人类活动干扰下西北干旱区绿洲迁移演化研究
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摘要
黑河流域、疏勒河流域、石羊河流域和塔里木河流域是我国西北干旱区主要的内陆河流域。近年来由于人类活动的加剧,这些流域中的绿洲正在发生着更为频繁的迁移演化。文章基于2002—2012土地利用数据,分别对各流域的绿洲迁移演化过程进行了分析。结果表明:在研究时段内,各流域绿洲多数情况下均处于扩张趋势;绿洲中的林草水域在整个研究时段的动态变化都相对稳定,而社会经济用地的动态变化则较为剧烈;黑河流域的绿洲重心整体向下游方向移动,而疏勒河流域的绿洲重心整体向上游方向移动;在绿洲向荒漠转化的过程中,贡献率较大的土地利用类型是草原和林地;在林草水域与社会经济用地的相互转化过程中,主要发生的是林草水域向社会经济用地的转化。
Owing to intensified human activities in recent years, oases change rapidly in the major inland river basins in arid Northwest China: the four river basins of Heihe, Shule, Shiyang, and Tarim. Using the 2002-2012 land use data of this region, this paper explores the evolution of the oases in each basin.Results show that in this period, all the oases in the four basins were expanding. The woodland, grassland and waters(WGW) were relatively stable, while the socio-economic land was changing dynamically and significantly. The gravity center of oases was moving downstream in the Heihe River basin while upstream in the Shule River basin. In the transformation between oasis and desert, grassland and woodland contributed more than the other land use types. WGW turning into socio-economic land dominated the transformation between them.
Owing to intensified human activities in recent years, oases change rapidly in the major inland river basins in arid Northwest China: the four river basins of Heihe, Shule, Shiyang, and Tarim. Using the 2002-2012 land use data of this region, this paper explores the evolution of the oases in each basin.Results show that in this period, all the oases in the four basins were expanding. The woodland, grassland and waters(WGW) were relatively stable, while the socio-economic land was changing dynamically and significantly. The gravity center of oases was moving downstream in the Heihe River basin while upstream in the Shule River basin. In the transformation between oasis and desert, grassland and woodland contributed more than the other land use types. WGW turning into socio-economic land dominated the transformation between them.
引文
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[5]LI W D,LI Z Z,WANG J Q.Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area:A case study in the Shiyang River Basin,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19(4):508-512.
[6]TURNER B L,MEYER W B,SKOLE D L.Global landuse/land-cover change:Towards an integrated study[J].Ambio,1994,23(1):91-95.
[7]ZHANG G,RONG X.A concise history of the turfan oasis and its exploration[J].Asia Major,1998,11(2):13-36.
[8]王永兴,张小雷,阚耀平.绿洲地域系统及其演变规律的初步研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,22(1):62-68.WANG Yongxing,ZHANG Xiaolei,KAN Yaoping.Study on oasis regional system and the spatial envelopment[J].Arid Land Geography,1999,22(1):62-68.(in Chinese)
[9]樊自立,穆桂金,马英杰,等.天山北麓灌溉绿洲的形成和发展[J].地理科学,2002,22(2):184-189.FAN Zili,MU Guijin,MA Yingjie,et al.Formation and development of the artificially irrigated oases in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(2):184-189.(in Chinese)
[10]王乃昂,赵强,胡刚,等.近2 ka河西走廊及毗邻地区沙漠化过程的气候与人文背景[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(1):95-100.WANG Nai’ang,ZHAO Qiang,HU Gang,et al.Climatic and humanistic background of desertification process in the recent 2000 years in Hexi Corridor,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003,23(1):95-100.(in Chinese)
[11]李静.黑河流域生态环境历史演变研究[D].杭州:浙江师范大学,2010.LI Jing.A survey of ecological environment evolution in the Heihe River Basin during history period[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Normal University,2010.(in Chinese)
[12]吐尔逊·哈斯木,阿迪力·吐尔干,杨家军,等.塔里木河下游绿洲演变及其原因分析[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(5):961-967Tursun Kasim,Adil Turgan,YANG Jiajun,et al.Evolution and analysis of oasis in the lower reaches of Tarim River in the historical period[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2012,49(5):961-967.(in Chinese)
