流域生态空间与生态保护红线规划方法——以长江流域为例
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摘要
生态空间是指以提供生态系统服务为主要目标的地域范围,确定生态空间范围是协调保护与发展、保障生态服务持续供给的基础。长江流域是中华民族的摇篮与中国文化发祥地之一,是中国经济发展的重要增长极,以及具有全球意义的生物多样性热点区。以长江流域为对象,探讨面向流域生态空间规划的方法与管理对策。研究中,选择生态系统服务指标(水源涵养、洪水调蓄、水质净化、水土保持和生物多样性维护)和生态敏感性指标(水土流失、石漠化和土地沙化),基于流域水文路径分析和与其关联的生态系统服务的受益人口,提出一种流域尺度的生态空间规划方法。研究结果显示,长江流域生态空间面积为102.25万km~2,占长江流域总面积的57.42%,森林占52.87%,灌丛占19.51%,草地占18.96%,湿地占4.26%,保护了79.47%的水源涵养功能,86.99%的洪水调蓄功能,78.09%的水质净化功能,80.60%的水土保持功能,以及86.49%的自然栖息地。在生态空间规划的基础上,进一步探讨了长江流域生态保护红线的格局,现阶段生态保护红线面积为59.25万km~2,占长江流域总面积的33.27%,其中上游占比59.24%,中游和下游分别占比38.05%和2.71%。本文提出的规划方法与研究结果,不仅可以为长江流域生态空间规划、保障流域生态安全和促进流域经济社会可持续发展提供依据,还可以为其他流域的生态空间的规划提供参考。
Ecological space refers to the region that aims to provide ecosystem services. Determining the scope of an ecological space is the basis for coordinating conservation and development,and ensuring sustainable supply of ecosystem services. The Yangtze River Basin is the cradle of the Chinese nation; it plays an important role in the economic development of China,and it is a biodiversity hotspot with global significance. In our study,we used the Yangtze River Basin as an example to discuss the watershed-oriented methods of ecological space planning and management policies. On the basis of analysis of the watershed hydrological path and beneficiary populations of its associated ecosystem services,we selected ecosystem service functions( water retention, flood mitigation, water purification, and soil retention) and biodiversity conservation and ecological sensitivity indicators( soil erosion,rocky desertification,and land desertification),and proposed an ecological space planning method at the watershed scale. The results showed that the area of the ecological space in the Yangtze River Basin was 102.25 × 104 km~2,accounting for 57.42% of the total area of the basin. The forest,shrub,grassland,and wetland accounted for 52.87%,19.51%,18.96%,and 4.26% of the total area of the ecological space,respectively. The ecological space of the Yangtze River Basin could conserve 79.47%,86.99%,78.09%,80.60%,and 86.49% of the total amount of the water retention service,flood mitigation service,water purification service,soil retention service,and natural habitat,respectively. On the basis of the ecological space determined by us,the spatial pattern of the ecological conservation redline was analyzed. The area of the ecological conservation redline was 59.25 × 104 km~2,accounting for 33.27% of the total area of the basin; the redline areas within the upper reaches,middle reaches,and lower reaches accounted for 59.24%,38.05%,and 2.71% of the whole redline area,respectively. Our study is not only the basis for ecological space planning of the Yangtze River Basin,ensuring the basin' s ecological safety and sustainable development of the economy and society,but also referential for similar ecological space planning of other river basins.
Ecological space refers to the region that aims to provide ecosystem services. Determining the scope of an ecological space is the basis for coordinating conservation and development,and ensuring sustainable supply of ecosystem services. The Yangtze River Basin is the cradle of the Chinese nation; it plays an important role in the economic development of China,and it is a biodiversity hotspot with global significance. In our study,we used the Yangtze River Basin as an example to discuss the watershed-oriented methods of ecological space planning and management policies. On the basis of analysis of the watershed hydrological path and beneficiary populations of its associated ecosystem services,we selected ecosystem service functions( water retention, flood mitigation, water purification, and soil retention) and biodiversity conservation and ecological sensitivity indicators( soil erosion,rocky desertification,and land desertification),and proposed an ecological space planning method at the watershed scale. The results showed that the area of the ecological space in the Yangtze River Basin was 102.25 × 104 km~2,accounting for 57.42% of the total area of the basin. The forest,shrub,grassland,and wetland accounted for 52.87%,19.51%,18.96%,and 4.26% of the total area of the ecological space,respectively. The ecological space of the Yangtze River Basin could conserve 79.47%,86.99%,78.09%,80.60%,and 86.49% of the total amount of the water retention service,flood mitigation service,water purification service,soil retention service,and natural habitat,respectively. On the basis of the ecological space determined by us,the spatial pattern of the ecological conservation redline was analyzed. The area of the ecological conservation redline was 59.25 × 104 km~2,accounting for 33.27% of the total area of the basin; the redline areas within the upper reaches,middle reaches,and lower reaches accounted for 59.24%,38.05%,and 2.71% of the whole redline area,respectively. Our study is not only the basis for ecological space planning of the Yangtze River Basin,ensuring the basin' s ecological safety and sustainable development of the economy and society,but also referential for similar ecological space planning of other river basins.
