瓜类蔬菜体内多环芳烃的分布特征及健康风险评估
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摘要
【目的】探讨多环芳烃(PAHs)在瓜类蔬菜体内的分布特征和积累规律,并对南宁市不同年龄不同性别人群摄食每种瓜类蔬菜果实的健康风险进行评估。【方法】采集黄瓜Cucumis sativus、苦瓜Momordica charantia、丝瓜Luffa cylindrical和节瓜Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua根系各30株和果实各20个,并分别称取茎1 kg、叶片1 kg和叶柄1 kg,用超声波提取、固相萃取对蔬菜进行前处理,用高效液相色谱法检测各部位中16种PAHs含量。【结果】16种PAHs在4种瓜类蔬菜中均有检出,PAHs的总质量分数为88.44～1 229.85μg·kg–1,其中各环数PAHs含量顺序为5环>6环>2环>4环>3环。南宁市不同人群食用瓜类果实引起的致癌风险值在1.48×10–6～7.84×10–5范围内,仅摄入可食用部分引起的致癌风险值在2.23×10–7～3.35×10–6范围内。【结论】比较同种瓜类不同部位,4种瓜皆是叶片PAHs含量最高,黄瓜果瓤含量最低,苦瓜和丝瓜果肉含量最低,节瓜叶柄含量最低;比较4种瓜类叶片,节瓜叶片PAHs含量最高,苦瓜叶片含量最低。在目前蔬菜消费量下,南宁市民摄食瓜类蔬菜果实存在潜在致癌风险。
【Objective】To explore the distribution characteristics and accumulation rules of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in cucurbitacae vegetables,and evaluate the health risks of each cucurbitacae vegetable to people in different age groups and genders in Nanning.【Method】The samples of Cucumis sativus, Momordica charantia, Luffa cylindrical and Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua were collected. For each type of vegetable, we collected roots of 30 plants, 1 kg stems, 1 kg leaves, 1 kg petioles and 20 fruits. The vegetables were pretreated by ultrasonic extraction and solid phase extraction. The contents of 16 different PAHs in different parts of vegetables were detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).【Result】Sixteen types of PAHs were all detected in four kinds of cucurbitacae vegetables, the contents of total PAHs ranged from 88.44 to 1 229.85 μg.kg–1. The order of detected PAHs amounts in cucurbitacae vegetables was 5-ring PAHs > 6-ring PAHs > 2-ring PAHs > 4-ring PAHs > 3-ring PAHs. The cancer risk levels of diverse population groups in Nanning by ingesting fruit from cucurbitacae vegetables were in the range of1.48×10–6 and 7.87×10–5. The cancer risk levels caused by ingesting only edible portions were in the range of2.23×10–7 and 3.35×10–6.【Conclusion】Comparing different organs of the same cucurbitacae vegetables, leaves had the highest PAH contents for all four vegetables, C. sativus pulp had the lowest PAHs content, M. charantia and L. cylindrical flesh had the lowest PAHs contents, B. hispida var. chieh-qua petious had the lowest PAHs content. Comparing leaves of different cucurbitacae vegetables, PAHs content was the highest in B. hispida var.chieh-qua while the lowest in M. charantia. Under the current consumption amount of vegetables, potential carcinogenic risks exist for Nanning residents by ingesting fruits of cucurbitacae vegetables.
【Objective】To explore the distribution characteristics and accumulation rules of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) in cucurbitacae vegetables,and evaluate the health risks of each cucurbitacae vegetable to people in different age groups and genders in Nanning.【Method】The samples of Cucumis sativus, Momordica charantia, Luffa cylindrical and Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua were collected. For each type of vegetable, we collected roots of 30 plants, 1 kg stems, 1 kg leaves, 1 kg petioles and 20 fruits. The vegetables were pretreated by ultrasonic extraction and solid phase extraction. The contents of 16 different PAHs in different parts of vegetables were detected by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC).【Result】Sixteen types of PAHs were all detected in four kinds of cucurbitacae vegetables, the contents of total PAHs ranged from 88.44 to 1 229.85 μg.kg–1. The order of detected PAHs amounts in cucurbitacae vegetables was 5-ring PAHs > 6-ring PAHs > 2-ring PAHs > 4-ring PAHs > 3-ring PAHs. The cancer risk levels of diverse population groups in Nanning by ingesting fruit from cucurbitacae vegetables were in the range of1.48×10–6 and 7.87×10–5. The cancer risk levels caused by ingesting only edible portions were in the range of2.23×10–7 and 3.35×10–6.【Conclusion】Comparing different organs of the same cucurbitacae vegetables, leaves had the highest PAH contents for all four vegetables, C. sativus pulp had the lowest PAHs content, M. charantia and L. cylindrical flesh had the lowest PAHs contents, B. hispida var. chieh-qua petious had the lowest PAHs content. Comparing leaves of different cucurbitacae vegetables, PAHs content was the highest in B. hispida var.chieh-qua while the lowest in M. charantia. Under the current consumption amount of vegetables, potential carcinogenic risks exist for Nanning residents by ingesting fruits of cucurbitacae vegetables.
