自由牧马对草甸草地群落结构及牧草品质的影响:以新疆昭苏夏马场为例研究
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摘要
为探明自由牧马对草甸草地群落结构及牧草品质的影响,在新疆昭苏夏马场设置放牧试验,采用控制笼进行对照,分析了2013-2015年草地群落结构及牧草营养品质的动态变化。结果表明:(1)无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis)、羊茅(Festuca ovina)等一些马喜食的禾本科牧草的相对密度降低,狼毒(Euphorbia fischeriana)、龙胆(Gentiana scabra)等一些毒性植物和马不食植物的相对密度升高,但主要优势植物变化不大;(2)在3年夏场放牧中,草甸草地多样性指数(Simpson指数)维持在0.74～0.81;不同植物种类重要值变化趋势不同,白三叶(Trifolium repens)、草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)和龙胆在群落中重要值增加,而细果苔草(Carex stenocarpa)和羊茅的重要值显著降低;(3)牧草中的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)总体呈现上升趋势;粗蛋白(CP)含量随着放牧年限的增加从13.4%下降到11.3%,仍可达到马对粗蛋白含量(8%)的基本要求。由试验可知:目前的放牧强度(5匹马·ha-1)基本维持了草地的可持续性,但一定程度上降低了牧草的品质。
In order to explore the influence of horse grazing on the community structure and forage quality of meadow grassland,agrazing experiment was conducted in a summer horse grassland of ZhaoSu,Xinjiang.The dynamic changes of meadow community structure and forage quality in 2013-2015 years were analyzed using the technique of control cage.The results showed that:(1)Grazing in summer grassland led to a decrease in the relative density of some preferred grasses by horse such as smooth bromegrass,Festuca,etc.,and an increase in some toxic plants and no-eating plants such as Euphorbia,Gentian,etc..The main dominant plants did not change much.(2)The Simpson Diversity index of meadow grassland remained at 0.74～0.81,and the important values of different plant species changed in different trends.The important value of white clover,Kentucky bluegrass and Gentian in the community increased,while that of Carex stenocarpa and Festuca decreased significantly.(3)Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber showed an upward trend;Crude Protein decreased from 13.4%to 11.3% with the increase of grazing period,but was much higher than the 8% CP basic requirements of the horse.The results showed that the current grazing intensity(5 horses·ha-1)basically maintained the sustainability of grassland,but to a certain extent,the quality of forage was reduced.
In order to explore the influence of horse grazing on the community structure and forage quality of meadow grassland,agrazing experiment was conducted in a summer horse grassland of ZhaoSu,Xinjiang.The dynamic changes of meadow community structure and forage quality in 2013-2015 years were analyzed using the technique of control cage.The results showed that:(1)Grazing in summer grassland led to a decrease in the relative density of some preferred grasses by horse such as smooth bromegrass,Festuca,etc.,and an increase in some toxic plants and no-eating plants such as Euphorbia,Gentian,etc..The main dominant plants did not change much.(2)The Simpson Diversity index of meadow grassland remained at 0.74～0.81,and the important values of different plant species changed in different trends.The important value of white clover,Kentucky bluegrass and Gentian in the community increased,while that of Carex stenocarpa and Festuca decreased significantly.(3)Neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber showed an upward trend;Crude Protein decreased from 13.4%to 11.3% with the increase of grazing period,but was much higher than the 8% CP basic requirements of the horse.The results showed that the current grazing intensity(5 horses·ha-1)basically maintained the sustainability of grassland,but to a certain extent,the quality of forage was reduced.
引文
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[16]张鲜花.天山北坡东段与西段野生鸭茅的种群分布、形态特征及生理生化特性研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2015:21-23
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[19]彭建,李刚勇,闫凯.新疆昭苏马场春秋草场退化草地生物量的研究[J].草食家畜,2011(3):68-70
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[22]王万林,李海,安沙舟,等.不同年限围栏对昭苏退化春秋草地生物量影响的研究[J].新疆农业科学,2011,48(6):1104-1109
[23]王占军,蒋齐,刘华,等.宁夏河东沙地不同放牧方式对物种结构及多样性的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(3):194-197
[24]刘军.放牧对松嫩草地植物多样性、生产力的作用及机制[D].长春:东北师范大学,2015:26-28
[25]Baur Lauren E,Schoenecker Kathryn A,Smith Melinda D.Effects of Feral Horse Herds on Rangeland Plant Communities across a Precipitation Gradient[J].WESTERN NORTH A-MERICAN NATURALIST,2017,77(4):526-539
[26]薛萐,李占斌,戴全厚,等.侵蚀环境撂荒地植物群落恢复动态研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):17-22
[27]闫虎.昭苏军马场天然草地春秋场始牧期、终牧期的研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2004:12-14
[28]李军保,马存平,鲁为华,等.围栏封育对昭苏马场春秋草地地上植物量的影响[J].草原与草坪,2009(2):46-50,56
[29]StrakováEva,Suchy Pavel.Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses[J].Acta Veterinaria Brno,2013,82(1):37-41
[30]姚喜喜,宫旭胤,张利平,等.放牧和长期围封对祁连山高寒草甸优势牧草营养品质的影响[J].草地学报,2018,26(6):1354-1362
[31]柴林荣,孙义,王宏,等.牦牛放牧强度对甘南高寒草甸群落特征与牧草品质的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(1):18-26
[2]杨海宽,安沙舟,张荣华.昭苏马场草地质量评价最优指标的筛选[J].新疆农业科学,2008,45(4):750-753
[3]张荣华.不同放牧强度对针茅+杂类草草甸草原春秋场的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2008:5-6
[4]韩梦琪.短花针茅荒漠草原物种多样性及生产力对不同载畜率的响应[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学,2018:2-3
[5]王德利,王岭.草食动物与草地植物多样性的互作关系研究进展[J].草地学报,2011,19(4):699-704.
