黄土高原2种典型灌木地土壤水分有效性及其影响因素
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摘要
为确定土壤质地对旱生植物长柄扁桃(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall)和沙柳(Salix psammophila)幼苗不同生理指标水分有效性的影响,采用盆栽控水试验,研究了黄土高原2种典型质地土壤(砂土和壤土)下长柄扁桃和沙柳幼苗不同生理指标随相对土壤含水率(土壤含水率占田间持水率的比值)的动态变化。结果表明:2种质地土壤下长柄扁桃和沙柳幼苗各生理指标相对值在相对含水率降低至土壤水分阈值之前保持相对稳定,低于此阈值时随相对含水率的降低而迅速下降,且均可用非线性连续函数来拟合(R~2=0.8905～0.9864)。2种植物土壤水分有效性因选取指标的不同而略有差异,当以瞬时气体交换指标(相对净光合速率R_(Pn)和相对气孔导度R_(Gs))为评价指标时,砂土水分有效性高于壤土;当以相对水分利用效率R_(WUE)为评价指标时,壤土水分有效性高于砂土。瞬时气体交换指标(R_(Pn)和R_(Gs))的水分阈值高于日变化指标(相对日蒸腾速率R_(Td)),表明土壤质地和时间尺度均会影响植物生理指标对土壤水分有效性的响应。因此,在黄土高原进行植被恢复与生态建设时应考虑土壤质地对植物水分有效性的影响。
【Objective】Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila are shrubs of the Loess Plateau in China, which have widely been used in recent years as pioneer plants in vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, thanks to their good ecological adaptability and high economic value. However,how Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila utilize soil water and its influencing factors are still unclear. This study is oriented to investigate soil water availability in soils under and two types of shrubs(i.e., Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila seedlings) typical of the Loess Plateau,but different in physiological indices and its influencing factors. 【Method】 A pot experiment, designed to have two species of shrub(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila) planted separately in pots containing separately two types of soil(sandy soil and a loamy soil) combined with five levels of water regime(100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of the soil water holding capacity) and 5 replicates for each treatment, was carried out. Dynamics of physiological indices(net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci), water use efficiency(WUE), leaf water potential(Ψw), daily transpiration rate(Td), cumulative transpiration rate(Tc)) of the seedlings in each treatment were monitored.【Result】 Results show that all the physiological indices of the Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila seedlings in the pots regardless of type of the soil they containedremained relatively constant in relative value till the relative water content fell below the soil moisture threshold and then they declined rapidly with soil water depletion going on. The variation curves of the indices could all be fitted with the nonlinear continuous function with R~2 ranging between 0.890 5 and 0.986 4.The inflexions on the curves could be deemed as soil moisture threshold(W_0), which varied with species of the shrub and index selected, and with type of the soil too. The soil moisture threshold(W_0) corresponding to the instantaneous gas indices(Pn and Gs) was higher in the loamy soil than in the sandy soil, whereas a reverse trend was observed with soil moisture threshold(W_0) corresponding to the water use efficiency(WUE). The soil moisture threshold(W_0) corresponding to the daily transpiration rate(Td) was higher in the sandy soil than in the loamy soil. Water availability was higher in the sandy soil than in the loamy soil when instantaneous gas exchange indices(relative net photosynthetic rate(R_(Pn)) and relative stomatal conductance(R_(Gs))) were used as evaluation index, whereas an opposite trend was observed with relative water use efficiency(R_(WUE)) used as evaluation index. The soil moisture thresholds based on instantaneous gas exchange indices(R_(Pn) and R_(Gs)) at the transient scale were higher than those based on index at the daily scale(relative daily average transpiration rate, R_(Td)). 【Conclusion】 All the findings in this study demonstrate that both soil texture and time scale affect response of the plant in physiological indices to soil water availability. Continuous nonlinear function can be used to well describe dynamics of water availability under Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila. Net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), water use efficiency(WUE) and the transpiration rate(Td) can be used as indices for evaluating soil water availability. It is, therefore, essential to take into account effects of soil texture on water availability to plants in vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau.