引文
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[32]焦杏春,介崇禹,丁力军,等.多环芳烃在水稻植株中的分布[J].应用与环境生物学报,2005,11(6):657-659.
[33]TERZAGHI E,ZACCHELLO G,SCACCHI M,et al.Towards more ecologically realistic scenarios of plant uptake modelling for chemicals:PAHs in a small forest[J].Sci Total Environ,2015,505:329-337.
[34]HOWSAM M,JONES K C,INESON P.PAHs associated with the leaves of three deciduous tree species.I:Concentrations and profiles[J].Environ Pollut,2000,108(3):413-424.
[35]杨博.城市典型植物叶片中PAHs的时空分布特征及迁移转化机理[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.
[36]李艳,顾华,黄冠华,等.北京东南郊灌区多环芳烃污染风险与人体健康风险评估[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):237-249.
[37]TAO S,CUI Y H,XU F L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin[J].Sci Total Environ,2004,320(1):11-24.
[38]郜红建,魏俊岭,马静静,等.安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(10):1913-1919.
[39]URBAT M,LEHNDORFF E,SCHWARK L.Biomonitoring of air quality in the Cologne conurbation using pine needles as a passive sampler:PartⅠ:Magnetic properties[J].Atmos Environ,2004,38(23):3781-3792.
[40]解莹然,张娟,李乐,等.北京市常用常绿树种冬季叶片多环芳烃含量及其富集特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(10):95-100.
[41]GUNTHER F A,BUZZETTI F,WESTLAKE W E.Residue behavior of polynuclear hydrocarbons on and in oranges[J].Residue Rev,1967,17:81-104.
[42]龙明华,龙彪,梁勇生,等.南宁市蔬菜基地土壤多环芳烃含量及来源分析[J].中国蔬菜,2017(3):52-57.
[43]SCHROLL R,BIERLING B,CAO G,et al.Uptake pathways of organic chemicals from soil by agricultural plant[J].Chemosphere,1994,28(2):297-303.
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[2]赵文昌,程金平.环境中多环芳烃(PAHs)的来源与监测分析方法[J].环境科学与技术,2006,29(3):105-108.
[3]宋冠群,林金明.环境样品中多环芳烃的前处理技术[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(10):1287-1296.
[4]BUEHLER S,HITES R A.The Great Lakes’integrated atmospheric deposition network[J].Environ Sci Technol,2002,36(17):354A-359A.
[5]秦宁,何伟,王雁,等.巢湖水体和水产品中多环芳烃的含量与健康风险[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(1):230-239.
[6]GUILLEN M D,SOPELANA P,PARTEARROYO MA.Food as a source of polycyclic aromatic carcinogens.[J].Rev Environ Health,1997,12(3):133-146.
[7]ZUO Q,LIN H,ZHANG X L,et al.A two-compartment exposure device for foliar uptake study.[J].Environ Pollut,2006,143(1):126-128.
[8]LISA M.CAMICHAEL T,RUSSELL F,et al.Desorption and mineralization kinetics of phenanthrene and chrysene in contaminated Soils[J].Environ Sci Technol,1997,31(1):126-132.
[9]刘永波,薛瑞芳,崔磊.超声波提取-气相色谱-质谱联用法测定城市污水处理厂脱水污泥中16种多环芳烃[J].化学分析计量,2015,24(6):77-80.
[10]刘庆学,王磊,安彩秀,等.硫酸净化法测定土壤中的六六六、滴滴涕及多环芳烃[J].分析试验室,2009,28(S2):116-121.
[11]龙明华,龙彪,唐璇,等.南宁市不同区域五种蔬菜的多环芳烃含量分析[J].北方园艺,2018(5):7-14.
[12]龙彪.南宁市菜地土壤及蔬菜中多环芳烃的含量及来源分析[D].南宁:广西大学,2017.
[13]NISBET I C,LAGOY P K.Toxic equivalency factors(TEFs)for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)[J].Regul Toxicol Pharmacol,1992,16(3):290-300.
[14]MASCLET P,MOUVIER G,Nikolaou K.Relative decay index and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Atmos Environ,1986,20(3):439-446.
[15]翟凤英,杨晓光.中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告:膳食与营养素摄入状况[M].北京:人民卫生出版社,2006.