[13]矫树春,颉耀文.近40年来民勤绿洲空间变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(8):92-96.JIAO Shuchun,XIE Yaowen.Analysis of spatial change of Minqin Oasis near about 40 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment,2004,18(8):92-96.(in Chinese)
[14]程维明,周成虎,刘海江,等.玛纳斯河流域50年绿洲扩张及生态环境演变研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35(11):1074-1086.CHEN Weiming,ZHOU Chenghu,LIU Haijiang,et al.Study on the Oasis expansion and ecological environment evolution in the Manas River Basin in 50 years[J].SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,2005,35(11):1074-1086.(in Chinese)
[15]赵晓冏,颉耀文,李琳琳.1986-2009年高台县绿洲化荒漠化时空过程[J].兰州大学学报(自科版),2012,48(1):49-54.ZHAO Xiaojiong,XIE Yaowen LI Linlin.Spatio-temporal changes of oasis and desertification in Gaotai county from1986 to 2009,Gansu Province[J].Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2012,48(1):49-54.(in Chinese)
[16]文星,王涛,薛娴,等.1975-2010年石羊河流域绿洲时空演变研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):478-485.WEN Xing,WANG Tao,XUE Xian,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of the oasis in Shiyanghe River Basin in 1975-2010[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(2):478-485.(in Chinese)
[17]马晴,李丁,廖杰,等.疏勒河中下游绿洲土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].经济地理,2014,34(1):148-155.MA Qing,LI Ding,LIAO Jie,et al.Analysis of land use change and its driving forces in the oasis of Shule River Middle and Lower Reaches[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(1):148-155.(in Chinese)
[18]张秀霞,颉耀文,卫娇娇,等.1986-2015年干旱区敦煌绿洲景观的时空演变过程[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):669-676.ZHANG Xiuxia,XIE Yaowen,WEI Jiaojiao,et al.Spatiotemporal evolution of landscapes in the Arid Dunhuang Oasis during the period of 1986-2015[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):669-676.(in Chinese)
[19]张琪,罗格平,李龙辉,等.基于土地利用/覆被变化表征的现代绿洲演变过程:以天山北坡三工河流域为例[J].地理学报,2016,71(7):1157-1171.ZHANG Qi,LUO Geping,LI Longhui,et al.Modern oasis evolution analysis based on land-use and land-cover change:A case study in Sangong River Basin on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(7):1157-1171.(in Chinese)
[20]颉耀文,陈发虎,王乃昂.近2000年来甘肃民勤盆地绿洲的空间变化[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):662-670.XIE Yaowen,CHEN Fahu,WANG Nai’ang.Spatial change of Minqin Oasis in Gansu over the last 2000 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(5):662-670.(in Chinese)
[21]汪桂生.黑河流域历史时期垦殖绿洲时空变化与驱动机制研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2014.WANG Guisheng,Spatial-temporal change and driving mechanism of the cultivated oasis in the Heihe River Basin during historical periods[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.(in Chinese)
[22]努尔比娅·乌斯曼,任云霞,吐尔逊古丽·托合提,等.基于遥感的干旱区典型绿洲LUCC研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2011,26(6):827-835.Nurbiya Osman,REN Yunxia,Tursungul Tohti,et al.Study on LUCC of the typical oasis in the arid areas based on remote sensing[J].Remote Sensing Technology&Application,2011,26(6):827-835.(in Chinese)
[23]郭宏伟,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河流域人工与天然绿洲转化过程与适宜比例初探[J].土壤通报,2017,48(3):532-539.GUO Hongwei,XU Hailiang,LING Hongbo,et al.Transformation process and appropriate area proportion of artificial and natural oases in the Tarim River Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(3):532-539.(in Chinese)
[24]廖杰,王涛,薛娴.近55a来黑河流域绿洲演变特征的初步研究[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(5):1426-1441.LIAO Jie,WANG Tao,XUE Xian.Oasis Evolution in the Heihe River Basin during 1956-2010[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(5):1426-1441.(in Chinese)
[25]HOUGHTON R A.The worldwide extent of land-use change[J].Bioscience,1994,44(5):305-313.
[26]LING L,XIN L,CHENG G.Landscape evolution in the middle Heihe River Basin of north-west China during the last decade[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,53(3):395-408.
[27]LUO G P,ZHOU C H,CHEN X,et al.A methodology of characterizing status and trend of land changes in oases:A case study of Sangong River watershed,Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2008,88(4):775-783.
