我国典型省份小麦和玉米农田化学氮肥施用与生产运输过程的温室气体排放量估算
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摘要
基于相关统计数据,通过文献调研方法,估算了我国河南、河北和山东3个典型省份在小麦和玉米上消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量,包括化学氮肥施用产生的土壤N_2O直接排放、通过挥发沉降和淋溶径流途径损失的氮素导致的N_2O间接排放以及不同种类化学氮肥在生产和运输过程中的温室气体排放。结果表明:河南、河北和山东3个典型省份在小麦上消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量分别为1536万、847万、1153万t CO_2–eq·a–1,单位播种面积温室气体排放量分别为2.85、3.61、3.09 t CO_2–eq·hm–2·a–1,单位产量温室气体排放量分别为0.46、0.60、0.51 t CO_2–eq·t~(–1)·a~(–1);相应省份在玉米上消费的化学氮肥产生的温室气体排放量分别为717万、720万、912万t CO_2–eq·a–1,单位播种面积温室气体排放量分别为2.19、2.27、2.92 t CO_2–eq·hm–2·a–1,单位产量温室气体排放量分别为0.40、0.43、0.46 t CO_2–eq·t~(–1)·a~(–1)。研究表明,化学氮肥消费带来的温室气体排放主要来自于化学氮肥在生产过程中的温室气体排放以及化学氮肥施用导致的土壤N_2O直接排放这两部分。
In this research, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions induced by consumption of synthetic N for wheat and maize in typical provinces(Henan, Hebei, and Shandong)of China was assessed based on the analysis of statistical data using a data mining method, and included direct N_2O emissions from soil, indirect N_2O emissions through volatilization of NH3 and N leaching and runoff, and greenhouse gas emissions from production and transportation of different kinds of synthetic N fertilizers. In wheat production, the total greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic N fertilization were 15.36 million, 8.47 million, and 11.53 million tons CO_2 equivalent per year for Henan, Hebei, and Shandong Provinces, respectively, or 2.85, 3.61, and 3.09 tons CO_2 equivalent per hectare, or 0.46, 0.60, and 0.51 tons CO_2 equivalent per ton of wheat, respectively. In maize production, the total greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic N fertilization were 7.17 million, 7.20 million, and 9.12 million tons CO_2 equivalent per year for Henan, Hebei, and Shandong Provinces, respectively, or 2.19, 2.27, and 2.92 tons CO_2 equivalent per hectare, or 0.40, 0.43, and 0.46 tons CO_2 equivalent per ton of maize, respectively. Direct N_2O emissions from soil and greenhouse gas emissions from the production of synthetic N fertilizers were the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic N fertilization.
In this research, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions induced by consumption of synthetic N for wheat and maize in typical provinces(Henan, Hebei, and Shandong)of China was assessed based on the analysis of statistical data using a data mining method, and included direct N_2O emissions from soil, indirect N_2O emissions through volatilization of NH3 and N leaching and runoff, and greenhouse gas emissions from production and transportation of different kinds of synthetic N fertilizers. In wheat production, the total greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic N fertilization were 15.36 million, 8.47 million, and 11.53 million tons CO_2 equivalent per year for Henan, Hebei, and Shandong Provinces, respectively, or 2.85, 3.61, and 3.09 tons CO_2 equivalent per hectare, or 0.46, 0.60, and 0.51 tons CO_2 equivalent per ton of wheat, respectively. In maize production, the total greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic N fertilization were 7.17 million, 7.20 million, and 9.12 million tons CO_2 equivalent per year for Henan, Hebei, and Shandong Provinces, respectively, or 2.19, 2.27, and 2.92 tons CO_2 equivalent per hectare, or 0.40, 0.43, and 0.46 tons CO_2 equivalent per ton of maize, respectively. Direct N_2O emissions from soil and greenhouse gas emissions from the production of synthetic N fertilizers were the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions from synthetic N fertilization.
引文
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[11]杨帆,孟远夺,姜义,等. 2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(1):217–225.YANG Fan, MENG Yuan–duo, JIANG Yi, et al. Chemical fertilizer application and supply in crop farming in China in 2013[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(1):217–225.
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[13] Cui Z L, Yue S C, Wang G L, et al. In–season root–zone N management for mitigating greenhouse gas emission and reactive N losses in intensive wheat production[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013, 47(11):6015–6022.
[14] Chuan L M, He P, Pampolino M F, et al. Establishing a scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations for wheat in China:Yield response and agronomic efficiency[J]. Field Crops Research, 2013, 140:1–8.
[15]张卫红,李玉娥,秦晓波,等.应用生命周期法评价我国测土配方施肥项目减排效果[J].农业环境科学学报, 2015, 34(7):1422–1428.ZHANG Wei–hong, LI Yu–e, QIN Xiao–bo, et al. Evaluation of greenhouse gas emission reduction by balanced fertilization in China using life cycle assessment[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 2015,34(7):1422–1428.
