泌桐高速公路生态护坡不同草灌混播10 a后的植被群落特征
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摘要
稳定的边坡群落是公路边坡生态防护的目标,为探究高速公路生态护坡工程10 a演替后群落特征,该研究以泌桐高速公路为依托,布设自然恢复、单一狗牙根播种和5个不同播种密度的草灌混播生态防护措施,分析不同恢复方式对边坡群落组成、生活型和物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)调查样方内共有52种植物,分属于17科49属。禾本科、菊科和豆科植物共26属29种,占种总数的55.77%,表明这三大科植物在边坡群落演替过程中起着重要作用。(2) 10 a演替后不同恢复方式下群落中多年生植物比例高于一年生草本植物。(3)在草灌混播样地中,群落物种多样性指数随着播种密度的增加呈先增加后降低的单峰变化趋势,在播种密度为每平方米500株时达到最大。(4)草灌混播的生态恢复效果优于纯草本种植和自然恢复方式。(5)播种密度对草灌混播群落类型,地上生物量和物种多样性指数没有显著影响。从植物的生长效果及成本方面考虑,初播密度每平方米为500~600株的草灌混播可构建较为稳定的边坡植物群落,实现最佳的边坡恢复效果,可应用于类似区域边坡生态恢复工程。
The formation of stable community is the objective of ecological protection in highway slope. In order to explore the community characteristics in highway slope ecological engineering after ten years' succession,the species composition,plant life forms,and species diversity index were investigated through building natural restoration,the monoculture of Cynodon dactylon and five kinds of mixture planting of shrub and herbage on typical slope of Bitong Expressway. The results were as follows:( 1) Plant community succession after ten years,a total of 52 kinds of plants appeared in the survey sample plots,belonging to 17 families and 49 genera; and a total of 26 genra and 29 species of Compositae,Leguminosae,Gramineae accounted for 55.77% of the total,which showed that these three families played important roles in the process of vegetation succession in the restoration of vegetation.( 2) Among the restoration methods,the proportion of perennial plants was higher than that of annual herbs.( 3) In the mixture planting of shrub and herbage treatment,the Patrick index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and Margalef index of reforestation communities tended to increase first and then decreased with density,and reached the peak when the seeding rate of herbage was 500 plants·m~(-2).( 4) The growth of mixture planting of shrub and herbage was superior than that of monoculture of herbage and natural recovery.( 5) Seeding density had no serious effects on the aboveground biomass and species diversity index of community. Considering the cost and benefits of side slope protection,the initial seeding density of 500-600 plants·m~(-2) can build a stable plant community on highway slope with good protective effects. It can be applied to slope ecological restoration projects in similar area.
The formation of stable community is the objective of ecological protection in highway slope. In order to explore the community characteristics in highway slope ecological engineering after ten years' succession,the species composition,plant life forms,and species diversity index were investigated through building natural restoration,the monoculture of Cynodon dactylon and five kinds of mixture planting of shrub and herbage on typical slope of Bitong Expressway. The results were as follows:( 1) Plant community succession after ten years,a total of 52 kinds of plants appeared in the survey sample plots,belonging to 17 families and 49 genera; and a total of 26 genra and 29 species of Compositae,Leguminosae,Gramineae accounted for 55.77% of the total,which showed that these three families played important roles in the process of vegetation succession in the restoration of vegetation.( 2) Among the restoration methods,the proportion of perennial plants was higher than that of annual herbs.( 3) In the mixture planting of shrub and herbage treatment,the Patrick index,Shannon-Wiener index,Simpson index and Margalef index of reforestation communities tended to increase first and then decreased with density,and reached the peak when the seeding rate of herbage was 500 plants·m~(-2).( 4) The growth of mixture planting of shrub and herbage was superior than that of monoculture of herbage and natural recovery.( 5) Seeding density had no serious effects on the aboveground biomass and species diversity index of community. Considering the cost and benefits of side slope protection,the initial seeding density of 500-600 plants·m~(-2) can build a stable plant community on highway slope with good protective effects. It can be applied to slope ecological restoration projects in similar area.
引文
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HUANG J,ZHAO X,WU P,2013.Surface runoff volumes from vegetated slopes during simulated rainfall events[J].JSoil Water Conserv,68:283-295.
LI QK,MA KP,2002.Advances in plant succession ecophysiology[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,26(s1):9-19.[李庆康,马克平,2002.植物群落演替过程中植物生理生态学特性及其主要环境因子的变化[J].植物生态学报,26(增刊):9-19.]