[28]王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1):81-87.WANG Xiulan,BAO Yuhai.Study on the methods of land use dynamic change research[J].Progress in Geography,1999,18(1):81-87.(in Chinese)
[29]王宏卫,塔两甫拉提·特依拜.干旱区盐渍地遥感动态监测及其驱动力研究:以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(3):445-453.WANG Hongwei,Tashpolat Tiyip.Remote sensing dynamic monitor and driving force of soil salinization in arid area:A case of Delta Oasis of Weigan and Kuqa River[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(3):445-453.(in Chinese)
[2]王涛,朱震达.我国沙漠化研究的若干问题:1.沙漠化的概念及其内涵[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(3):209-214.WANG Tao,ZHU Zhenda.Study on sandy desertification in China:1.Definition of Sandy desertification and its connotation[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003,23(3):209-214.(in Chinese)
[3]王涛.干旱区绿洲化、荒漠化研究的进展与趋势[J].中国沙漠,2009,29(1):1-9.WANG Tao.Review and prospect of research on oasification and desertification in arid regions[J].Journal of Desert Research,2009,29(1):1-9.(in Chinese)
[4]申元村,汪久文,伍光和.中国绿洲及其可持续发展建设[J].干旱区资源与环境,2002,16(1):1-8.SHEN Yuancun,WANG Wenjiu,WU Guanghe.Oases as well as their sustainable development and constructions in China[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2002,16(1):1-8.(in Chinese)
[5]LI W D,LI Z Z,WANG J Q.Evaluation of oasis ecosystem risk by reliability theory in an arid area:A case study in the Shiyang River Basin,China[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2007,19(4):508-512.
[6]TURNER B L,MEYER W B,SKOLE D L.Global landuse/land-cover change:Towards an integrated study[J].Ambio,1994,23(1):91-95.
[7]ZHANG G,RONG X.A concise history of the turfan oasis and its exploration[J].Asia Major,1998,11(2):13-36.
[8]王永兴,张小雷,阚耀平.绿洲地域系统及其演变规律的初步研究[J].干旱区地理,1999,22(1):62-68.WANG Yongxing,ZHANG Xiaolei,KAN Yaoping.Study on oasis regional system and the spatial envelopment[J].Arid Land Geography,1999,22(1):62-68.(in Chinese)
[9]樊自立,穆桂金,马英杰,等.天山北麓灌溉绿洲的形成和发展[J].地理科学,2002,22(2):184-189.FAN Zili,MU Guijin,MA Yingjie,et al.Formation and development of the artificially irrigated oases in the northern piedmont of the Tianshan Mountains[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(2):184-189.(in Chinese)
[10]王乃昂,赵强,胡刚,等.近2 ka河西走廊及毗邻地区沙漠化过程的气候与人文背景[J].中国沙漠,2003,23(1):95-100.WANG Nai’ang,ZHAO Qiang,HU Gang,et al.Climatic and humanistic background of desertification process in the recent 2000 years in Hexi Corridor,China[J].Journal of Desert Research,2003,23(1):95-100.(in Chinese)
[11]李静.黑河流域生态环境历史演变研究[D].杭州:浙江师范大学,2010.LI Jing.A survey of ecological environment evolution in the Heihe River Basin during history period[D].Hangzhou:Zhejiang Normal University,2010.(in Chinese)
[12]吐尔逊·哈斯木,阿迪力·吐尔干,杨家军,等.塔里木河下游绿洲演变及其原因分析[J].新疆农业科学,2012,49(5):961-967Tursun Kasim,Adil Turgan,YANG Jiajun,et al.Evolution and analysis of oasis in the lower reaches of Tarim River in the historical period[J].Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences,2012,49(5):961-967.(in Chinese)
[13]矫树春,颉耀文.近40年来民勤绿洲空间变化研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2004,18(8):92-96.JIAO Shuchun,XIE Yaowen.Analysis of spatial change of Minqin Oasis near about 40 years[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources&Environment,2004,18(8):92-96.(in Chinese)
[14]程维明,周成虎,刘海江,等.玛纳斯河流域50年绿洲扩张及生态环境演变研究[J].中国科学:地球科学,2005,35(11):1074-1086.CHEN Weiming,ZHOU Chenghu,LIU Haijiang,et al.Study on the Oasis expansion and ecological environment evolution in the Manas River Basin in 50 years[J].SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences,2005,35(11):1074-1086.(in Chinese)