【Objective】Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila are shrubs of the Loess Plateau in China, which have widely been used in recent years as pioneer plants in vegetation restoration on the Loess Plateau, thanks to their good ecological adaptability and high economic value. However,how Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila utilize soil water and its influencing factors are still unclear. This study is oriented to investigate soil water availability in soils under and two types of shrubs(i.e., Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila seedlings) typical of the Loess Plateau,but different in physiological indices and its influencing factors. 【Method】 A pot experiment, designed to have two species of shrub(Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila) planted separately in pots containing separately two types of soil(sandy soil and a loamy soil) combined with five levels of water regime(100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of the soil water holding capacity) and 5 replicates for each treatment, was carried out. Dynamics of physiological indices(net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), intercellular CO_2 concentration(Ci), water use efficiency(WUE), leaf water potential(Ψw), daily transpiration rate(Td), cumulative transpiration rate(Tc)) of the seedlings in each treatment were monitored.【Result】 Results show that all the physiological indices of the Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila seedlings in the pots regardless of type of the soil they containedremained relatively constant in relative value till the relative water content fell below the soil moisture threshold and then they declined rapidly with soil water depletion going on. The variation curves of the indices could all be fitted with the nonlinear continuous function with R~2 ranging between 0.890 5 and 0.986 4.The inflexions on the curves could be deemed as soil moisture threshold(W_0), which varied with species of the shrub and index selected, and with type of the soil too. The soil moisture threshold(W_0) corresponding to the instantaneous gas indices(Pn and Gs) was higher in the loamy soil than in the sandy soil, whereas a reverse trend was observed with soil moisture threshold(W_0) corresponding to the water use efficiency(WUE). The soil moisture threshold(W_0) corresponding to the daily transpiration rate(Td) was higher in the sandy soil than in the loamy soil. Water availability was higher in the sandy soil than in the loamy soil when instantaneous gas exchange indices(relative net photosynthetic rate(R_(Pn)) and relative stomatal conductance(R_(Gs))) were used as evaluation index, whereas an opposite trend was observed with relative water use efficiency(R_(WUE)) used as evaluation index. The soil moisture thresholds based on instantaneous gas exchange indices(R_(Pn) and R_(Gs)) at the transient scale were higher than those based on index at the daily scale(relative daily average transpiration rate, R_(Td)). 【Conclusion】 All the findings in this study demonstrate that both soil texture and time scale affect response of the plant in physiological indices to soil water availability. Continuous nonlinear function can be used to well describe dynamics of water availability under Amygdalus pedunculata Pall and Salix psammophila. Net photosynthetic rate(Pn), stomatal conductance(Gs), water use efficiency(WUE) and the transpiration rate(Td) can be used as indices for evaluating soil water availability. It is, therefore, essential to take into account effects of soil texture on water availability to plants in vegetation restoration and ecological construction on the Loess Plateau.
引文
[1]Warrington D N.Black locust transpiration responses to soil water availability as affected by meteorological factors and soil texture.Pedosphere,2015,25(1):57-71
[2]Veihmeyer F J,Hendrickson A H.Soil moisture in relation to plant growth.Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1950(1):285-304
[3]Shaw B T.Soil physical conditions and plant growth.Soil Science,1952,74(5):89-99
[4]邵明安,杨文治,李玉山.黄土区土壤水分有效性研究.水利学报,1987(8):40-46Shao M A,Yang W Z,Li Y S.Study on soil water availability in Loess region(In Chinese).Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1987(8):40-46
[5]郭庆荣,李玉山.黄土高原南部土壤水分有效性研究.土壤学报,1994,31(3):236-243Guo Q R,Li Y S.Soil moisture availability to plant in the southern the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1994,31(3):236-243
[6]张光灿,刘霞,贺康宁.黄土半干旱区刺槐和侧柏林地土壤水分有效性及生产力分级研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(6):858-862Zhang G C,Liu X,He K N.Grading of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis woodland soil’s water availability and productivity in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(6):858-862
[7]Sadras V O,Milroy S P.Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion and gas exchange:A review.Field Crops Research,1996,47(2/3):253-266
