湿地公园对局地气候舒适性影响的数值试验
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摘要
为探索湿地公园对局地气候舒适性的影响,利用WRF数值模式,对重庆市梁平区待建湿地公园的位置与面积规划进行敏感性试验。结合当地主导风向和实际项目需求,设计了不建设湿地公园、湿地公园占地分别达10 km2、15 km2和20 km2等面积敏感性试验,以及湿地公园位于保护区西南部、东北部和分为南北两部分等建设位置敏感性试验。通过对比不同试验方案下垫面修改前后模拟结果的2 m气温、湿度等气象要素并计算热气候指标,认为湿地公园建设面积约15 km2、且将湿地分为两部分但东北部面积较大时,对当地的局地气候舒适性有较好改善。对风场的分析表明,这可能是因该规划方案能产生新的风道所致,因此也说明湿地公园的规划应当将局地风环境状况作为重要的参考指标。
To explore the impact of wetland park on regional climatic comfort, numberical simulation sensitive experiments of wetland area and position have been conducted on wetland park planning in Liangping, Chongqing, using Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF). Based on local dominant wind direction and actual project requirements, sensitive experiments in the conditions of no wetland, and wetland area of 10 km2, 15 km2 and 20 km2 have been designed respectively. By comparing the mean 2 m temperature and 2 m moisture of different experiments, the wetland park with an area of 15 km2 and 20 km2 has a better cooling effect on the study region. And then, experiments with different spatial patterns of wetland,namely, by putting wetland in the southwest and northeast of protection area respectively, and also the experiment of dividing wetland into two parts, placed in SW and NE separately, have been tested. By calculating and comparing a 10 m wind field, 2 m temperature and 2 m universal thermal climate index, the results showed that the wetland park can bring a preferable local climate comfort when its area is around 15 km2 and it can be divided into two parts with a larger NE part, which may be the result of the generation of a new ventilation corridor. This also means that the status of local wind environment should be an important reference for wetland park planning.
To explore the impact of wetland park on regional climatic comfort, numberical simulation sensitive experiments of wetland area and position have been conducted on wetland park planning in Liangping, Chongqing, using Weather Research and Forecasting Model(WRF). Based on local dominant wind direction and actual project requirements, sensitive experiments in the conditions of no wetland, and wetland area of 10 km2, 15 km2 and 20 km2 have been designed respectively. By comparing the mean 2 m temperature and 2 m moisture of different experiments, the wetland park with an area of 15 km2 and 20 km2 has a better cooling effect on the study region. And then, experiments with different spatial patterns of wetland,namely, by putting wetland in the southwest and northeast of protection area respectively, and also the experiment of dividing wetland into two parts, placed in SW and NE separately, have been tested. By calculating and comparing a 10 m wind field, 2 m temperature and 2 m universal thermal climate index, the results showed that the wetland park can bring a preferable local climate comfort when its area is around 15 km2 and it can be divided into two parts with a larger NE part, which may be the result of the generation of a new ventilation corridor. This also means that the status of local wind environment should be an important reference for wetland park planning.
引文
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[16]佟华,刘辉志,李延明,等.北京夏季城市热岛现状及楔形绿地规划对缓解城市热岛的作用.应用气象学报,2005,16(3):357-366.[TONG H,LIU H Z,LI Y M,et al.Actuality of summer urban heat island and the impact of urban planning"wedge shaped greenland"to reducing the intensity of urban heat island in Beijing.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2005,16(3):357-366.]
[17]ZHOU Y,SHI T M,HU Y M,et al.Urban green space planning based on computational fluid dynamics model and landscape ecology principle:A case study of Liaoyang city,Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,2011,21(4):465.
[18]苗世光,王晓云,蒋维楣,等.城市规划中绿地布局对气象环境的影响:以成都城市绿地规划方案为例.城市规划,2013,37(6):41-46.[MIAO S G,WANG X Y,JIANG W M,et al.Impact on atmospheric environment by green space layout in urban planning:A case study on green space planning of Chengdu.City Planning Review,2013,37(6):41-46.]
