青藏高原金露梅灌丛草甸植物群落对退化演替的响应
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摘要
为了明晰金露梅(Potentillafruticosa)灌丛草甸植物群落对退化演替的响应,以空间代时间的方法,于2018年8月中旬在青藏高原祁连山南麓分别选取原生、中度、重度和极度4种不同演替阶段的金露梅灌丛草甸,对其植被群落进行研究,以探究金露梅灌丛草甸生态功能退化过程中植被群落及土壤养分的演变特征。结果表明,(1)随着退化程度的加剧,地上生物量和地下生物量现存量均呈逐渐减小趋势,且原生金露梅灌丛地上生物量(387.73±25.53)g?m~(-2)和中度退化样地(328.55±36.23) g?m~(-2)显著高于重度退化样地(210±35.04) g?m~(-2)和极度退化样地(182.19±49.99) g?m~(-2)(P<0.05),放牧改变了植物群落结构,禾草和莎草地上生物量逐渐减小,而杂类草地上生物量逐渐增加。(2)与地上生物量相似,原生金露梅灌丛(48 46.01±747.10)g?m~(-2)和中度退化样地(4 723.99±505.64)g?m~(-2)地下生物量现存量显著高于重度退化样地(2 590.75±276.45)g?m~(-2)和极度退化样地(1 011.84±163.46) g?m~(-2)(P<0.05),且随着退化程度的加剧,表层土壤全碳、全氮和有机质呈增加趋势,地下根系生物量趋于向表层土壤发展。(3)随着退化程度的加剧,群落物种丰富度逐渐下降,且原生金露梅灌丛和中度退化样地物种丰富度显著高于重度退化和极度退化样地(P<0.05)。此外,群落物种丰富度与地上生物量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。研究表明,过度放牧会导致植被群落发生分化,物种丰富度下降,最终导致金露梅灌丛草甸退化为杂类草草地,甚至黑土滩次生裸地。研究结果对今后退化金露梅灌丛草甸的放牧管理具有重要的指导意义。
We aimed to elucidate the characteristic of response of Potentilla fruticosa communities in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to degradation using the space-time substitution method. Three Potentilla fruticosa meadows at different stages of degradation(i.e., no degradation, moderate degradation, heavy degradation, and extreme degradation) located in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were selected for the experiment in mid-august 2018. We used these meadows to explore the response characteristics of the native plant communities when exposed to varying degrees of degradation. We found that both the aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of plant communities decreased as degradation became more severe; the aboveground biomass in no degradation(387.73±25.53) g?m~(-2) and moderate degradation plots(328.55±36.23) g?m~(-2) was significantly higher than that of heavy degradation(210±35.04) g?m~(-2) and extreme degradation plots(182.19±49.99) g?m~(-2)(P<0.05). In addition, we found that grazing-induced degradation significantly affected the structure of plant communities. The aboveground biomass of grass and sedge gradually decreased as grazing became more intense, while the aboveground biomass of forbs increased. Similar to the aboveground biomass, the belowground biomass in no degradation(4 846.01±747.10) g?m~(-2) and moderate degradation plots(4 723.99±505.64 g?m~(-2)) was significantly higher than that of heavy degradation(2 590.75±276.45) g?m~(-2) and extreme degradation plots(1 011.84±163.46) g?m~(-2)(P<0.05). Furthermore, the total carbon, total nitrogen, and organic matter in the surface soil increased with grazing intensity, and the root systems tended to allocate more biomass to the surface soil as grazing intensity increased. Additionally,as degradation increasing, the species richness of plant communities decreased gradually, with the species richness of no degradation and moderate degradation plots being significantly higher than that of heavy degradation and extreme degradation plots. Our results suggest that overgrazing might lead to the differentiation of vegetal communities and a decrease in species richness, and might ultimately result in further degradation of native Potentilla fruticosa meadows into forbs meadows and possibly even lead to secondary infertility. Our results could be helpful for better management decisions concerning the conservation of Potentilla fruticosa meadows in future.
