城镇生活用水新型节水“5R”技术体系
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摘要
水资源危机已成为全球关注热点问题,快速城镇化导致生活用水需求剧增,亟需开发新型实用节水技术。为解决城镇生活用水资源紧张的问题,提出了城镇生活节水"5R"技术体系,一是开发超低用水量的真空便器、无水气冲便器、智能计量沐浴系统等节水器具并推广使用,实现用水量减少(Reduce);二是采用污水源分离系统,实现黑水的能量回收和灰水资源的多用途回用(Resource,Recycle);三是开发雨水收集、处理和贮存技术体系,实现水资源回收(Recover);四是对原城镇排水系统污水处理厂出水与中水进行水质调控,提出保证不同用水水质的安全回用(Reuse)技术。对以上技术进行集成与综合节水定量评价,形成节水综合管理和决策系统("5R"技术体系),以期解决城镇生活用水多水源多用户的水量平衡和水质转化关系等问题。
The water resource crisis has become a hot issue in the world. Rapid urbanization has led to a sharp increase in demand for domestic water,and it is urgent to develop new and practical watersaving technologies. A novel "5R"technology system for urban domestic water saving was put forward,in which the following four parts were included: ①developing the ultra-low water consumption of vacuum toilet,water free flushing toilet,intelligent metering bath system and other water-saving appliances to realize water reduction (Reduce); ②using sewage source separation system to realize the energy recovery of black water and the multipurpose reuse of the gray water resources (Resource, Recycle);③developing rainwater collection,processing and storage technology system to realize water resource recovery (Recover); ④ controlling water quality of effluent from sewage treatment plant and reclaimed water in the original urban drainage system,and putting forward the safe reuse (Reuse) technology to ensure different water quality. Then, the integrated and comprehensive water saving quantitative evaluation system would be carried out to form a water-saving management and decision-making system ("5R"technology system) which would solve the problem of water consumption and water quality conversion of multi-water sources and multi-users in urban domestic water consumption.
The water resource crisis has become a hot issue in the world. Rapid urbanization has led to a sharp increase in demand for domestic water,and it is urgent to develop new and practical watersaving technologies. A novel "5R"technology system for urban domestic water saving was put forward,in which the following four parts were included: ①developing the ultra-low water consumption of vacuum toilet,water free flushing toilet,intelligent metering bath system and other water-saving appliances to realize water reduction (Reduce); ②using sewage source separation system to realize the energy recovery of black water and the multipurpose reuse of the gray water resources (Resource, Recycle);③developing rainwater collection,processing and storage technology system to realize water resource recovery (Recover); ④ controlling water quality of effluent from sewage treatment plant and reclaimed water in the original urban drainage system,and putting forward the safe reuse (Reuse) technology to ensure different water quality. Then, the integrated and comprehensive water saving quantitative evaluation system would be carried out to form a water-saving management and decision-making system ("5R"technology system) which would solve the problem of water consumption and water quality conversion of multi-water sources and multi-users in urban domestic water consumption.
引文
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[23]刘克明,姜淑青,李国星,等.城市回用水致突变性研究[J].癌变·畸变·突变,2008,20(2):509-511.Liu Keming,Jiang Shuqing,Li Guoxing,et al.Mutagenic study on the use of reclaimed water in city[J].Carcinogenesis,Teratogenesis&Mutagenesis,2008,20(2):509-511(in Chinese).
[24]王春花,何宁,刘克明,等.城市回用水有机提取物遗传毒性分析[J].中国公共卫生,2008,24(1):81-82.Wang Chunhua,He Ning,Liu Keming,et al.Study on genetoxic of urban reclaimed water[J].Chinese Journal of Public Health,2008,24(1):81-82(in Chinese).
[25]杨军,郑袁明,陈同斌,等.中水灌溉下重金属在土壤中的垂直迁移及其对地下水的污染风险[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):449-456.Yang Jun,Zheng Yuanming,Chen Tongbin,et al.Leaching of heavy metals in soil column under irrigation reclaimed water:A simulation experiment[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(3):449-456(in Chinese).
[2]Larsen T A,Hoffmann S,Lüthi C,et al.Emerging solutions to the water challenges of an urbanizing world[J].Science,2016,352(6288):928-933.
[3]van Loosdrecht M C M,Brdjanovic D.Anticipating the next century of wastewater treatment[J].Science,2014,344(6191):1452-1453.
[4]张健,章菁,高世宝,等.关于资源型排水系统的探索与实践[J].给水排水,2011,37(11):155-159.Zhang Jian,Zhang Jing,Gao Shibao,et al.Study and practice of resource-based drainage system[J].Water&Wastewater Engineering,2011,37(11):155-159(in Chinese).
[5]Lee M,Tansel B,Balbin M.Urban sustainability incentives for residential water conservation:Adoption of multiple high efficiency appliances[J].Water Resour Manage,2013,27(7):2531-2540.
[6]Larsen T A,Udert K M,Lienert J.Source Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management[M].London:IWA Publishing,2013.