[15]赵晓冏,颉耀文,李琳琳.1986-2009年高台县绿洲化荒漠化时空过程[J].兰州大学学报(自科版),2012,48(1):49-54.ZHAO Xiaojiong,XIE Yaowen LI Linlin.Spatio-temporal changes of oasis and desertification in Gaotai county from1986 to 2009,Gansu Province[J].Journal of Lanzhou University(Natural Sciences),2012,48(1):49-54.(in Chinese)
[16]文星,王涛,薛娴,等.1975-2010年石羊河流域绿洲时空演变研究[J].中国沙漠,2013,33(2):478-485.WEN Xing,WANG Tao,XUE Xian,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution of the oasis in Shiyanghe River Basin in 1975-2010[J].Journal of Desert Research,2013,33(2):478-485.(in Chinese)
[17]马晴,李丁,廖杰,等.疏勒河中下游绿洲土地利用变化及其驱动力分析[J].经济地理,2014,34(1):148-155.MA Qing,LI Ding,LIAO Jie,et al.Analysis of land use change and its driving forces in the oasis of Shule River Middle and Lower Reaches[J].Economic Geography,2014,34(1):148-155.(in Chinese)
[18]张秀霞,颉耀文,卫娇娇,等.1986-2015年干旱区敦煌绿洲景观的时空演变过程[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(3):669-676.ZHANG Xiuxia,XIE Yaowen,WEI Jiaojiao,et al.Spatiotemporal evolution of landscapes in the Arid Dunhuang Oasis during the period of 1986-2015[J].Arid Zone Research,2017,34(3):669-676.(in Chinese)
[19]张琪,罗格平,李龙辉,等.基于土地利用/覆被变化表征的现代绿洲演变过程:以天山北坡三工河流域为例[J].地理学报,2016,71(7):1157-1171.ZHANG Qi,LUO Geping,LI Longhui,et al.Modern oasis evolution analysis based on land-use and land-cover change:A case study in Sangong River Basin on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(7):1157-1171.(in Chinese)
[20]颉耀文,陈发虎,王乃昂.近2000年来甘肃民勤盆地绿洲的空间变化[J].地理学报,2004,59(5):662-670.XIE Yaowen,CHEN Fahu,WANG Nai’ang.Spatial change of Minqin Oasis in Gansu over the last 2000 years[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2004,59(5):662-670.(in Chinese)
[21]汪桂生.黑河流域历史时期垦殖绿洲时空变化与驱动机制研究[D].兰州:兰州大学,2014.WANG Guisheng,Spatial-temporal change and driving mechanism of the cultivated oasis in the Heihe River Basin during historical periods[D].Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2014.(in Chinese)
[22]努尔比娅·乌斯曼,任云霞,吐尔逊古丽·托合提,等.基于遥感的干旱区典型绿洲LUCC研究[J].遥感技术与应用,2011,26(6):827-835.Nurbiya Osman,REN Yunxia,Tursungul Tohti,et al.Study on LUCC of the typical oasis in the arid areas based on remote sensing[J].Remote Sensing Technology&Application,2011,26(6):827-835.(in Chinese)
[23]郭宏伟,徐海量,凌红波,等.塔里木河流域人工与天然绿洲转化过程与适宜比例初探[J].土壤通报,2017,48(3):532-539.GUO Hongwei,XU Hailiang,LING Hongbo,et al.Transformation process and appropriate area proportion of artificial and natural oases in the Tarim River Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2017,48(3):532-539.(in Chinese)
[24]廖杰,王涛,薛娴.近55a来黑河流域绿洲演变特征的初步研究[J].中国沙漠,2012,32(5):1426-1441.LIAO Jie,WANG Tao,XUE Xian.Oasis Evolution in the Heihe River Basin during 1956-2010[J].Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(5):1426-1441.(in Chinese)
[25]HOUGHTON R A.The worldwide extent of land-use change[J].Bioscience,1994,44(5):305-313.
[26]LING L,XIN L,CHENG G.Landscape evolution in the middle Heihe River Basin of north-west China during the last decade[J].Journal of Arid Environments,2003,53(3):395-408.
[27]LUO G P,ZHOU C H,CHEN X,et al.A methodology of characterizing status and trend of land changes in oases:A case study of Sangong River watershed,Xinjiang,China[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2008,88(4):775-783.
[28]王秀兰,包玉海.土地利用动态变化研究方法探讨[J].地理科学进展,1999,18(1):81-87.WANG Xiulan,BAO Yuhai.Study on the methods of land use dynamic change research[J].Progress in Geography,1999,18(1):81-87.(in Chinese)
[29]王宏卫,塔两甫拉提·特依拜.干旱区盐渍地遥感动态监测及其驱动力研究:以渭干河-库车河三角洲绿洲为例[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(3):445-453.WANG Hongwei,Tashpolat Tiyip.Remote sensing dynamic monitor and driving force of soil salinization in arid area:A case of Delta Oasis of Weigan and Kuqa River[J].Arid Land Geography,2009,32(3):445-453.(in Chinese)
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