We aimed to elucidate the characteristic of response of Potentilla fruticosa communities in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau to degradation using the space-time substitution method. Three Potentilla fruticosa meadows at different stages of degradation(i.e., no degradation, moderate degradation, heavy degradation, and extreme degradation) located in the northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau were selected for the experiment in mid-august 2018. We used these meadows to explore the response characteristics of the native plant communities when exposed to varying degrees of degradation. We found that both the aboveground biomass and belowground biomass of plant communities decreased as degradation became more severe; the aboveground biomass in no degradation(387.73±25.53) g?m~(-2) and moderate degradation plots(328.55±36.23) g?m~(-2) was significantly higher than that of heavy degradation(210±35.04) g?m~(-2) and extreme degradation plots(182.19±49.99) g?m~(-2)(P<0.05). In addition, we found that grazing-induced degradation significantly affected the structure of plant communities. The aboveground biomass of grass and sedge gradually decreased as grazing became more intense, while the aboveground biomass of forbs increased. Similar to the aboveground biomass, the belowground biomass in no degradation(4 846.01±747.10) g?m~(-2) and moderate degradation plots(4 723.99±505.64 g?m~(-2)) was significantly higher than that of heavy degradation(2 590.75±276.45) g?m~(-2) and extreme degradation plots(1 011.84±163.46) g?m~(-2)(P<0.05). Furthermore, the total carbon, total nitrogen, and organic matter in the surface soil increased with grazing intensity, and the root systems tended to allocate more biomass to the surface soil as grazing intensity increased. Additionally,as degradation increasing, the species richness of plant communities decreased gradually, with the species richness of no degradation and moderate degradation plots being significantly higher than that of heavy degradation and extreme degradation plots. Our results suggest that overgrazing might lead to the differentiation of vegetal communities and a decrease in species richness, and might ultimately result in further degradation of native Potentilla fruticosa meadows into forbs meadows and possibly even lead to secondary infertility. Our results could be helpful for better management decisions concerning the conservation of Potentilla fruticosa meadows in future.
引文
CHASE J M,LEIBOLD M A,2002.Spatial scale dictates the productivity-biodiversity relationship[J].Nature,416(6879):427-430.
DAI L C,GUO X W,ZHANG F W,et al.,2019.Seasonal dynamics and controls of deep soil water infiltration in the seasonally-frozen region of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Journal of Hydrology,571:740-748.
FACELLI J M,2010.The functional consequences of biodiversity.empirical progress and theoretical extensions[J].Austral Ecology,28(6):684-685.
GRACE J B,ANDERSON T M,SMITH M D,et al.,2007.Does species diversity limit productivity in natural grassland communities?[J].Ecology Letters,10(8):680-689.
GALE M,GRIGAL D,1987.Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17(8):829-834.
HOOPER D U,CHAPIN F S,EWEL J J,et al.,2005.Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning:a consensus of current knowledge[J].Ecological monographs 75(1):3-35.
RAPSON G L,THOMPSON K,HODGSON J G,1997.The humped relationship between species richness and biomass-testing its sensitivity to samplmmbnhe quadrat size[J].Journal of Ecology(Oxford)(United Kingdom),85(1):99-100.
SCHENK H J,JACKSON R B,2002.The Global Biogeography of Roots[J].Ecological Monographs,72(3):311-328.
STUMPP M,WESCHE K,RETZER V,et al.,2005.Impact of grazing livestock and distance from water source on soil fertility in southern Mongolia[J].Mountain Research and Development,25(3):244-251.
SYMSTAD A J,CHAPIN F S,WALL D H,et al.,2003.Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning[J].Bioscience,53(1):89-98.
TILMAN D,REICH P B,KNOPS J,et al.,2001.Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment[J].Science,294(5543):843-845.
THOMPSON K,ASKEW A P,GRIME J P,et al.,2005.Biodiversity,ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities[J].Functional Ecology,19(2):355-358.
WRIGHT G S D,2006.The Influence of Productivity on the Species Richness of Plants:A Critical Assessment[J].Ecology,87(5):1234-1243.
WANG G M,WANG Z H,ZHOU Q Q,et al.,1999.Relationship between species richness of small mammals and primary productivity of arid and semi-arid grasslands in north China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,43(4):467-475.
ZAK D R,HOLMES W E,WHITE D C,et al.,2003.Plant diversity,soil microbial communities,and ecosystem function:Are there any links?[J]Ecology 84(8):2042-2050.
白永飞,许志信,1994.羊草草原群落生物量季节动态研究[J].中国草地学报(3):1-5.BAI Y F,XU Z X,1994.Study on seasonal fluctuations or biomass for leymus chinensis grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland(3):1-5.
