我国典型农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征及驱动因子
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摘要
【目的】研究不同有机物料在我国典型农田土壤中的腐解残留率变化。结合气候、土壤等环境因素,阐明秸秆和粪肥在我国农田土壤中的腐解特征及其主控因素,为因地制宜的合理利用有机资源和培肥土壤提供科学依据。【方法】在"国家土壤肥力肥效监测基地"中的黑土、潮土和红壤实验站,开展大田填埋试验。有机物料烘干后过2 mm筛,置于48μm孔径尼龙网袋后填埋在土壤中。共4种供试有机物料:小麦秸秆(WS)、玉米秸秆(MS)、猪粪(PM)和牛粪(CM)。根据各地温度差异,分别在填埋后49—360 d内采样6次。通过分析腐解过程中有机碳含量的变化,整合土壤积温与腐解残留率的相关关系,采用VPA(方差分解分析)定量化气候因子,有机物料性质及土壤养分对不同有机物料腐解的相对贡献率。【结果】秸秆的腐殖化系数为11%—39%,粪肥的为50%—57%,秸秆腐解速率显著高于粪肥,且南方红壤上腐解速率高于北方黑土。地积温方程可拟合有机物料腐解残留率变化,由该方程可知,秸秆和粪肥易分解碳库占比分别为76%和43%,稳定碳库分别为17%和53%。但秸秆和粪肥易分解碳库的分解速率常数(k)无显著差异,其周转积温(1/k)约为1 400—2 000℃。物料性质是有机物料腐解的最主要影响因子,贡献率为28%;其次是气候,贡献率为20%。秸秆腐解过程中主要影响因子为气候因子、有机物料性质和土壤因子三者的交互作用,贡献率达42.3%。粪肥腐解过程中主要影响因子为气候因子,贡献率为38.3%。【结论】秸秆腐解速率和其有机碳库中易分解碳库比例明显高于粪肥,秸秆腐解受到气候、土壤和物料性质协同作用影响,而粪肥则受气候因子影响最大。在田间秸秆还田时需结合当地水热条件确定还田时间和还田量,粪肥则建议在还田前进行堆腐,且注意施用时间。
【Objective】Understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms of organic materials in soil are essential for improving the utilization of organic wastes and developing nutrient management strategies in many intensive farming regions around the world.The objective of this study was to elucidate the decomposition characteristics of straw and manure in typical farmland soils in China.【Method】The field experiment was conducted in three soils(Red soil, Aquic soil, and Black soil) at the "National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network" experimental station. Four organic materials(wheat straw(WS), maize straw(MS), pig manure(PM) and cattle manure(CM)) were dried and then packed separately into 48 μm-mesh size nylon net bag. Each bag contained 20 g organic materials was cut into 2 mm pieces. Based on the temperature difference, each treatment was sampled 6 times within 49-360 days after landfill. We analyzed the change of organic carbon content with soil accumulated temperature and residual rate during decomposition to study the relative contribution of climate factors, organic material properties and soil nutrients in the decomposition rate of different organic materials.【Result】Humification coefficient of straw and manure were 11%-39% and50%-57%, respectively, suggesting faster decomposition of straw than manure. The organic labile decomposable carbon pool accounted for 76% and 43% at straw and manure, respectively, while recalcitrant carbon pool accounted for 17% and 53%,respectively. The decomposition rates constants(k) of labile decomposable carbon pool were similar in straw and manure, with an accumulated turnover temperature(1/k) of 1 400-2 000℃. VPA(variance decomposition analysis) analysis showed that the nature of the organic material, contributing 28% to the variance, was the main influencing factor in its decomposition. Individually, the greatest contributor during the decomposition of straw was the combined interaction of climate, organic material properties and soil(42.3%).In contrast, the decomposition of manure was mainly controlled by the climate(38.3%).【Conclusion】The decomposition rate and proportion of labile decomposable carbon pool in straw were higher than that of manure. The decomposition of straw was influenced by the synergistic effect of climate, soil and material properties, while manure was influenced mainly by climate factors. It was critical to determine the returning time and returning amount of straw in the field in combination with the local hydrothermal conditions. Manure was recommended to be piled up along with proper timing of its application before returning to the field.
