌苔微生态关系的研究[C]//中国中西医结合学会.中国中西医结合学会第十五次全国消化系统疾病学术研讨会论文汇编.北京:中国中西医结合学会,2003:201-203.
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[43]魏曦.微生态学刍议[J].中国微生态学杂志,1989,1(1):4-5.
[2]陈颖,张君.舌苔脱落细胞研究概况[J].湖南中医杂志,2018,34(6):206-208.
[3]YAEGAKI K,COIL JM. Examination,classification,and treatment of halitosis,clinical perspectives[J]. J Can Dent Assoc,2000,66(5):257-261.
[4]刘玉静,肖婷婷,周俊琴,等.肺病患者厚腻苔与微生态的相关性研究[J].河北中医,2015,37(4):510-512.
[5]IAFFALDANO L,GRANATA I,PAGLIUCA C,et al.Oropharyngeal microbiome evaluation highlights Neisseria abundance in active celiac patients[J]. Sci Rep,2018,8:11047. doi:10. 1038/s41598-018-29443-1.
[6]徐欣,何金枝,周学东.口腔微生物群落在口腔与全身疾病预警中的作用[J].华西口腔医学杂志,2015,33(6):555-560.
[7]卢林,杨景云.中医舌诊与微生态[C]//公众营养与发展中心.第三届中国营养产业高层论坛论文集.北京:公众营养与发展中心,2007:37-38.
[8]郭亚芳,陆红,曾艺鹏,等.经方葛根芩连汤对湿热型糖尿病的口腔微生物学的研究[J].四川中医,2017,35(11):105-108.
[9]XU H,DAVIES J,MIAO V. Molecular characterization of class 3 integrons from Delftia spp[J]. J Bacteriol,2007,189(17):6276-6283.
[10]SIQUERIA FM,PEREZWOHLFEIL E,CARVALHO FM,et al. Microbiome overview in swine lungs[J]. PloS One,2017,12(7):e0181503.
[11]李伟,孙悦,王河宝,等.中医舌苔微生态研究概况[J].江西中医药,2016,47(11):65-68.
[12]杨景云,杨继新.中医药微生态学的研究现状[J].中国微生态学杂志,2003,15(1):1-3.
[13]王冰,丁璐,关徐涛,等.食管癌黄厚腻苔与舌苔微生态相关性研究[J].中医学报,2016,31(2):167-170.
[14]卢林,刘伦翠,海艳洁,等.双歧三联活菌制剂对脾虚湿盛泄泻患者肠道及舌部微生态影响的研究[J].牡丹江医学院学报,2008,29(4):27-29.
[15]王慧雯,李莉,李福凤,等.慢性萎缩性胃炎患者舌苔菌群的特异性菌属分析[J].中国微生态学杂志,2018,30(5):497-501.
[16]BABA Y,IWATSUKI M,YOSHIDA N,et al. Review of the gut microbiome and esophageal cancer:Pathogenesis and potential clinical implications[J]. Ann Gastroenterol Surg,2017,1(2):99-104.
[17]MUTO M,HITOMI Y,OHTSU A,et al. Acetaldehyde production by non-pathogenic Neisseria in human oral microflora:implications for carcinogenesis in upper aerodigestive tract[J]. Int J Cancer,2000,88(3):342-350.
[18]POMOWSKI A,USN I,NOWAKOWSKA Z,et al.Structural insights unravel the zymogenic mechanism of the virulence factor gingipain K from Porphyromonas gingivalis,a causative agent of gum disease from the human oral microbiome[J]. J Biol Chem,2017,292(14):5724-5735.
[19]NASROLLAHZADEH D,MALEKZADEH R,AGHCHELI K,et al. Gastric atrophy and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma:possible interaction with dental health and oral hygiene habit[J]. Br J Cancer,2012,107(5):888-894.
[20]ZHANG Z,ZHAI H,GENG J,et al. Large-scale survey of gut microbiota associated with MHE Via 16S rRNAbased pyrosequencing[J]. Am J Gastroentero,2013,108(10):1601-1611.
[21]QIN N,YANG F,LI A,et al. Alterations of the human gut microbiome in liver cirrhosis[J]. Nature,2014,513(7516):59-64.