[16]韩洪云,杨增旭.农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为研究:基于山东省枣庄市薛城区农户调研数据[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(23):4962–4970.HAN Hong–yun, YANG Zeng–xu. Analysis on farmers′adoptive behavior of soil testing for formulated fertilization:Empirical evidence from the Xuecheng District of Zaozhuang City in Shandong Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(23):4962–4970.
[17] Huang J, Xiang C, Jia X, et al. Impacts of training on farmers′nitrogen use in maize production in Shandong, China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 67(4):321–327.
[18]陈舜,逯非,王效科.中国氮磷钾肥制造温室气体排放系数的估算[J].生态学报, 2015, 35(19):6371–6383.CHEN Shun, LU Fei, WANG Xiao–ke. Estimation of greenhouse gases emission factors for China′s nitrogen, phosphate, and potash fertilizers[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(19):6371–6383.
[2]王敬国,林杉,李保国.氮循环与中国农业氮管理[J].中国农业科学, 2016, 49(3):503–517.WANG Jing–guo, LIN Shan, LI Bao–guo. Nitrogen cycling and management strategies in Chinese agriculture[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2016, 49(3):503–517.
[3] Gao B, Ju X T, Zhang Q, et al. New estimates of direct N2O emissions from Chinese croplands from 1980 to 2007 using localized emission factors[J]. Biogeosciences, 2011, 8(10):3011–3024.
[4] Zhang W F, Dou Z X, He P, et al. New technologies reduce greenhouse gas emissions from nitrogenous fertilizer in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2013, 110(21):8375–8380.
[5] Wang J N, Chen N W, Yan W J, et al. Effect of dissolved oxygen and nitrogen on emission of N2O from rivers in China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015, 103:347–356.
[6] Cui Z L, Yue S C, Wang G L, et al. Closing the yield gap could reduce projected greenhouse gas emissions:A case study of maize production in China[J]. Global Change Biology, 2013, 19(8):2467–2477.
[7] Xia L L, Ti C P, Li B L, et al. Greenhouse gas emissions and reactive nitrogen releases during the life–cycles of staple food production in China and their mitigation potential[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2016, 556:116–125.
[8] Zhang G, Wang X K, Sun B F, et al. Status of mineral nitrogen fertilization and net mitigation potential of the state fertilization recommendation in Chinese cropland[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2016, 146:1–10.
[9]国家发展和改革委员会价格司.全国农产品成本收益资料汇编(2013—2015)[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2014—2016.National Development and Reform Commission of China. China agricultural products cost–benefit yearbooks(2013—2015)[M]. Beijing:China Statistic Press, 2014—2016.
[10]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴(2013—2015)[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2014—2016.National Bureau of Statistics of China. China statistical yearbook(2013—2015)[M]. Beijing:China Statistic Press, 2014—2016.
[11]杨帆,孟远夺,姜义,等. 2013年我国种植业化肥施用状况分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报, 2015, 21(1):217–225.YANG Fan, MENG Yuan–duo, JIANG Yi, et al. Chemical fertilizer application and supply in crop farming in China in 2013[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2015, 21(1):217–225.
[12] The National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme IPCC. 2006IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[M]. Japan,Hayama, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006.
[13] Cui Z L, Yue S C, Wang G L, et al. In–season root–zone N management for mitigating greenhouse gas emission and reactive N losses in intensive wheat production[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013, 47(11):6015–6022.
[14] Chuan L M, He P, Pampolino M F, et al. Establishing a scientific basis for fertilizer recommendations for wheat in China:Yield response and agronomic efficiency[J]. Field Crops Research, 2013, 140:1–8.
[15]张卫红,李玉娥,秦晓波,等.应用生命周期法评价我国测土配方施肥项目减排效果[J].农业环境科学学报, 2015, 34(7):1422–1428.ZHANG Wei–hong, LI Yu–e, QIN Xiao–bo, et al. Evaluation of greenhouse gas emission reduction by balanced fertilization in China using life cycle assessment[J]. Journal of Agro–Environment Science, 2015,34(7):1422–1428.
[16]韩洪云,杨增旭.农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为研究:基于山东省枣庄市薛城区农户调研数据[J].中国农业科学, 2011, 44(23):4962–4970.HAN Hong–yun, YANG Zeng–xu. Analysis on farmers′adoptive behavior of soil testing for formulated fertilization:Empirical evidence from the Xuecheng District of Zaozhuang City in Shandong Province[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2011, 44(23):4962–4970.
[17] Huang J, Xiang C, Jia X, et al. Impacts of training on farmers′nitrogen use in maize production in Shandong, China[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2012, 67(4):321–327.
[18]陈舜,逯非,王效科.中国氮磷钾肥制造温室气体排放系数的估算[J].生态学报, 2015, 35(19):6371–6383.CHEN Shun, LU Fei, WANG Xiao–ke. Estimation of greenhouse gases emission factors for China′s nitrogen, phosphate, and potash fertilizers[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(19):6371–6383.
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