曹广民,杜岩功,梁东营,等,2007.高寒嵩草草甸的被动与主动退化分异特征及其发生机理[J].山地学报,25(6):641-648.CAO G M,DU Y G,WANG Q L,et al.,2007.Character of passive active degradation process and its mechanism in alpine kobresia meadow[J].Journal of Mountain Science,25(6):641-648.
戴黎聪,柯浔,曹莹芳,等,2019.青藏高原矮嵩草草甸地下和地上生物量分配格局及其与气象因子关系[J].生态学报,39(2):486-493.DAI L C,KE X,CAO Y F,et al.,2019.Allocation patterns of aboveand belowground biomass and its response to meteorological factors on an alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,39(2):486-493.
戴黎聪,柯浔,曹莹芳,等,2018.关于生态功能与管理的生物土壤结皮研究[J].草地学报,26(1):22-29.DAI L C,KE X,CAO Y F,et al.,2018.The study on ecological functions and management of biological soil crusts[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,26(1):22-29.
董全民,马玉寿,李青云,等,2004.牦牛放牧强度对高寒草甸暖季草场植被的影响[J].草业科学,21(2):48-53.DONG Q M,MA Y S,LI Q Y,et al.,2004.Effects of yaks stocking pates on aboveground and belowground biomass in kobrecia parva alpine meadow[J].Pratacultural science,21(2):48-53.
林丽,张德罡,曹广民,等,2016.高寒嵩草草甸植物群落数量特征对不同利用强度的短期响应[J].生态学报,36(24):8034-8043.LIN L,ZHANG D G,CAO G M,et al.,2016.Plant functional groups numerical characteristics responses to different grazing intensities under different community succession stages of alpine kobresia meadow in spring[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(24):8034-8043.
李永宏,汪诗平,1999.放牧对草原植物的影响[J].中国草地学报(3):11-19.LI Y H,WANG S P,1999.Response of plant and plant community to different stocking rates[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland(3):11-19.
孟凡栋,斯确多吉,崔树娟,等,2017.青藏高原植物物候的变化及其影响[J].自然杂志,39(3):184-190.MENG F D,TSECHOE D J,CUI S J,et al.,2017.Changes of plant phenophases and their effects on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Nature,39(3):184-190.
马丽,徐满厚,翟大彤,等,2017.高寒草甸植被-土壤系统对气候变暖响应的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,36(6):1708-1717.MA L,XU M H,ZAI D T,et al.,2017.Response of alpine meadow vegetation-soil system to climate change:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,36(6):1708-1717.
苏爱玲,徐广平,段吉闯,等,2010.祁连山金露梅灌丛草甸群落结构及主要种群的点格局分析[J].西北植物学报,30(6):1231-1239.SU A L,XU G P,DUAN J C,et al.,2010.Community structure and point pattern analysis on main plant populations of Potentilla fruticosa shrub meadow in Qilian Mountain[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,30(6):1231-1239.
盛海彦,曹广民,李国荣,等,2009.放牧干扰对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸群落的影响[J].生态环境学报,18(1):235-241.SHENG H Y,CAO G M,LI G R,et al.,Effect of grazing disturbance on plant community of alpine meadow dominated by Potentilla froticosa shrub on Qilian Mountain[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,18(1):235-241.
王启基,周兴民,张堰青,等,1991.青藏高原金露梅灌丛的结构特征及其生物量[J].西北植物学报,11(4):333-340.WANG Q J,ZHOU X M,ZHANG Y Q,et al.,1991.Structure characteristics and biomass of potentilla fruticosa shurb in QinghaiXizang plateau[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,11(4):333-340.
武高林,杜国祯,2007.青藏高原退化高寒草地生态系统恢复和可持续发展探讨[J].自然杂志,29(3):159-164.WU G L,DU G Z,2007.Discussion on ecological construction and sustainable development of degraded alpine grassland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Nature,29(3):159-164.
汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,等,1998.不同放牧率下冷蒿小禾草草原放牧演替规律与数量分析[J].草地学报,6(4):299-305.WANG S P,LI Y H,WANG Y F,et al.,1998.The succession of Artemisia frigida rangeland and multivariation analysis under different stocking rates in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,6(4):299-305.