[8]Devi M J,Sinclair T R,Vadez V,et al.Peanut genotypic variation in transpiration efficiency and decreased transpiration during progressive soil drying.Field Crops Research,2009,114(2):280-285
[9]Yan W,Zhong Y,Shangguan Z.A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and water status responses to drought.Scientific Reports,2016(6):20917
[10]Yan W,Zhong Y,Shangguan Z.Rapid response of the carbon balance strategy in Robinia pseudoacacia,and Amorpha fruticosa to recurrent drought.Environmental&Experimental Botany,2017,138:46-56
[11]吴元芝,黄明斌.土壤质地对玉米不同生理指标水分有效性的影响.农业工程学报,2010,26(2):82-88Wu Y Z,Huang M B.Effect of soil texture on soil water availability for different maize physiological indices(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineer,2010,26(2):82-88
[12]张孝中.黄土高原土壤颗粒组成及质地分区研究.中国水土保持,2002(3):11-13Zhang X Z.Study on the Composition of soil particles and texture zoning of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Soil and Water Conservation in China,2002(3):11-13
[13]鞠析倪,贾玉华,甘淼,等.黄土沟壑区不同地形部位土壤大孔隙特征研究.土壤学报,2018,55(5):1099-1107Ju X N,Jia Y H,Gan M,et al.Characteristics of soil macropores in the gully area of Loess Plateau as affected by terrain(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(5):1099-1107
[14]高晓东,吴普特,张宝庆,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤有效水空间变异及其季节性特征.土壤学报,2015,52(1):57-67Gao X D,Wu P T,Zhang B Q,et al.Spatial variability of available soil moisture and its seasonality in a small watershed in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):57-67
[15]刘钊,魏天兴,朱清科,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型林地土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征.土壤,2016,48(4):705-713Liu Z,Wei T X,Zhu Q K,et al.Microbes,enzyme activities and nutrient characteristics of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in forests of Loess Hilly region(In Chinese).Soils,2016,48(4):705-713
[16]郭改改,封斌,麻保林,等.不同区域长柄扁桃抗旱性的研究.植物科学学报,2013,31(4):360-369Guo G G,Feng B,Ma B L,et al.Studies on drought resistance of different regional Amygdalus pedunculata Pall(In Chinese).Plant Science Journal,2013,31(4):360-369
[17]Chu J,Yang H,Lu Q,et al.Endemic shrubs in temperate arid and semiarid regions of northern China and their potentials for rangeland restoration.AoB Plants,2015(7):PMC4516776
[18]田佳,曹兵,及金楠,等.防风固沙灌木花棒沙柳根系生物力学特性.农业工程学报,2014,30(23):192-198Tian J,Cao B,Ji J N,et al.Biomechanical characteristics of root systems of Hedysarum scoparium and Salix psammophila(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(23):192-198
[19]Li Y,Chen W,Chen J,et al.Contrasting hydraulic strategies in Salix psammophila,and Caragana korshinskii,in the southern Mu Us Desert,China.Ecological Research,2016,31(6):869-880
[20]Chu J,Xu X,Zhang Y.Production and properties of biodiesel produced from Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.Bioresource Technology,2013,134(4):374-376
[21]杨勤科,郑粉莉,张竹梅.神木试区土地资源与利用.水土保持研究,1993(2):47-56Yang Q K,Zheng F L,Zhang Z M.Land resources and its utilization in the Shenmu experimental area(In Chinese).Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1993(2):47-56
[22]毛娜,邵明安,黄来明,等.六道沟小流域地形序列土壤碳剖面分布特征及影响因素.水土保持学报,2017,31(5):222-230Mao N,Shao M A,Huang L M,et al.Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil carbon profile along toposequences in Liudaogou watershed(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(5):222-230
[23]Lagergren F,Lindroth A.Transpiration response to soil moisture in pine and spruce trees in Sweden.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2002,112(2):67-85
[24]Soltani A,Khooie F R,Ghassemigolezani K,et al.Thresholds for chickpea leaf expansion and transpiration response to soil water deficit.Field Crops Research,2000,68(3):205-210
[25]Ray J D,Sinclair T R.Stomatal closure of maize hybrids in response to drying soil.Crop Science,1997,37(3):803-807
[26]张喜英,裴冬.几种作物的生理指标对土壤水分变动的阈值反应.植物生态学报,2000,24(3):280-283Zhang X Y,Pei D.Response of leaf water potential,photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to varying soil moisture in four crops:Winter wheat,corn,sorghum and millet(In Chinese).Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(3):280-283
[27]Wery J.Differential effects of soil water deficit on the basic plant functions and their significance to analyse crop responses to water deficit in indeterminate plants.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2005,56(11):1201-1209
[2]Veihmeyer F J,Hendrickson A H.Soil moisture in relation to plant growth.Annual Review of Plant Physiology,1950(1):285-304
[3]Shaw B T.Soil physical conditions and plant growth.Soil Science,1952,74(5):89-99
[4]邵明安,杨文治,李玉山.黄土区土壤水分有效性研究.水利学报,1987(8):40-46Shao M A,Yang W Z,Li Y S.Study on soil water availability in Loess region(In Chinese).Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1987(8):40-46