引文
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[10]黎斌,何建华,屈赛,黄俊龙,李一挥.基于贝叶斯网络的城市生态红线划定方法.生态学报,2018,38(3):800-811.
[11]杜悦悦,胡熠娜,杨旸,彭建.基于生态重要性和敏感性的西南山地生态安全格局构建---以云南省大理白族自治州为例.生态学报,2017,37(24):8241-8253.
[12]Xu W H,Xiao Y,Zhang J J,Yang W,Zhang L,Hull V,Wang Z,Zheng H,Liu J G,Polasky S,Jiang L,Xiao Y,Shi X W,Rao E M,Lu F,Wang X K,Daily G C,Ouyang Z Y.Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2017,114(7):1601-1606.
[13]Durán A P,Casalegno S,Marquet P A,Gaston K J.Representation of ecosystem services by terrestrial protected areas:chile as a case study.PLoSOne,2013,8(12):e82643.
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[15]Bagstad K J,Semmens D J,Waage S,Winthrop R.A comparative assessment of decision-support tools for ecosystem services quantification and valuation.Ecosystem Services,2013,5:27-39.
[16]Fisher B,Turner R K,Morling P.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making.Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):643-653.
[17]Maes J,Egoh B,Willemen L,Liquete C,Vihervaara P,Schgner J P,Grizzetti B,Drakou E G,Notte A L,Zulian G,Bouraoui F,Paracchini ML,Braat L,Bidoglio G.Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union.Ecosystem Services,2012,1(1):31-39.
[18]陈国阶.对建设长江上游生态屏障的探讨.山地学报,2002,20(5):536-541.
[19]虞孝感.长江流域生态安全问题及建议.自然资源学报,2002,17(3):294-298.
[20]Mandle L,Tallis H,Sotomayor L,Vogl A L.Who loses?Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2015,13(6):309-315.
[21]欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,张峰,侯鹏.全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查与评估.北京:科学出版社,2014.
[22]Kong L Q,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Ouyang Z Y,Li C,Zhang J J,Huang B B.Mapping ecosystem service bundles to detect distinct types of multifunctionality within the diverse landscape of the Yangtze River Basin,China.Sustainability,2018,10(3):857.
[23]Kareiva P,Tallis H,Ricketts T H,Daily G C,Polasky S.Natural capital:theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services.New York:Oxford University Press,2011.
[24]Natural Capital Project.In VEST+VERSION+documentation.[2018-02-06].http://data.naturalcapitalproject.org/nightly-build/invest-usersguide/html/ndr.html.
[25]Natural Capital Project.In VEST+VERSION+documentation.[2018-02-06].http://data.naturalcapitalproject.org/nightly-build/invest-usersguide/htmlreservoirhydropowerproduction.html.
[26]Rao E M,Ouyang Z Y,Yu X X,Xiao Y.Spatial patterns and impacts of soil conservation service in China.Geomorphology,2014,207:64-70.
[27]晁雪林.京津风沙源治理区近10年沙化土地动态变化研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2015.
[28]杨桂山,徐昔保,李平星.长江经济带绿色生态廊道建设研究.地理科学进展,2015,34(11):1356-1367.
[29]高吉喜.划定生态保护红线,推进长江经济带大保护.环境保护,2016,44(15):21-24.
[30]郑华,欧阳志云.生态红线的实践与思考.中国科学院院刊,2014,29(4):457-461,448-448.
[31]燕守广,林乃峰,沈渭寿.江苏省生态红线区域划分与保护.生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(3):294-299.
[2]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MEA).Ecosystems and Human Well-Being:Synthesis..Washington DC:Island Press,2005.
[3]Bateman I J,Harwood A R,Mace G M,Watson R T,Abson D J,Andrews B,Binner A,Crowe A,Day B H,Dugdale S,Fezzi C,Foden J,Hadley D,Haines-Young R,Hulme M,Kontoleon A,Lovett A A,Munday P,Pascual U,Paterson J,Perino G,Sen A,Siriwardena G,van Soest D,Termansen M.Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making:land use in the United Kingdom.Science,2013,341(6141):45-50.
[4]Ouyang Z Y,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Polasky S,Liu J G,Xu W H,Wang Q,Zhang L,Xiao Y,Rao E M,Jiang L,Lu F,Wang X K,Yang G B,Gong S H,Wu B F,Zeng Y,Yang W,Daily G C.Improvements in ecosystem services from investments in natural capital.Science,2016,352(6292):1455-1459.
[5]Schr9ter D,Cramer W,Leemans R,Prentice I C,Araújo M B,Arnell N W,Bondeau H,Carter T R,Gracia C A,de la Vega-Leinert A C,Erhard M,Ewert F,Glendining M,House J I,KankaanpS,Klein R J T,Lavorel S,Lindner M,Metzger M J,Meyer J,Mitchell T D,Reginster I,Rounsevell M,SabatéS,Sitch S,Smith B,Smith J,Smith P,Sykes M T,Thonicke K,Thuiller W,Tuck G,Zaehle S,Zierl B.Ecosystem service supply and vulnerability to global change in Europe.Science,2005,310(5752):1333-1337.