张法伟,王军邦,林丽,等,2014.青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸植被群落特征对退化演替的响应[J].中国农业气象,35(5):504-510.ZHANG F W,WANG J B,LIN L,et al.,2014.Response of plant community of alpine Kobresia meadow on degradation succession in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorolgoy,35(5):504-510.
张堰青,1990.不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛群落特征和演替规律的数量研究[J].植物生态学报,14(4):358-365.ZAHNG Y Q,1990.A quantitative study on characteristics and succession pattern of alpine shrub lands under different grazing intensities[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,14(4):358-365.
周华坤,赵新全,周立,等,2005.青藏高原高寒草甸的植被退化与土壤退化特征研究[J].草业学报,14(3):31-40.ZHOU H K,ZHAO X Q,ZHOU L,et al.,2005.A study on correlations between vegetation degradation and soil degradation in the ‘alpine meadow’of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,14(3):31-40.
DAI L C,GUO X W,ZHANG F W,et al.,2019.Seasonal dynamics and controls of deep soil water infiltration in the seasonally-frozen region of the Qinghai-Tibet plateau[J].Journal of Hydrology,571:740-748.
FACELLI J M,2010.The functional consequences of biodiversity.empirical progress and theoretical extensions[J].Austral Ecology,28(6):684-685.
GRACE J B,ANDERSON T M,SMITH M D,et al.,2007.Does species diversity limit productivity in natural grassland communities?[J].Ecology Letters,10(8):680-689.
GALE M,GRIGAL D,1987.Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research 17(8):829-834.
HOOPER D U,CHAPIN F S,EWEL J J,et al.,2005.Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning:a consensus of current knowledge[J].Ecological monographs 75(1):3-35.
RAPSON G L,THOMPSON K,HODGSON J G,1997.The humped relationship between species richness and biomass-testing its sensitivity to samplmmbnhe quadrat size[J].Journal of Ecology(Oxford)(United Kingdom),85(1):99-100.
SCHENK H J,JACKSON R B,2002.The Global Biogeography of Roots[J].Ecological Monographs,72(3):311-328.
STUMPP M,WESCHE K,RETZER V,et al.,2005.Impact of grazing livestock and distance from water source on soil fertility in southern Mongolia[J].Mountain Research and Development,25(3):244-251.
SYMSTAD A J,CHAPIN F S,WALL D H,et al.,2003.Long-term and large-scale perspectives on the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning[J].Bioscience,53(1):89-98.
TILMAN D,REICH P B,KNOPS J,et al.,2001.Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment[J].Science,294(5543):843-845.
THOMPSON K,ASKEW A P,GRIME J P,et al.,2005.Biodiversity,ecosystem function and plant traits in mature and immature plant communities[J].Functional Ecology,19(2):355-358.
WRIGHT G S D,2006.The Influence of Productivity on the Species Richness of Plants:A Critical Assessment[J].Ecology,87(5):1234-1243.
WANG G M,WANG Z H,ZHOU Q Q,et al.,1999.Relationship between species richness of small mammals and primary productivity of arid and semi-arid grasslands in north China[J].Journal of Arid Environments,43(4):467-475.
ZAK D R,HOLMES W E,WHITE D C,et al.,2003.Plant diversity,soil microbial communities,and ecosystem function:Are there any links?[J]Ecology 84(8):2042-2050.
白永飞,许志信,1994.羊草草原群落生物量季节动态研究[J].中国草地学报(3):1-5.BAI Y F,XU Z X,1994.Study on seasonal fluctuations or biomass for leymus chinensis grassland[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland(3):1-5.
曹广民,杜岩功,梁东营,等,2007.高寒嵩草草甸的被动与主动退化分异特征及其发生机理[J].山地学报,25(6):641-648.CAO G M,DU Y G,WANG Q L,et al.,2007.Character of passive active degradation process and its mechanism in alpine kobresia meadow[J].Journal of Mountain Science,25(6):641-648.
戴黎聪,柯浔,曹莹芳,等,2019.青藏高原矮嵩草草甸地下和地上生物量分配格局及其与气象因子关系[J].生态学报,39(2):486-493.DAI L C,KE X,CAO Y F,et al.,2019.Allocation patterns of aboveand belowground biomass and its response to meteorological factors on an alpine meadow in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,39(2):486-493.