[5]郭庆荣,李玉山.黄土高原南部土壤水分有效性研究.土壤学报,1994,31(3):236-243Guo Q R,Li Y S.Soil moisture availability to plant in the southern the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1994,31(3):236-243
[6]张光灿,刘霞,贺康宁.黄土半干旱区刺槐和侧柏林地土壤水分有效性及生产力分级研究.应用生态学报,2003,14(6):858-862Zhang G C,Liu X,He K N.Grading of Robinia pseudoacacia and Platycladus orientalis woodland soil’s water availability and productivity in semi-arid region of Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(6):858-862
[7]Sadras V O,Milroy S P.Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion and gas exchange:A review.Field Crops Research,1996,47(2/3):253-266
[8]Devi M J,Sinclair T R,Vadez V,et al.Peanut genotypic variation in transpiration efficiency and decreased transpiration during progressive soil drying.Field Crops Research,2009,114(2):280-285
[9]Yan W,Zhong Y,Shangguan Z.A meta-analysis of leaf gas exchange and water status responses to drought.Scientific Reports,2016(6):20917
[10]Yan W,Zhong Y,Shangguan Z.Rapid response of the carbon balance strategy in Robinia pseudoacacia,and Amorpha fruticosa to recurrent drought.Environmental&Experimental Botany,2017,138:46-56
[11]吴元芝,黄明斌.土壤质地对玉米不同生理指标水分有效性的影响.农业工程学报,2010,26(2):82-88Wu Y Z,Huang M B.Effect of soil texture on soil water availability for different maize physiological indices(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineer,2010,26(2):82-88
[12]张孝中.黄土高原土壤颗粒组成及质地分区研究.中国水土保持,2002(3):11-13Zhang X Z.Study on the Composition of soil particles and texture zoning of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Soil and Water Conservation in China,2002(3):11-13
[13]鞠析倪,贾玉华,甘淼,等.黄土沟壑区不同地形部位土壤大孔隙特征研究.土壤学报,2018,55(5):1099-1107Ju X N,Jia Y H,Gan M,et al.Characteristics of soil macropores in the gully area of Loess Plateau as affected by terrain(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(5):1099-1107
[14]高晓东,吴普特,张宝庆,等.黄土丘陵区小流域土壤有效水空间变异及其季节性特征.土壤学报,2015,52(1):57-67Gao X D,Wu P T,Zhang B Q,et al.Spatial variability of available soil moisture and its seasonality in a small watershed in the hilly region of the Loess Plateau(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):57-67
[15]刘钊,魏天兴,朱清科,等.黄土丘陵沟壑区典型林地土壤微生物、酶活性和养分特征.土壤,2016,48(4):705-713Liu Z,Wei T X,Zhu Q K,et al.Microbes,enzyme activities and nutrient characteristics of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in forests of Loess Hilly region(In Chinese).Soils,2016,48(4):705-713
[16]郭改改,封斌,麻保林,等.不同区域长柄扁桃抗旱性的研究.植物科学学报,2013,31(4):360-369Guo G G,Feng B,Ma B L,et al.Studies on drought resistance of different regional Amygdalus pedunculata Pall(In Chinese).Plant Science Journal,2013,31(4):360-369
[17]Chu J,Yang H,Lu Q,et al.Endemic shrubs in temperate arid and semiarid regions of northern China and their potentials for rangeland restoration.AoB Plants,2015(7):PMC4516776
[18]田佳,曹兵,及金楠,等.防风固沙灌木花棒沙柳根系生物力学特性.农业工程学报,2014,30(23):192-198Tian J,Cao B,Ji J N,et al.Biomechanical characteristics of root systems of Hedysarum scoparium and Salix psammophila(In Chinese).Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(23):192-198
[19]Li Y,Chen W,Chen J,et al.Contrasting hydraulic strategies in Salix psammophila,and Caragana korshinskii,in the southern Mu Us Desert,China.Ecological Research,2016,31(6):869-880
[20]Chu J,Xu X,Zhang Y.Production and properties of biodiesel produced from Amygdalus pedunculata Pall.Bioresource Technology,2013,134(4):374-376
[21]杨勤科,郑粉莉,张竹梅.神木试区土地资源与利用.水土保持研究,1993(2):47-56Yang Q K,Zheng F L,Zhang Z M.Land resources and its utilization in the Shenmu experimental area(In Chinese).Research of Soil and Water Conservation,1993(2):47-56
[22]毛娜,邵明安,黄来明,等.六道沟小流域地形序列土壤碳剖面分布特征及影响因素.水土保持学报,2017,31(5):222-230Mao N,Shao M A,Huang L M,et al.Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of soil carbon profile along toposequences in Liudaogou watershed(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(5):222-230
[23]Lagergren F,Lindroth A.Transpiration response to soil moisture in pine and spruce trees in Sweden.Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2002,112(2):67-85
[24]Soltani A,Khooie F R,Ghassemigolezani K,et al.Thresholds for chickpea leaf expansion and transpiration response to soil water deficit.Field Crops Research,2000,68(3):205-210
[25]Ray J D,Sinclair T R.Stomatal closure of maize hybrids in response to drying soil.Crop Science,1997,37(3):803-807
[26]张喜英,裴冬.几种作物的生理指标对土壤水分变动的阈值反应.植物生态学报,2000,24(3):280-283Zhang X Y,Pei D.Response of leaf water potential,photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to varying soil moisture in four crops:Winter wheat,corn,sorghum and millet(In Chinese).Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2000,24(3):280-283
[27]Wery J.Differential effects of soil water deficit on the basic plant functions and their significance to analyse crop responses to water deficit in indeterminate plants.Australian Journal of Agricultural Research,2005,56(11):1201-1209
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