【Objective】Understanding of the dynamics and mechanisms of organic materials in soil are essential for improving the utilization of organic wastes and developing nutrient management strategies in many intensive farming regions around the world.The objective of this study was to elucidate the decomposition characteristics of straw and manure in typical farmland soils in China.【Method】The field experiment was conducted in three soils(Red soil, Aquic soil, and Black soil) at the "National Soil Fertility and Fertilizer Effects Long-term Monitoring Network" experimental station. Four organic materials(wheat straw(WS), maize straw(MS), pig manure(PM) and cattle manure(CM)) were dried and then packed separately into 48 μm-mesh size nylon net bag. Each bag contained 20 g organic materials was cut into 2 mm pieces. Based on the temperature difference, each treatment was sampled 6 times within 49-360 days after landfill. We analyzed the change of organic carbon content with soil accumulated temperature and residual rate during decomposition to study the relative contribution of climate factors, organic material properties and soil nutrients in the decomposition rate of different organic materials.【Result】Humification coefficient of straw and manure were 11%-39% and50%-57%, respectively, suggesting faster decomposition of straw than manure. The organic labile decomposable carbon pool accounted for 76% and 43% at straw and manure, respectively, while recalcitrant carbon pool accounted for 17% and 53%,respectively. The decomposition rates constants(k) of labile decomposable carbon pool were similar in straw and manure, with an accumulated turnover temperature(1/k) of 1 400-2 000℃. VPA(variance decomposition analysis) analysis showed that the nature of the organic material, contributing 28% to the variance, was the main influencing factor in its decomposition. Individually, the greatest contributor during the decomposition of straw was the combined interaction of climate, organic material properties and soil(42.3%).In contrast, the decomposition of manure was mainly controlled by the climate(38.3%).【Conclusion】The decomposition rate and proportion of labile decomposable carbon pool in straw were higher than that of manure. The decomposition of straw was influenced by the synergistic effect of climate, soil and material properties, while manure was influenced mainly by climate factors. It was critical to determine the returning time and returning amount of straw in the field in combination with the local hydrothermal conditions. Manure was recommended to be piled up along with proper timing of its application before returning to the field.
引文
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[21]姬兴杰,杨颖颖,熊淑萍,李春明,马新明,刘晓迎.不同肥料对土壤微生物数量及全氮时空变化的影响.中国生态农业学报,2008(3):576-582.JI X J,YANG Y Y,XIONG S P,LI C M,MA X M,LIU X Y.Effects of different fertilizers on soil microbial quantity and total nitrogen spatial and temporal changes.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2008(3):576-582.(in Chinese)
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[2]宋大利,侯胜鹏,王秀斌,梁国庆,周卫.中国秸秆养分资源数量及替代化肥潜力.植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(1):1-21.SONG D L,HOU S P,WANG X B,LANG G Q,ZHOU W.Nutrient resource quantity of crop straw and its potential of substituting.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2018,24(1):1-21.(in Chinese)
[3]牛新胜,巨晓棠.我国有机肥料资源及利用.植物营养与肥料学报,2017,23(6):1462-1479.NIU X S,JU X T.Organic fertilizer resources and utilization in China.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2017,23(6):1462-1479.(in Chinese)
[4]黄运湘,王改兰,冯跃华,张杨珠,段建南.长期定位试验条件下红壤性水稻土有机质的变化.土壤通报,2005(2):181-184.HANG Y X,WANG G L,FENG Y H,ZHANG Y Z,DUAN J X.Changes of organic matter in paddy soil derived from red soil in a long-term located experiment.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2005(2):181-184.(in Chinese)
[5]倪进治,徐建民,谢正苗.有机肥料施用后潮土中活性有机质组分的动态变化.农业环境科学学报,2003(4):416-419.NI J Z,XU J M,XIE Z M.Dynamic of active organic matter fractions in fluvio-aquic soil after application of organic fertilizers.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2003(4):416-419.(in Chinese)
[6]王金洲,卢昌艾,张文菊,冯固,王秀君,徐明岗.中国农田土壤中有机物料腐解特征的整合分析.土壤学报,2016(1):16-27.WANG J Z,LU C A,ZHANG W J,FENG G,WANG X J,XU M G.Decomposition of organic materials in cropland soils across China:Ameta-analysis.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016(1):16-27.(in Chinese)
[7]VITOUSEK P M,TURNER D R,PARTON W J.Litter decomposition on the Mauna Loa Environmental Matrix,Hawai'i:Patterns,mechanisms,and models.Ecology,1994,75(2):418-429.
[8]GREGORICH E G,JANZEN H,ELLERT B H,HELGASON B L,QIAN B,ZEBARTH B J,ANGERS D A,BEYAERT R P,DRURY CF,DUGUID S D,MAY W E,MCCONKEY B G,DYCK M F.Litter decay controlled by temperature,not soil properties,affecting future soil carbon.Global Change Biology,2017,23(4):1725-1734.