戴黎聪,柯浔,曹莹芳,等,2018.关于生态功能与管理的生物土壤结皮研究[J].草地学报,26(1):22-29.DAI L C,KE X,CAO Y F,et al.,2018.The study on ecological functions and management of biological soil crusts[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,26(1):22-29.
董全民,马玉寿,李青云,等,2004.牦牛放牧强度对高寒草甸暖季草场植被的影响[J].草业科学,21(2):48-53.DONG Q M,MA Y S,LI Q Y,et al.,2004.Effects of yaks stocking pates on aboveground and belowground biomass in kobrecia parva alpine meadow[J].Pratacultural science,21(2):48-53.
林丽,张德罡,曹广民,等,2016.高寒嵩草草甸植物群落数量特征对不同利用强度的短期响应[J].生态学报,36(24):8034-8043.LIN L,ZHANG D G,CAO G M,et al.,2016.Plant functional groups numerical characteristics responses to different grazing intensities under different community succession stages of alpine kobresia meadow in spring[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,36(24):8034-8043.
李永宏,汪诗平,1999.放牧对草原植物的影响[J].中国草地学报(3):11-19.LI Y H,WANG S P,1999.Response of plant and plant community to different stocking rates[J].Chinese Journal of Grassland(3):11-19.
孟凡栋,斯确多吉,崔树娟,等,2017.青藏高原植物物候的变化及其影响[J].自然杂志,39(3):184-190.MENG F D,TSECHOE D J,CUI S J,et al.,2017.Changes of plant phenophases and their effects on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Nature,39(3):184-190.
马丽,徐满厚,翟大彤,等,2017.高寒草甸植被-土壤系统对气候变暖响应的研究进展[J].生态学杂志,36(6):1708-1717.MA L,XU M H,ZAI D T,et al.,2017.Response of alpine meadow vegetation-soil system to climate change:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,36(6):1708-1717.
苏爱玲,徐广平,段吉闯,等,2010.祁连山金露梅灌丛草甸群落结构及主要种群的点格局分析[J].西北植物学报,30(6):1231-1239.SU A L,XU G P,DUAN J C,et al.,2010.Community structure and point pattern analysis on main plant populations of Potentilla fruticosa shrub meadow in Qilian Mountain[J].Acta Botanica BorealiOccidentalia Sinica,30(6):1231-1239.
盛海彦,曹广民,李国荣,等,2009.放牧干扰对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸群落的影响[J].生态环境学报,18(1):235-241.SHENG H Y,CAO G M,LI G R,et al.,Effect of grazing disturbance on plant community of alpine meadow dominated by Potentilla froticosa shrub on Qilian Mountain[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,18(1):235-241.
王启基,周兴民,张堰青,等,1991.青藏高原金露梅灌丛的结构特征及其生物量[J].西北植物学报,11(4):333-340.WANG Q J,ZHOU X M,ZHANG Y Q,et al.,1991.Structure characteristics and biomass of potentilla fruticosa shurb in QinghaiXizang plateau[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-occidentalia Sinica,11(4):333-340.
武高林,杜国祯,2007.青藏高原退化高寒草地生态系统恢复和可持续发展探讨[J].自然杂志,29(3):159-164.WU G L,DU G Z,2007.Discussion on ecological construction and sustainable development of degraded alpine grassland ecosystem of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Nature,29(3):159-164.
汪诗平,李永宏,王艳芬,等,1998.不同放牧率下冷蒿小禾草草原放牧演替规律与数量分析[J].草地学报,6(4):299-305.WANG S P,LI Y H,WANG Y F,et al.,1998.The succession of Artemisia frigida rangeland and multivariation analysis under different stocking rates in Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,6(4):299-305.
张法伟,王军邦,林丽,等,2014.青藏高原高寒嵩草草甸植被群落特征对退化演替的响应[J].中国农业气象,35(5):504-510.ZHANG F W,WANG J B,LIN L,et al.,2014.Response of plant community of alpine Kobresia meadow on degradation succession in Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorolgoy,35(5):504-510.
张堰青,1990.不同放牧强度下高寒灌丛群落特征和演替规律的数量研究[J].植物生态学报,14(4):358-365.ZAHNG Y Q,1990.A quantitative study on characteristics and succession pattern of alpine shrub lands under different grazing intensities[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,14(4):358-365.
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