[7]Zhu Jie,Wagner M,Cornel P,et al.Feasibility of on-site grey-water reuse for toilet flushing in China[J].JWater Reuse Desal,2018,8(1):1-13.
[8]Domènech L,SauríD.A comparative appraisal of the use of rainwater harvesting in single and multi-family buildings of the metropolitan area of Barcelona(Spain):Social experience,drinking water savings and economic costs[J].J Clean Prod,2011,19(6/7):598-608.
[9]Russell B T,Kirisits M J,Dennis J L,et al.Rainwater harvesting in the United States:A survey of common system practices[J].J Clean Prod,2014,75:166-173.
[10]Moglia M,Gan K,Delbridge N,et al.Investigation of pump and pump switch failures in rainwater harvesting systems[J].J Hydrol,2016,538:208-215.
[11]Akter A,Ahmed S.Potentiality of rainwater harvesting for an urban community in Bangladesh[J].J Hydrol,2015,528:84-93.
[12]车武,汪慧珍,任超,等.北京城区屋面雨水污染及利用研究[J].中国给水排水,2001,17(6):57-61.Che Wu,Wang Huizhen,Ren Chao,et al.Studies on roof runoff pollution and utilization in Beijing urban area[J].China Water&Wastewater,2001,17(6):57-61(in Chinese).
[13]纪桂霞,王平香,邱卫国.上海市屋面雨水水质监测与处理利用方法研究[J].上海理工大学学报,2006,28(6):594-598.Ji Guixia,Wang Pingxiang,Qiu Weiguo.Quality monitoring and methods of treatment and utilization of the roof rainwater in Shanghai[J].Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology,2006,28(6):594-598(in Chinese).
[14]施国飞.昆明市城市住宅小区径流雨水水质特性及资源化利用研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2013.Shi Guofei.Studying on the Water Quality Characteristic and Resource Utilization of Runoff Rainwater for the Urban Residential Communities in Kun ming City[D].Kunming:Kunming University of Science and Technology,2013(in Chinese).
[15]倪晶诚.合肥市住宅区雨水资源利用研究[D].合肥:安徽建筑大学,2015.Ni Jingcheng.The Study of Rainwater Utilization in Hefei Residential[D].Hefei:Anhui Jianzhu University,2015(in Chinese).
[16]李育宏,黄建军,李阳.我国再生水利用发展现状分析[J].水工业市场,2012(5):39-42.Li Yuhong,Huang Jianjun,Li Yang.Current situation analysis of reclaimed water utilization in China[J].Water-Industry Market,2012(5):39-42(in Chinese).
[17]孙博,汪妮,解建仓,等.再生水利用交易收益的博弈分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2010,41(2):195-198.Sun Bo,Wang Ni,Xie Jiancang,et al.Game analysis on recycled water use transaction benefit[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2010,41(2):195-198(in Chinese).
[18]Nurizzo C,Antonelli M,Profaizer,M,et al.By-products in surface and reclaimed water disinfected with various agents[J].Desalination,2005,176(1/3):241-253.
[19]Tajima A,Sakurai K,Minamiyama M.Behavior of pathogenic microbes in a treated wastewater reuse system and examination of new standards for the reuse of treated wastewater[J].Environ Monit Assess,2007,129(1/3):43-51.
[20]Park E,Mancl K M,Tuovinen O H,et al.Ensuring safe reuse of residential wastewater:Reduction of microbes and genes using peat biofilter and batch chlorination in an on-site treatment system[J].J Appl Microbiol,2016,121(6):1777-1788.
[21]Weber S,Khan S,Hollender J.Human risk assessment of organic contaminants in reclaimed wastewater used for irrigation[J].Desalination,2006,187(1/3):53-64.
[22]何星海,马世豪,李安定,等.再生水利用健康风险暴露评价[J].环境科学,2006,27(9):1912-1915.He Xinghai,Ma Shihao,Li Anding,et al.Exposure assessment of various reclaimed water uses[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,2006,27(9):1912-1915(in Chinese).
[23]刘克明,姜淑青,李国星,等.城市回用水致突变性研究[J].癌变·畸变·突变,2008,20(2):509-511.Liu Keming,Jiang Shuqing,Li Guoxing,et al.Mutagenic study on the use of reclaimed water in city[J].Carcinogenesis,Teratogenesis&Mutagenesis,2008,20(2):509-511(in Chinese).
[24]王春花,何宁,刘克明,等.城市回用水有机提取物遗传毒性分析[J].中国公共卫生,2008,24(1):81-82.Wang Chunhua,He Ning,Liu Keming,et al.Study on genetoxic of urban reclaimed water[J].Chinese Journal of Public Health,2008,24(1):81-82(in Chinese).
[25]杨军,郑袁明,陈同斌,等.中水灌溉下重金属在土壤中的垂直迁移及其对地下水的污染风险[J].地理研究,2006,25(3):449-456.Yang Jun,Zheng Yuanming,Chen Tongbin,et al.Leaching of heavy metals in soil column under irrigation reclaimed water:A simulation experiment[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(3):449-456(in Chinese).
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