LI LX,WANG RJ,GU B,et al.,2014.Changes in biodiversity during the succession of plant communities on the rocky slopes of mine in islands[J].Chin J Ecol,33(7):1741-1747.[李林霞,王瑞君,辜彬,等,2014.海岛矿区岩质边坡植物群落演替中物种多样性的变化[J].生态学杂志,33(7):1741-1747.]
LI YQ,JIAO SY,ZHAO ML,et al.,2016.Change of plant community diversity index during abandoned succession in meadow steppe[J].Chin J Grassl,38(5):116-120.[李永强,焦树英,赵萌莉,等,2016.草甸草原撂荒地演替过程中植被多样性指数变化[J].中国草地学报,38(5):116-120.]
LIU CX,HAN LB,2007.Review of researches in vegetation restoration of freeway slopes[J].Acta Ecol Sin,27(5):2090-2098.[刘春霞,韩烈保,2007.高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展[J].生态学报,27(5):2090-2098.]
LIU X,BAO WK,HU B,et al.,2016.Plant species selection and adaptivity for vegetation restoration of alpine roadside slopes[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,22(6):1015-1022.[刘鑫,包维楷,胡斌,等,2016.高寒山区道路边坡植被恢复物种选择及适宜性评估[J].应用与环境生物学报,22(6):1015-1022.]
LIU XE,ZHANG CS,WANG LF,et al.,2017.Formation conditions of geo-hazards in tongbai[J].J Geol Hazards Environ Preserv,28(4):69-73.[刘小二,张春生,王林峰,等,2017.桐柏县地质灾害形成条件分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,28(4):69-73.]
MLAMBO MC,2014.Not all traits are‘functional’:Insights from taxonomy and biodiversity ecosystem functioning research[J].Biodivers Conserv,23(3):781-790.
MORGAN RP,RICKSON RJ,2003.Slope stabilization and erosion control:A bioengineering approach[M].Taylor&Francis.
PAN SW,HU MC,LUO JH,et al.,2015.Effects of rehabilitation species on slope vegetation diversity and soil and water conservation[J].Biodivers Sci,23(3):341-350.[潘声旺,胡明成,罗竞红,等,2015.绿化植物的生活型对边坡植被物种多样性及护坡性能的影响[J].生物多样性,23(3):341-350.]
QIAO WJ,DAI YY,ZHANG W,et al.,2018.Relationship between the vegetation community and soil nutrient and enzyme activity during the restoration of abandoned land in the loess hilly region[J].Environ Sci,39(12):5687-5698.[乔文静,戴银月,张伟,等,2018.黄土丘陵区撂荒恢复过程中植物群落组成与土壤养分及酶活性变化的关系[J].环境科学,39(12):5687-5698.]
SHAO XQ,WANG K,WANG YW,et al.,2008.Dynamics of plant community during natural restoration and succession of the Inner Mongolia Steppe[J].Acta Ecol Sin,28(2):855-861.[邵新庆,王堃,王赟文,等,2008.典型草原自然恢复演替过程中植物群落动态变化[J].生态学报,28(2):855-861.]
TAN SH,WANG YM,2004.Research progress and thinking of bioengineering techniques for slope protection in expressway[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,11(3):81-84.[谭少华,汪益敏,2004.高速公路边坡生态防护技术研究进展与思考[J].水土保持研究,11(3):81-84.]
TAO Y,JIANG Y,GU W,et al.,2008.Experimental research on grassshrub disposition model of vegetation restoration of highway side slope[J].Wuhan Univ Technol,30(6):70-73.[陶岩,江源,顾卫,等,2008.公路边坡植被恢复中草灌配置模式实验研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,30(6):70-73.]
VUORIO V,MUCHIRU A,REID RS,et al.,2014.How pastoralism changes savanna vegetation:Impact of old pastoral settlements on plant diversity and abundance in southwestern Kenya[J].Biodivers Conserv,23(13):3219-3240.
WANG Y,LONG CL,LIU YT,et al.,2005.Application of plants in slope protection of expressways[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,12(6):199-202.[王云,龙春林,刘怡涛,等,2005.植物在高速公路边坡防护中的应用[J].水土保持研究,12(6):199-202.]
WANG ZH,DUAN CQ,HOU YP,et al.,2006.The relationship of plant species diversity to ecosystem function in relation to soil conservation in semihumid evergreen forests,Yunnan Province,China[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,30(3):392-403.[王震洪,段昌群,侯永平,等,2006.植物多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能关系及其生态学意义[J].植物生态学报,30(3):392-403.]
ZHANG JH,ZHANG XQ,LIU SZ,et al.,2006.Plant diversity of trampling disturbance Kobresia humilis community in Naqu,Tibet[J].Acta Ecol Sin,26(9):2957-2963.[张锦华,张新全,刘淑珍,等,2006.公路碾压干扰下群落植物多样性[J].生态学报,26(9):2957-2963.]