[6]Lawler J J,Lewis D J,Nelson E,Plantinga A J,Polasky S,Withey J C,Helmers D P,Martinuzzi S,Pennington D,Radeloff V C.Projected landuse change impacts on ecosystem services in the United States.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2014,111(20):7492-7497.
[7]Daily G C,Polasky S,Goldstein J,Kareiva P M,Mooney H A,Pejchar L,Ricketts T H,Salzman J,Shallenberger R.Ecosystem services in decision making:time to deliver.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2009,7(1):21-28.
[8]Goldstein J H,Caldarone G,Duarte T K,Ennaanay D,Hannahs N,Mendoza G,Polasky S,Wolny S,Daily G C.Integrating ecosystem-service tradeoffs into land-use decisions.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2012,109(19):7565-7570.
[9]Li T H,Li W K,Qian Z H.Variations in ecosystem service value in response to land use changes in Shenzhen.Ecological Economics,2010,69(7):1427-1435.
[10]黎斌,何建华,屈赛,黄俊龙,李一挥.基于贝叶斯网络的城市生态红线划定方法.生态学报,2018,38(3):800-811.
[11]杜悦悦,胡熠娜,杨旸,彭建.基于生态重要性和敏感性的西南山地生态安全格局构建---以云南省大理白族自治州为例.生态学报,2017,37(24):8241-8253.
[12]Xu W H,Xiao Y,Zhang J J,Yang W,Zhang L,Hull V,Wang Z,Zheng H,Liu J G,Polasky S,Jiang L,Xiao Y,Shi X W,Rao E M,Lu F,Wang X K,Daily G C,Ouyang Z Y.Strengthening protected areas for biodiversity and ecosystem services in China.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2017,114(7):1601-1606.
[13]Durán A P,Casalegno S,Marquet P A,Gaston K J.Representation of ecosystem services by terrestrial protected areas:chile as a case study.PLoSOne,2013,8(12):e82643.
[14]Zheng H,Robinson B E,Liang Y C,Polasky S,Ma D C,Wang F C,Ruckelshaus M,Ouyang ZY,Daily G C.Benefits,costs,and livelihood implications of a regional payment for ecosystem service program.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,2013,110(41):16681-16686.
[15]Bagstad K J,Semmens D J,Waage S,Winthrop R.A comparative assessment of decision-support tools for ecosystem services quantification and valuation.Ecosystem Services,2013,5:27-39.
[16]Fisher B,Turner R K,Morling P.Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making.Ecological Economics,2009,68(3):643-653.
[17]Maes J,Egoh B,Willemen L,Liquete C,Vihervaara P,Schgner J P,Grizzetti B,Drakou E G,Notte A L,Zulian G,Bouraoui F,Paracchini ML,Braat L,Bidoglio G.Mapping ecosystem services for policy support and decision making in the European Union.Ecosystem Services,2012,1(1):31-39.
[18]陈国阶.对建设长江上游生态屏障的探讨.山地学报,2002,20(5):536-541.
[19]虞孝感.长江流域生态安全问题及建议.自然资源学报,2002,17(3):294-298.
[20]Mandle L,Tallis H,Sotomayor L,Vogl A L.Who loses?Tracking ecosystem service redistribution from road development and mitigation in the Peruvian Amazon.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment,2015,13(6):309-315.
[21]欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,张峰,侯鹏.全国生态环境十年变化(2000-2010年)遥感调查与评估.北京:科学出版社,2014.
[22]Kong L Q,Zheng H,Xiao Y,Ouyang Z Y,Li C,Zhang J J,Huang B B.Mapping ecosystem service bundles to detect distinct types of multifunctionality within the diverse landscape of the Yangtze River Basin,China.Sustainability,2018,10(3):857.
[23]Kareiva P,Tallis H,Ricketts T H,Daily G C,Polasky S.Natural capital:theory and practice of mapping ecosystem services.New York:Oxford University Press,2011.
[24]Natural Capital Project.In VEST+VERSION+documentation.[2018-02-06].http://data.naturalcapitalproject.org/nightly-build/invest-usersguide/html/ndr.html.
[25]Natural Capital Project.In VEST+VERSION+documentation.[2018-02-06].http://data.naturalcapitalproject.org/nightly-build/invest-usersguide/htmlreservoirhydropowerproduction.html.
[26]Rao E M,Ouyang Z Y,Yu X X,Xiao Y.Spatial patterns and impacts of soil conservation service in China.Geomorphology,2014,207:64-70.
[27]晁雪林.京津风沙源治理区近10年沙化土地动态变化研究[D].北京:中国地质大学,2015.
[28]杨桂山,徐昔保,李平星.长江经济带绿色生态廊道建设研究.地理科学进展,2015,34(11):1356-1367.
[29]高吉喜.划定生态保护红线,推进长江经济带大保护.环境保护,2016,44(15):21-24.
[30]郑华,欧阳志云.生态红线的实践与思考.中国科学院院刊,2014,29(4):457-461,448-448.
[31]燕守广,林乃峰,沈渭寿.江苏省生态红线区域划分与保护.生态与农村环境学报,2014,30(3):294-299.
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