[22]ARIMATSU K,YAMADA H,MIYAZAWA H,et al.Oral pathobiont induces systemic inflammation and metabolic changes associated with alteration of gut microbiota[J]. Sci Rep,2014,4:4828. doi:10. 1038/srep04828.
[23]RIORDAN SM,WILLIAMS R. Gut flora and hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis[J]. N Engl J Med,2010,362(12):1140-1142.
[24]YASUHIKO K,YUMI S,TAKUMA H,et al. Patients with colorectal cancer have identical strains of Fusobacterium nucleatum in their colorectal cancer and oral cavity[J/OL]. Gut,2018. https://gut. bmj. com/content/early/2018/06/22/gutjnl-2018-316661. doi:10. 1136/gutjnl-2018-316661.
[25]TNY K,WANG X,NAKATSU G,et al. Association between bacteremia from specific microbes and subsequent diagnosis of colorectal cancer[J]. Gastro,2018,155(2):383-390.
[26]GUR C,IBRAHIM Y,ISAACSON B,et al. Binding of the Fap2 protein of fusobacterium nucleatum to human inhibitory receptor TIGIT protects tumors from immune cell attack[J]. Immunity,2015,42(2):344-355.
[27]ZHANG S,CAI S,MA Y. Association between Fusobacterium nucleatum and colorectal cancer:progress and future directions[J]. J Cancer,2018,9(9):1652-1659.
[28]FAN XZ,ALEKSEYENKO AV,WU J,et al. Human oral microbiome and prospective risk for pancreatic cancer:a population-based nested case-control study[J]. Gut,2018,67(1):120-127.
[29]MICHAUD DS,IZARD J,WILHELM-BENARTZI CS,et al. Plasma antibodies to oral bacteria and risk of pancreatic cancer in a large European prospective cohort study[J]. Gut,2013,62(12):1764-1770.
[30]AHN J,SEGERS S,HAYES RB. Periodontal disease,Porphyromonas gingivalis serum antibody levels and orodigestive cancer mortality[J]. Carcinogenesis,2012,33(5):1055-1058.
[31]ATANASOVA KR,YILMAZZLEM. Prelude to oral microbes and chronic diseases:past,present and future[J]. Microbes Infect,2015,17(7):473-483.
[32]GAO L,XU TS,HUANG G,et al. Oral microbiomes:more and more importance in oral cavity and whole body[J]. Protein Cell,2018,9(5):488-500.
[33]RIVIERE GR,RIVIERE KH,SMITH KS. Molecular and immunological evidence of oral Treponema in the human brain and their association with Alzheimer's disease[J].Oral Microbiol Immunol,2002,17(2):113-118.
[34]SPARKS SP,STEFFEN MJ,SMITH C,et al. Serum antibodies to periodontal pathogens are a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease[J]. Alzheimers Dement,2012,8(3):196-203.
[35]HAN YW,FARDINI Y,CHEN C,et al. Term stillbirth caused by oral Fusobacterium nucleatum[J]. Obstet Gynecol,2010,115(2 Pt 2):442.
[36]L·贝塔兰菲.一般系统论[M].秋同,袁嘉新,译.北京:社会科学文献出版社,1987:129.
[37]强星宇,张国成.浅析中医理论与微生态学[J].陕西中医,2006,27(10):1249-1250.
[38]QUIGLEY EM. Gut bacteria in health and disease[J].Gastroenterol Hepatol,2013,9(9):560-569.
[39]张莉,张军峰,詹7).舌苔形成机理的“组学”研究[J].时珍国医国药,2016,27(6):1464-1466.
[40]JACKSON MA,VERDI S,MAXAN ME,et al. Gut microbiota associations with common diseases and prescription medications in a population-based cohort[J].Nat Commun,2018,9:2655. doi:10. 1038/s41467-018-05184-7.
[41]付肖岩,劳绍贤,黄志新,等.慢性腹泻脾胃湿热证与舌苔微生态关系的研究[C]//中国中西医结合学会.中国中西医结合学会第十五次全国消化系统疾病学术研讨会论文汇编.北京:中国中西医结合学会,2003:201-203.
[42]赵雯红,肖颖,王文举,等.以人体微生态学诠释浊毒理论的内涵[J].中医杂志,2018,59(3):185-190.
[43]魏曦.微生态学刍议[J].中国微生态学杂志,1989,1(1):4-5.
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