[6]Ouédraogo-KonéS,Kaboré-Zoungrana C Y,Ledin I.Behaviour of goats,sheep and cattle on natural pasture in the sub-humid zone of West Africa[J].LIVESTOCK SCIENCE,2006,105(1):244-252
[7]Sanon H O,Kaboré-Zoungrana C,Ledin I.Behaviour of goats,sheep and cattle and their selection of browse species on natural pasture in a Sahelian area[J].Small Ruminant Research,2007,67(1):64-74
[8]Celaya R,Ferreira L M M,Garcia U,et al.Diet selection and performance of cattle and horses grazing in heathlands[J].ANIMAL,2011,5(9):1467-1473
[9]Henning Katrin,Lorenz Antje,Von Oheimb Goddert,et al.Year-round cattle and horse grazing supports the restoration of abandoned,dry sandy grassland and heathland communities by supressing Calamagrostis epigejos and enhancing species richness[J]JOURNAL FOR NATURE CONSERVATION,2017(40):120-130
[10]朱春玲,陈龙,李海,等.新疆昭苏马场草地资源经营分区的探讨[J].草食家畜,2005(2):12-14
[11]Catorci Andrea,Gatti Renata,Cesaretti Sabrina.Effect of sheep and horse grazing on species andfunctional composition of sub-Mediterranean grasslands[J].APPLIED VEGETA-TION SCIENCE,2012,15(4):459-469
[12]Fleurance G,Duncan P,Mallevaud B.Daily intake and the selection of feeding sites by horses in heterogeneous wet grasslands[J].ANIMAL RESEARCH,2001,50(2):149-156
[13]Edouard N,Fleurance G,Martin-Rosset W,et al.Voluntary intake and digestibility in horses:effect of forage quality with emphasis on individual animal variability[J].ANIMAL,2008,2(10):1526-1533
[14]杨海宽,安沙舟,张荣华,等.应用灰色系统理论评价昭苏马场天然草地质量[J].草地学报,2009,17(1):113-120
[15]张琳.昭苏马场不同人工草地类型种植效益与优化模式研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2012:9-11
[16]张鲜花.天山北坡东段与西段野生鸭茅的种群分布、形态特征及生理生化特性研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2015:21-23
[17]贠静,王万林,安沙舟,等.昭苏马场不同垂直带草地类型生物量的研究[J].草业科学,2009,26(1):19-22
[18]杨海宽.利用LUCC法评价草地资源生产潜力[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2008:10-12
[19]彭建,李刚勇,闫凯.新疆昭苏马场春秋草场退化草地生物量的研究[J].草食家畜,2011(3):68-70
[20]朱进忠.草业科学实践教学指导[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2009,379-388
[21]李海,江世华,王雪芬,等.昭苏草地资源及其可持续利用[J].草业科学,2004,21(3):7-10
[22]王万林,李海,安沙舟,等.不同年限围栏对昭苏退化春秋草地生物量影响的研究[J].新疆农业科学,2011,48(6):1104-1109
[23]王占军,蒋齐,刘华,等.宁夏河东沙地不同放牧方式对物种结构及多样性的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2008,22(3):194-197
[24]刘军.放牧对松嫩草地植物多样性、生产力的作用及机制[D].长春:东北师范大学,2015:26-28
[25]Baur Lauren E,Schoenecker Kathryn A,Smith Melinda D.Effects of Feral Horse Herds on Rangeland Plant Communities across a Precipitation Gradient[J].WESTERN NORTH A-MERICAN NATURALIST,2017,77(4):526-539
[26]薛萐,李占斌,戴全厚,等.侵蚀环境撂荒地植物群落恢复动态研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2009,7(6):17-22
[27]闫虎.昭苏军马场天然草地春秋场始牧期、终牧期的研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2004:12-14
[28]李军保,马存平,鲁为华,等.围栏封育对昭苏马场春秋草地地上植物量的影响[J].草原与草坪,2009(2):46-50,56
[29]StrakováEva,Suchy Pavel.Content of nutrients and energy in pasture vegetation and their apparent digestibility in Old Kladruber horses[J].Acta Veterinaria Brno,2013,82(1):37-41
[30]姚喜喜,宫旭胤,张利平,等.放牧和长期围封对祁连山高寒草甸优势牧草营养品质的影响[J].草地学报,2018,26(6):1354-1362
[31]柴林荣,孙义,王宏,等.牦牛放牧强度对甘南高寒草甸群落特征与牧草品质的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(1):18-26
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