[9]WANG X,SUN B,MAO J,SUI Y,CAO X.Structural convergence of maize and wheat straw during two-year decomposition under different climate conditions.Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(13):7159-7165.
[10]ZHANG D,HUI D,LUO Y,ZHOU G.Rates of litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems:global patterns and controlling factors.Journal of Plant Ecology,2008,1(2):85-93.
[11]张红,吕家珑,曹莹菲,徐温新.不同植物秸秆腐解特性与土壤微生物功能多样性研究.土壤学报,2014(4):743-752.ZHANG H,LV J L,CAO Y F,XU W X.Decomposition characteristics of different plant straws and soil microbial functional diversity.Acta Pedologica Sinica,2014(4):743-752.(in Chinese)
[12]SCHMIDT M W I,TORN M S,ABIVEN S,DITTMAR T,GUGGENBERGER G,JANSSENS I A,KLEBER M,K?GEL-KNABNER I,LEHMANN J,MANNING D A C,NANNIPIERI P,RASSE D P,WEINER S,TRUMBORE S E.Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property.Nature,2011,478(7367):49-56.
[13]GE X,ZENG L,XIAO W,HUANG Z,GENG X,TAN B.Effect of litter substrate quality and soil nutrients on forest litter decomposition:A review.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(2):102-108.
[14]程汝饱.秸秆粪肥在赤红壤中的矿化研究.热带亚热带土壤科学,1994(2):83-89.CHENG R B.Study on humification and mineralization of different kinds of stalk-dung fertilizers in latored soil.Tropical and Subtropical Soil Science,1994(2):83-89.(in Chinese)
[15]介晓磊,寇太记,刘芳,化党领,刘世亮,谭金芳,朱建国,董县中,李有田.有机物料在砂土中不同时段的腐解状况研究.河南农业大学学报,2006(3):266-269.JIE X L,KOU T J,LIU F,HUA D L,LIU S L,TAN J F,ZHU J G,DONG X Z,LI S T.The study on decomposition law of organic material during different time in study soil.Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2006(3):266-269.(in Chinese)
[16]迟凤琴,宿庆瑞,王鹤桥.不同有机物料在黑土中的腐解及土壤有机质平衡的研究.土壤通报,1996(3):124-125.CHI F Q,SU Q R,WANG H Q.Study on decomposition of different organic materials in black soil and soil organic matter balance.Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1996(3):124-125.(in Chinese)
[17]CAI A,LIANG G,ZHANG X,ZHANG W,LI L,RUI Y,XU M,LUO Y.Long-term straw decomposition in agro-ecosystems described by a unified three-exponentiation equation with thermal time.Science of the Total Environment,2018,636:699-708.
[18]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析.北京:中国农业出版社,2000:108-110.BAO S D.Analysis of Soil Agrochemical.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2000:108-110.(in Chinese)
[19]张丽娟,刘树庆,张金柱,李彦慧.冀西北栗钙土有机物料的腐解特征.华北农学报,2000,15(增刊):69-75.ZHANG L J,LIU S Q,ZHANG J Z,LI Y H.Decomposition characteristics of organic manure in chestnut soil and the control of soil organic matters.Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica,2000,15(Suppl.):69-75.(in Chinese)
[20]匡恩俊.不同还田方式下大豆秸秆腐解特征研究.大豆科学,2010(3):479-482.KUANG E J.Study on decomposition characteristics of soybean straw under different returning modes.Soybean Science,2010(3):479-482.(in Chinese)
[21]姬兴杰,杨颖颖,熊淑萍,李春明,马新明,刘晓迎.不同肥料对土壤微生物数量及全氮时空变化的影响.中国生态农业学报,2008(3):576-582.JI X J,YANG Y Y,XIONG S P,LI C M,MA X M,LIU X Y.Effects of different fertilizers on soil microbial quantity and total nitrogen spatial and temporal changes.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2008(3):576-582.(in Chinese)
[22]WANG C,HAN G,JIA Y,FENG X,TIAN X.Insight into the temperature sensitivity of forest litter decomposition and soil enzymes in subtropical forest in China.Journal of Plant Ecology,2012,5(3):279-286.
[23]李逢雨,孙锡发,冯文强,秦鱼生,王昌全,涂仕华.麦秆、油菜秆还田腐解速率及养分释放规律研究.植物营养与肥料学报,2009(2):374-380.LI F Y,SUN X F,FENG W Q,QIN Y S,WANG C Q,TU S H.Nutrient release patterns and decomposing rates of wheat and rapeseed straw.Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2009(2):374-380.(in Chinese)
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