[19]冯娴慧,高克昌,钟水新.基于GRAPES数值模拟的城市绿地空间布局对局地微气候影响研究:以广州为例.南方建筑,2014,(3):10-16.[FENG X H,GAO K C,ZHONG S X.A study on the local climate effects of green space layout based on the numerical simulation of GRAPES:Case of Guangzhou.South Architecture,2014,(3):10-16.]
[20]WANG W,BEEZLEY C,DUDA M.WRF ARW V3:User's Guide.URL:http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users(accessed:11.01.2013),2012.
[21]闫业超,岳书平,刘学华,等.国内外气候舒适度评价研究进展.地球科学进展,2013,28(10):1119-1125.[YAN Y C,YUE S P,LIU X H,et al.Advances in assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions at home and abroad.Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(10):1119-1125.]
[22]郑有飞,尹继福,吴荣军,等.热气候指数在人体舒适度预报中的适用性.应用气象学报,2010,21(6):709-715.[ZHENG Y F,YIN J F,WU R J,et al.Applicability of universal thermal climate index to thermal comfort forecast.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2010,21(6):709-715.]
[23]JENDRITZKY G,DEAR R D,HAVENITH G.UTCI:Why another thermal index?.International Journal of Biometeorology,2012,56(3):421-428.
[24]LAI D Y,GUO D H,HOU Y F,et al.Studies of outdoor thermal comfort in Northern China.Building&Environment,2014,77(3):110-118.
[25]ALTMAN E I.Financial ratios,discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy.The Journal of Finance,1968,23(4):589-609.
[2]中华人民共和国建设部城市湿地公园规划设计导则(试行).2005-06-24.https://wenku.baidu.com/view/901aba0f4a7302768e9939ea.html.[Guidelines for urban wetland park planning and design by Ministry of Construction,PRC.2005-06-24.]
[3]崔丽娟,康晓明,赵欣胜,等.北京典型城市湿地小气候效应时空变化特征.生态学杂志,2015,34(1):212-218.[CUIL J,KANG X M,ZHAO X S,et al.Spatiotemporal variation in the microclimate effects of typical urban wetland in Beijing.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(1):212-218.]
[4]张庆辉,赵捷,朱晋,等.中国城市湿地公园研究现状.湿地科学,2013,11(1):129-135.[ZHANG Q H,ZHAO J,ZHUJ,et al.Current status of studies on urban wetland park in China.Wetland Science,2013,11(1):129-135.]
[5]JIA H F,MA H T,WEI M J.Urban wetland planning:A case study in the Beijing central region.Ecological Complexity,2011,8(2):213-221.
[6]HORWITZ P,FINLAYSON M,WEINSTEIN P.Healthy wetlands,healthy people:A review of wetlands and human health interactions.Ramsar Technical Report No.6.Secretariat of the RamsarConvention on Wetlands,Gland,Switzerland,&The World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland.2012.
[7]HORWITZ P,FINLAYSON C M.Wetlands as settings for human health:Incorporating ecosystem services and health impact assessment into water resource management.Bioscience,2011,61(9):678-688.
[8]曹伟宏,王淑新.京津冀地区城市人居环境气候舒适性评价.冰川冻土,2017,39(2):435-442.[CAO W H,WANG SX.Evaluation of climate suitability for urban human settlement in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,2017,39(2):435-442.]
[9]金虹,王博.城市微气候及热舒适性评价研究综述.建筑科学,2017,33(8):1-8.[JIN H,WANG B.A review of evaluation studies on urban micro-climate and thermal comfort.Building Science,2017,33(8):1-8.]
[10]马丽君,孙根年,王洁洁.中国东部沿海沿边城市旅游气候舒适度评价.地理科学进展,2009,28(5):713-722.[MA LJ,SUN G N,WANG J J.Evaluation of tourism climate comfortableness of coastal cities in the Eastern China.Progress in Geography,2009,28(5):713-722.]
