宝鸡市区生活饮用水重金属空间分布及风险评价
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摘要
为研究宝鸡市区生活饮用水重金属空间含量分布特征及风险水平,在宝鸡市区采集110个饮用水样,对水样中重金属(Cr、Cd、As、Mn、Pb、Cu、Zn、Ni)含量采用ICP-MS测定,采用水质污染指数(HPI)和US EPA健康风险模型对饮用水水质进行综合评价,并基于GIS对健康风险等级进行了可视化表述。结果表明:生活饮用水水质污染指数(HPI)在阈值风险(100)以下,各重金属含量均值均在《生活饮用水卫生标准》规定范围内,但Cu、Ni、Cr、Pb的浓度最大值都超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》的限值;通过饮水途径所造成的致癌重金属人均年健康风险顺序为Cr>As>Cd,非致癌重金属人均年健康风险顺序为Mn>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni。宝鸡市区生活饮用水重金属总健康风险高值区主要集中于金台区中部和北部,重金属健康风险以致癌风险为主,Cr是首要风险因子。据此,可为宝鸡市区生活饮用水水质安全和水质风险管理提供科学依据。
In order to study the spatial distribution characteristics and risk level of heavy metals in drinking water in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, 110 drinking water samples were collected, and the contents of heavy metals(Cr, Cd, As, Mn, Pb, Cu,Zn, and Ni) in water samples were collected as well. The ICP-MS was used to measure the quality of drinking water using the heavy metal pollution index(HPI) and the US EPA health risk model. Based on GIS, the health risk grades were visually represented. The results showed that average heavy metal content of drinking water are all within the scope of the Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water, but the maximum concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb exceed the limits of the standard; the water pollution index(HPI) is at the threshold risk(100). The per capita annual health risk of carcinogenic heavy metals caused by drinking water pathways is Cr>As>Cd, and the per capita annual health risk of non-carcinogenic heavy metals is Mn>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni. The high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the central and northern parts of Jintai District. The health risk of heavy metals is mainly caused by cancer risk, with Cr as the primary risk factor. The study would provide a scientific basis for the drinking water risk management, water safety and water quality in Baoji City.
In order to study the spatial distribution characteristics and risk level of heavy metals in drinking water in Baoji City, Shaanxi Province, 110 drinking water samples were collected, and the contents of heavy metals(Cr, Cd, As, Mn, Pb, Cu,Zn, and Ni) in water samples were collected as well. The ICP-MS was used to measure the quality of drinking water using the heavy metal pollution index(HPI) and the US EPA health risk model. Based on GIS, the health risk grades were visually represented. The results showed that average heavy metal content of drinking water are all within the scope of the Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water, but the maximum concentrations of Cu, Ni, Cr, and Pb exceed the limits of the standard; the water pollution index(HPI) is at the threshold risk(100). The per capita annual health risk of carcinogenic heavy metals caused by drinking water pathways is Cr>As>Cd, and the per capita annual health risk of non-carcinogenic heavy metals is Mn>Pb>Cu>Zn>Ni. The high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the central and northern parts of Jintai District. The health risk of heavy metals is mainly caused by cancer risk, with Cr as the primary risk factor. The study would provide a scientific basis for the drinking water risk management, water safety and water quality in Baoji City.
引文
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[2] Heredia O S, Fernández Cirelli A. Trace elements distribution in soil, pore water and groundwater in Buenos Aires,Argentina[J]. Geoderma, 2009,149(3/4):409-414.
[3] Zhang M Y, Cui L J, Sheng L X, et al. Distribution and enrichment of heavy metals among sediments, water body and plants in Hengshuihu wetland of northern China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2009,35(4):563-569.
[4] Muhammad S, Shah M T, Khan S. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2011,98(2):334-343.
[5]白志鹏,王珺,游燕.环境风险评价[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2009.
[6]符刚,曾强,赵亮,等.基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价[J].环境科学, 2015,36(12):4553-4560.Fu Gang, Zeng Qiang, Zhao Liang, et al. Health risk assessment of drinking water quality in Tianjin based on GIS[J].Environmental Science, 2015,36(12):4553-4560.
[7] Navoni J A, De P D, Olmos V, et al. Human health risk assessment with spatial analysis:study of a population chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water from Argentina[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 499:166-174.
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[9]张光贵,张屹.洞庭湖区城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境化学, 2017,36(8):1812-1820.Zhang Guanggui, Zhang Yi. Water environmental health risk assessment in urban drinking water sources in Dongting Lake region[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017,36(8):1812-1820.
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[11]陆继龙,郝立波,赵玉岩,等.第二松花江中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学与技术, 2009,32(5):168-172.Lu Jilong, Hao Libo, Zhao Yuyan, et al. Contents and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in middle and lower reaches of Second Songhua River[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2009,32(5):168-172.
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[13]陈窈君,胡学玉,王向前,等.湖北省农村小型水源地水体环境中重金属污染状况[J].环境科学与技术, 2017,40(3):153-160.Chen Yaojun, Hu Xueyu, Wang Xiangqian, et al. Small rural water sources'contamination by heavy metals in Hubei Province[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2017,40(3):153-160.