[16]张珏坪.广西南宁市蔬菜种子产业发展现状与对策研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2014.
[17]ZHAO Z,ZHANG L,CAI Y,et al.Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH)residues in several tissues of edible fishes from the largest freshwater lake in China,Poyang Lake,and associated human health risk assessment[J].Ecotoxicol Environ Saf,2014,104(2):323-331.
[18]XIA Z,DUAN X,QIU W,et al.Health risk assessment on dietary exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Taiyuan,China[J].Sci Total Environ,2010,408(22):5331-5337.
[19]BRUNE H,DEUTSCH-WENZEL R P,HABS M,et al.Investigation of the tumorigenic response to benzo(a)pyrene in aqueous caffeine solution applied orally to Sprague-Dawley rats[J].J Cancer Res Clin Oncol,1981,102(2):153-157.
[20]杨晓光,翟凤英,朴建华,等.中国居民营养状况调查[J].中国预防医学杂志,2010,11(1):5-7.
[21]赵秀阁,段小丽.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷)概要[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2014.
[22]LIAO C M,CHANG K C.Probabilistic risk assessment for personal exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Taiwanese temples[J].Chemosphere,2006,63(9):1610-1619.
[23]秦宁,朱樱,吴文婧,等.多环芳烃在小白洋淀挺水植物中的分布、组成及其影响因素[J].湖泊科学,2010,22(1):49-56.
[24]程琪琪,葛蔚,李敬锁,等.辣椒中多环芳烃的累积特征及健康风险评估[J].环境化学,2018(2):229-238.
[25]郭雪.上海市郊区土壤-蔬菜系统中多环芳烃污染效应研究[D].上海:华东师范大学,2015.
[26]SINONICH S L,HITES R A.Organic pollutant accumulation in vegetation[J].Environ Sci Technol,1995,29(12):2905-2914.
[27]MOECKEL C,THOMAS G O,BARBER J L,et al.Uptake and storage of PCBs by plant cuticles[J].Environ Sci Technol,2008,42(1):100-105.
[28]WINGFORS H,LINDSTROM G,BAVEL B V,et al.Multivariate data evaluation of PCB and dioxin profiles in the general population in Sweden and Spain[J].Chemosphere,2000,40(9/10/11):1083-1088.
[29]WILD S R,JONES K C.Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon uptake by carrots grown in sludge amended soil[J].JEnviron Qual,1992,21(2):217-225.
[30]SOCEANU A,DOBRINAS S,POPESCU V.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Romanian body foods andfruits[J].Polycycl Aromat Comp,2016,36(4):364-375.
[31]杨慧仙.种子大小和海拔对青藏高原东北缘常见植物种子主要营养成分含量的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[32]焦杏春,介崇禹,丁力军,等.多环芳烃在水稻植株中的分布[J].应用与环境生物学报,2005,11(6):657-659.
[33]TERZAGHI E,ZACCHELLO G,SCACCHI M,et al.Towards more ecologically realistic scenarios of plant uptake modelling for chemicals:PAHs in a small forest[J].Sci Total Environ,2015,505:329-337.
[34]HOWSAM M,JONES K C,INESON P.PAHs associated with the leaves of three deciduous tree species.I:Concentrations and profiles[J].Environ Pollut,2000,108(3):413-424.
[35]杨博.城市典型植物叶片中PAHs的时空分布特征及迁移转化机理[D].上海:华东师范大学,2017.
[36]李艳,顾华,黄冠华,等.北京东南郊灌区多环芳烃污染风险与人体健康风险评估[J].农业机械学报,2017,48(9):237-249.
[37]TAO S,CUI Y H,XU F L,et al.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in agricultural soil and vegetables from Tianjin[J].Sci Total Environ,2004,320(1):11-24.
[38]郜红建,魏俊岭,马静静,等.安徽省典型城市周边土壤-蔬菜中PAHs的污染特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(10):1913-1919.
[39]URBAT M,LEHNDORFF E,SCHWARK L.Biomonitoring of air quality in the Cologne conurbation using pine needles as a passive sampler:PartⅠ:Magnetic properties[J].Atmos Environ,2004,38(23):3781-3792.
[40]解莹然,张娟,李乐,等.北京市常用常绿树种冬季叶片多环芳烃含量及其富集特征[J].北京林业大学学报,2017,39(10):95-100.
[41]GUNTHER F A,BUZZETTI F,WESTLAKE W E.Residue behavior of polynuclear hydrocarbons on and in oranges[J].Residue Rev,1967,17:81-104.
[42]龙明华,龙彪,梁勇生,等.南宁市蔬菜基地土壤多环芳烃含量及来源分析[J].中国蔬菜,2017(3):52-57.
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