[11]任学慧,李颖,王健.近60 a北方沿海城市人居环境气候舒适性评价:以辽宁省为例.自然资源学报,2013,28(5):811-821.[REN X H,LI Y,WANG J.Evaluation of climate comfortability for human settlement environment in northern coastal cities in recent 60 years:Taking Liaoning as a case.Journal of Natural Resources,2013,28(5):811-821.]
[12]那守海,张彦彦,肖小英.骆驼峰森林公园旅游气候资源适宜性评价.森林工程,2009,25(3):34-38.[NA S H,ZHANG Y Y,XIAO X Y.Evaluation on suitability of the tourist climate resource of Luotuofeng Peak Forest Park.Forest Engineering,2009,25(3):34-38.]
[13]CHEN F,KUSAKA H,BORNSTEIN R,et al.The integrated WRF/urban modelling system:Development,evaluation,and applications to urban environmental problems.International Journal of Climatology,2011,31(2):273-288.
[14]FANG X,JIANG W,MIAO S,et al.The multi-scale numerical modeling system for research on the relationship between urban planning and meteorological environment.Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2004,21(1):103-112.
[15]秦文翠,胡聃,李元征,等.基于ENVI-met的北京典型住宅区微气候数值模拟分析.气象与环境学报,2015,31(3):56-62.[QIN W C,HU D,LI Y Z,et al.Numerical simulation of microclimate in Beijing typical residential area based on ENVI-met model.Journal of Meteorology&Environment,2015,31(3):56-62.]
[16]佟华,刘辉志,李延明,等.北京夏季城市热岛现状及楔形绿地规划对缓解城市热岛的作用.应用气象学报,2005,16(3):357-366.[TONG H,LIU H Z,LI Y M,et al.Actuality of summer urban heat island and the impact of urban planning"wedge shaped greenland"to reducing the intensity of urban heat island in Beijing.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2005,16(3):357-366.]
[17]ZHOU Y,SHI T M,HU Y M,et al.Urban green space planning based on computational fluid dynamics model and landscape ecology principle:A case study of Liaoyang city,Northeast China.Chinese Geographical Science,2011,21(4):465.
[18]苗世光,王晓云,蒋维楣,等.城市规划中绿地布局对气象环境的影响:以成都城市绿地规划方案为例.城市规划,2013,37(6):41-46.[MIAO S G,WANG X Y,JIANG W M,et al.Impact on atmospheric environment by green space layout in urban planning:A case study on green space planning of Chengdu.City Planning Review,2013,37(6):41-46.]
[19]冯娴慧,高克昌,钟水新.基于GRAPES数值模拟的城市绿地空间布局对局地微气候影响研究:以广州为例.南方建筑,2014,(3):10-16.[FENG X H,GAO K C,ZHONG S X.A study on the local climate effects of green space layout based on the numerical simulation of GRAPES:Case of Guangzhou.South Architecture,2014,(3):10-16.]
[20]WANG W,BEEZLEY C,DUDA M.WRF ARW V3:User's Guide.URL:http://www.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users(accessed:11.01.2013),2012.
[21]闫业超,岳书平,刘学华,等.国内外气候舒适度评价研究进展.地球科学进展,2013,28(10):1119-1125.[YAN Y C,YUE S P,LIU X H,et al.Advances in assessment of bioclimatic comfort conditions at home and abroad.Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(10):1119-1125.]
[22]郑有飞,尹继福,吴荣军,等.热气候指数在人体舒适度预报中的适用性.应用气象学报,2010,21(6):709-715.[ZHENG Y F,YIN J F,WU R J,et al.Applicability of universal thermal climate index to thermal comfort forecast.Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2010,21(6):709-715.]
[23]JENDRITZKY G,DEAR R D,HAVENITH G.UTCI:Why another thermal index?.International Journal of Biometeorology,2012,56(3):421-428.
[24]LAI D Y,GUO D H,HOU Y F,et al.Studies of outdoor thermal comfort in Northern China.Building&Environment,2014,77(3):110-118.
[25]ALTMAN E I.Financial ratios,discriminant analysis and the prediction of corporate bankruptcy.The Journal of Finance,1968,23(4):589-609.
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