[14] Abraham M R, Susan T B. Water contamination with heavy metals and trace elements from Kilembe copper mine and tailing sites in Western Uganda; implications for domestic water quality[J]. Chemosphere, 2017,169:281-287.
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[16]王传胜,田威,石中亮,等.饮用水中重金属元素的分析[J].辽宁化工, 2009,38(8):587-589.Wang Chuansheng, Tian Wei, Shi Zhongliang, et al. Analysis of medium and heavy metal elements in drinking water[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 2009,38(8):587-589.
[17]孟利,左锐,王金生,等.基于PCA-APCS-MLR的地下水污染源定量解析研究[J].中国环境科学, 2017,37(10):3773-3786.Meng Li, Zuo Rui, Wang Jinsheng, et al. Quantitative source apportionment of groundwater pollution based on PCA-APCS-MLR[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(10):3773-3786.
[18]段小丽,王宗爽,王贝贝,等.我国北方某地区居民饮水暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究, 2010,23(9):1216-1220.Duan Xiaoli, Wang Zongshuang, Wang Beibei, et al. Drinking water-related exposure factors in a typical area of northern China[J]. Research of Environmental Science, 2010,23(9):1216-1220.
[19] Mohan SV, Nithila P, Reddy SJ. Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health:Part A, 1996,31:283-289.
[20] Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, et al. Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water-Khorramabad city, Iran[J]. Data in Brief, 2018,16(C):685-692.
[21] Nasrabadi T. An index approach to metallic pollution in river waters[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2015,9(1):385-394.
[22] US EPA. Guidelines for Exposure Assessment[R]. Washington DC:Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,1992.
[23]郑德凤,赵锋霞,孙才志,等.考虑参数不确定性的地下饮用水源地水质健康风险评价[J].地理科学, 2015,35(8):1007-1013.Zheng Defeng, Zhao Fengxia, Sun Caizhi, et al. Health risk assessment of groundwater quality in source of drinking water based on the uncertain parameters[J]. Scientia Geogaphica Sinica, 2015,35(8):1007-1013.
[24]国家体育总局.《2014年国民体质监测公报》[EB/OL].[2015-11-25]. http://www.gov.cn.
[25]谢云峰,陈同斌,雷梅,等.空间插值模型对土壤Cd污染评价结果的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2010,30(4):847-854.Xie Yunfeng, Chen Tongbin, Lei Mei, et al. Impact of spatial interpolation methods on the estimation of regional soil Cd[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2010,30(4):847-854.
[26]黄圣彪,王子健,乔敏.区域环境风险评价及其关键科学问题[J].环境科学学报, 2007,27(5):705-713.Huang Shengbiao, Wang Zijian, Qiao Min. Ecological risk assessment(EPA)at the regional scale[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2007,27(5):705-713.
[27]刘军霞,应晓兰,颜崇淮.上海市46户居民自来水中7种元素测定[J].中国卫生检验杂志, 2017,27(23):3457-3460.Liu Junxia, Ying Xiaolan, Yan Chonghuai. Detection of 7elements in tap water from 46 residents in Shanghai[J].Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology, 2017,27(23):3457-3460.
[2] Heredia O S, Fernández Cirelli A. Trace elements distribution in soil, pore water and groundwater in Buenos Aires,Argentina[J]. Geoderma, 2009,149(3/4):409-414.
[3] Zhang M Y, Cui L J, Sheng L X, et al. Distribution and enrichment of heavy metals among sediments, water body and plants in Hengshuihu wetland of northern China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2009,35(4):563-569.
[4] Muhammad S, Shah M T, Khan S. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2011,98(2):334-343.
[5]白志鹏,王珺,游燕.环境风险评价[M].北京:高等教育出版社, 2009.
[6]符刚,曾强,赵亮,等.基于GIS的天津市饮用水水质健康风险评价[J].环境科学, 2015,36(12):4553-4560.Fu Gang, Zeng Qiang, Zhao Liang, et al. Health risk assessment of drinking water quality in Tianjin based on GIS[J].Environmental Science, 2015,36(12):4553-4560.
[7] Navoni J A, De P D, Olmos V, et al. Human health risk assessment with spatial analysis:study of a population chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water from Argentina[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2014, 499:166-174.
[8] Muhammad S, Shah M T, Khan S. Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan[J]. Microchemical Journal, 2011,98(2):334-343.
[9]张光贵,张屹.洞庭湖区城市饮用水源地水环境健康风险评价[J].环境化学, 2017,36(8):1812-1820.Zhang Guanggui, Zhang Yi. Water environmental health risk assessment in urban drinking water sources in Dongting Lake region[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017,36(8):1812-1820.
[10]李泓,赵震,刘茜.北京市朝阳区饮用水健康风险评价[J].中国人口·资源与环境, 2016,26(5):320-322.Li Hong, Zhao Zhen, Liu Qian. Environmental health risk assessment of Chaoyang District in Beijing City[J]. China Population, Resources and Environment, 2016, 26(5):320-322.
