结构充填开采基础理论与地下空间利用构想
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摘要
为应对充填采煤面临的成本逐渐增高、效率相对低下、地下空间资源被大量浪费等挑战,提出了结构充填开采思想。结构充填是一种充填率低、结构稳定性强、充填效果好的充填开采,其目标为:高效利用矿区固废资源、降低充填成本,改进充填材料与工艺、提高充填效率,合理进行采充规划、实现对地下开采空间的再利用。结构充填的设计原则为:直接顶不发生破断且变形量在允许范围内、充填体抗压强度足够大且能长期稳定承载。根据此原则确定了结构充填的关键位置为:特殊地质构造区、围岩应力集中区、直接顶最大受力处、直接顶最大变形处和充填体自身薄弱点等。结构充填的关键技术主要包括:通过优化煤矸石骨料形态与颗粒级配、研发新型低成本胶凝材料、开发新型外加剂、发展多种替代原材料等手段进一步开发新型固废充填材料;通过构建不同形态高强结构充填体和直接顶自承结构构建"充填体-直接顶"复合承载结构;通过研发智能化充填材料制备系统、可视化充填料浆输送系统、独立式充填体构筑系统、移动式充填材料浇注系统、立体化充填效果监测系统构建井下一体化结构充填系统。基于"三下"压煤资源的开采需求,在结构充填开采思想的引领下,提出了在城市下建设地下综合体、在村镇与农田下建设地下农业基地、在铁路(公路)与水体下建设地下储库等构想。
In order to cope with the challenges of increasing cost,relatively low efficiency and waste of underground mining space faced in backfill coal mining,the thought of constructional backfill mining(CBM) is put forward. The CBM is a kind of backfill mining with low backfill rate,strong structural stability and good backfill effect.The targets of CBM include the efficient usage of solid waste resources in mining areas to reduce the backfill cost,the improvement of backfill materials and backfill technology to increase the backfill efficiency,and the rational planning for backfill andmining scheme to reuse of underground mining space.The design principles of CBM are that the immediate roof does not break and the deformation of it is within the allowable range,the strength of backfill body is large enough and the backfill body has long term stable bearing capacity.Based on the design principles,the key positions of CBM are determined as follows: special geological structure area,the stress concentration area of surrounding rock,the maximum stress point and maximum deformation point of immediate roof,and the weak point of backfill body,etc.The key technologies of CBM should include:(1) the development of new solid waste backfill materials by optimizing the shape and particle size distribution of gangue aggregate;(2) the development of low-cost new cementitious materials;(3) the development of new additives and various alternative raw materials,etc.;(4) the construction of the composite bearing structure of "backfill body-immediate roof"through the construction of high strength backfill structure with different shapes and self-supporting structure of immediate roof; and(5) the development of the underground integrated system including intelligent preparation system,visual delivery system,independent construction system,mobile pouring system,and three-dimensional monitoring system.Based on the thought of CBM and the mining demand of "three-under"coal resources,the concepts of constructing underground complex under city,constructing underground agricultural base under village and farmland and constructing underground storage under railway(highway) and water body are put forward.
In order to cope with the challenges of increasing cost,relatively low efficiency and waste of underground mining space faced in backfill coal mining,the thought of constructional backfill mining(CBM) is put forward. The CBM is a kind of backfill mining with low backfill rate,strong structural stability and good backfill effect.The targets of CBM include the efficient usage of solid waste resources in mining areas to reduce the backfill cost,the improvement of backfill materials and backfill technology to increase the backfill efficiency,and the rational planning for backfill andmining scheme to reuse of underground mining space.The design principles of CBM are that the immediate roof does not break and the deformation of it is within the allowable range,the strength of backfill body is large enough and the backfill body has long term stable bearing capacity.Based on the design principles,the key positions of CBM are determined as follows: special geological structure area,the stress concentration area of surrounding rock,the maximum stress point and maximum deformation point of immediate roof,and the weak point of backfill body,etc.The key technologies of CBM should include:(1) the development of new solid waste backfill materials by optimizing the shape and particle size distribution of gangue aggregate;(2) the development of low-cost new cementitious materials;(3) the development of new additives and various alternative raw materials,etc.;(4) the construction of the composite bearing structure of "backfill body-immediate roof"through the construction of high strength backfill structure with different shapes and self-supporting structure of immediate roof; and(5) the development of the underground integrated system including intelligent preparation system,visual delivery system,independent construction system,mobile pouring system,and three-dimensional monitoring system.Based on the thought of CBM and the mining demand of "three-under"coal resources,the concepts of constructing underground complex under city,constructing underground agricultural base under village and farmland and constructing underground storage under railway(highway) and water body are put forward.
引文
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