[11]陆继龙,郝立波,赵玉岩,等.第二松花江中下游水体重金属特征及潜在生态风险[J].环境科学与技术, 2009,32(5):168-172.Lu Jilong, Hao Libo, Zhao Yuyan, et al. Contents and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in middle and lower reaches of Second Songhua River[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2009,32(5):168-172.
[12]周睿婧,陈敏健,夏彦恺.南京市某区中小学生饮用水重金属含量及健康风险评估[J].南京医科大学学报:自然科学版, 2016,36(7):886-892.Zhou Ruijing, Chen Minjian, Xia Yankai. Heavy metal contamination and human health risk assessment in drinking water in primary and middle school students from a district of Nanjing City[J]. Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Nanjing:Natural Science Edition, 2016,36(7):886-892.
[13]陈窈君,胡学玉,王向前,等.湖北省农村小型水源地水体环境中重金属污染状况[J].环境科学与技术, 2017,40(3):153-160.Chen Yaojun, Hu Xueyu, Wang Xiangqian, et al. Small rural water sources'contamination by heavy metals in Hubei Province[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2017,40(3):153-160.
[14] Abraham M R, Susan T B. Water contamination with heavy metals and trace elements from Kilembe copper mine and tailing sites in Western Uganda; implications for domestic water quality[J]. Chemosphere, 2017,169:281-287.
[15]王若师,许秋瑾,张娴,等.东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染健康风险评价[J].环境科学, 2012,33(9):3083-3088.Wang Ruoshi, Xu Qiujing, Zhang Xian, et al. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in typical township water sources in Dongjiang river basin[J]. Environmental Science, 2012,33(9):3083-3088.
[16]王传胜,田威,石中亮,等.饮用水中重金属元素的分析[J].辽宁化工, 2009,38(8):587-589.Wang Chuansheng, Tian Wei, Shi Zhongliang, et al. Analysis of medium and heavy metal elements in drinking water[J]. Liaoning Chemical Industry, 2009,38(8):587-589.
[17]孟利,左锐,王金生,等.基于PCA-APCS-MLR的地下水污染源定量解析研究[J].中国环境科学, 2017,37(10):3773-3786.Meng Li, Zuo Rui, Wang Jinsheng, et al. Quantitative source apportionment of groundwater pollution based on PCA-APCS-MLR[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(10):3773-3786.
[18]段小丽,王宗爽,王贝贝,等.我国北方某地区居民饮水暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究, 2010,23(9):1216-1220.Duan Xiaoli, Wang Zongshuang, Wang Beibei, et al. Drinking water-related exposure factors in a typical area of northern China[J]. Research of Environmental Science, 2010,23(9):1216-1220.
[19] Mohan SV, Nithila P, Reddy SJ. Estimation of heavy metals in drinking water and development of heavy metal pollution index[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health:Part A, 1996,31:283-289.
[20] Ghaderpoori M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A, et al. Heavy metals analysis and quality assessment in drinking water-Khorramabad city, Iran[J]. Data in Brief, 2018,16(C):685-692.
[21] Nasrabadi T. An index approach to metallic pollution in river waters[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2015,9(1):385-394.
[22] US EPA. Guidelines for Exposure Assessment[R]. Washington DC:Office of Health and Environmental Assessment,1992.
[23]郑德凤,赵锋霞,孙才志,等.考虑参数不确定性的地下饮用水源地水质健康风险评价[J].地理科学, 2015,35(8):1007-1013.Zheng Defeng, Zhao Fengxia, Sun Caizhi, et al. Health risk assessment of groundwater quality in source of drinking water based on the uncertain parameters[J]. Scientia Geogaphica Sinica, 2015,35(8):1007-1013.
[24]国家体育总局.《2014年国民体质监测公报》[EB/OL].[2015-11-25]. http://www.gov.cn.
[25]谢云峰,陈同斌,雷梅,等.空间插值模型对土壤Cd污染评价结果的影响[J].环境科学学报, 2010,30(4):847-854.Xie Yunfeng, Chen Tongbin, Lei Mei, et al. Impact of spatial interpolation methods on the estimation of regional soil Cd[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2010,30(4):847-854.
[26]黄圣彪,王子健,乔敏.区域环境风险评价及其关键科学问题[J].环境科学学报, 2007,27(5):705-713.Huang Shengbiao, Wang Zijian, Qiao Min. Ecological risk assessment(EPA)at the regional scale[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2007,27(5):705-713.
[27]刘军霞,应晓兰,颜崇淮.上海市46户居民自来水中7种元素测定[J].中国卫生检验杂志, 2017,27(23):3457-3460.Liu Junxia, Ying Xiaolan, Yan Chonghuai. Detection of 7elements in tap water from 46 residents in Shanghai[J].Chinese Journal of Health Laboratory Technology, 2017,27(23):3457-3460.
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