ZHANG JJ,WANG L,XU DM,2011.Composition and plant species diversity of plant community in the process of natural restoration of desert steppe[J].Pratac Sci,28(6):1091-1094.[张晶晶,王蕾,许冬梅,2011.荒漠草原自然恢复中植物群落组成及物种多样性[J].草业科学,28(6):1091-1094.]
ZHANG XF,MA C,DONG SK,et al.,2009.Influence of different ratios of herbage and shrubs on plant community characteristics for roadside deforestation and soil protection on the Bitong expressway[J].Acta Pratac Sin,18(4):27-34.[张相锋,马闯,董世魁,等,2009.不同草灌配比对泌桐高速公路护坡植物群落特征的影响[J].草业学报,18(4):27-34.]
CHEN ZT,HE SL,HUANG YB,2010.Research progress of Pennisetum Rich[J].Acta Agr Sin,18(5):740-748.[陈志彤,何水林,黄毅斌,2010.狼尾草属牧草研究进展[J].草地学报,18(5):740-748.]
CHENG Y,XIE JR,ZHOU CY,et al.,2013.Grassshrub vegetation protection on red sandstone engineering slope in Shaoguan-Ganzhou expressway[J].Bull Soil Water Conserv,33(2):181-186.[程晔,谢瑾荣,周翠英,等,2013.韶赣高速红砂岩边坡草灌混播防护技术研究[J].水土保持通报,33(2):181-186.]
DONG SK,TANG L,ZHANG XF,et al.,2017.Relationship between plant species diversity and functional diversity in alpine grasslands[J].Acta Ecol Sin,37(5):1472-1483.[董世魁,汤琳,张相锋,等,2017.高寒草地植物物种多样性与功能多样性的关系[J].生态学报,37(5):1472-1483.]
DUAN YT,WANG ZT,2017.Suitable density of arborshurbglass combination on rocky slope[J].Guizhou Agric Sci,45(6):102-105.[段玉婷,王志泰,2017.石质边坡乔灌草组合的适宜密度[J].贵州农业科学,45(6):102-105.]
FANG W,PAN SW,HE P,et al.,2015.Effects of pioneer plants richness on community characteristics of vegetation and their soil and water conservation benefit for highway side slope[J].Acta Ecol Sin,35(11):3653-3662.[方文,潘声旺,何平,等,2015.先锋种丰富度对边坡植被群落特征及其护坡效益的影响[J].生态学报,35(11):3653-3662.]
HUANG J,ZHAO X,WU P,2013.Surface runoff volumes from vegetated slopes during simulated rainfall events[J].JSoil Water Conserv,68:283-295.
LI QK,MA KP,2002.Advances in plant succession ecophysiology[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,26(s1):9-19.[李庆康,马克平,2002.植物群落演替过程中植物生理生态学特性及其主要环境因子的变化[J].植物生态学报,26(增刊):9-19.]
LI LX,WANG RJ,GU B,et al.,2014.Changes in biodiversity during the succession of plant communities on the rocky slopes of mine in islands[J].Chin J Ecol,33(7):1741-1747.[李林霞,王瑞君,辜彬,等,2014.海岛矿区岩质边坡植物群落演替中物种多样性的变化[J].生态学杂志,33(7):1741-1747.]
LI YQ,JIAO SY,ZHAO ML,et al.,2016.Change of plant community diversity index during abandoned succession in meadow steppe[J].Chin J Grassl,38(5):116-120.[李永强,焦树英,赵萌莉,等,2016.草甸草原撂荒地演替过程中植被多样性指数变化[J].中国草地学报,38(5):116-120.]
LIU CX,HAN LB,2007.Review of researches in vegetation restoration of freeway slopes[J].Acta Ecol Sin,27(5):2090-2098.[刘春霞,韩烈保,2007.高速公路边坡植被恢复研究进展[J].生态学报,27(5):2090-2098.]
LIU X,BAO WK,HU B,et al.,2016.Plant species selection and adaptivity for vegetation restoration of alpine roadside slopes[J].Chin J Appl Environ Biol,22(6):1015-1022.[刘鑫,包维楷,胡斌,等,2016.高寒山区道路边坡植被恢复物种选择及适宜性评估[J].应用与环境生物学报,22(6):1015-1022.]
LIU XE,ZHANG CS,WANG LF,et al.,2017.Formation conditions of geo-hazards in tongbai[J].J Geol Hazards Environ Preserv,28(4):69-73.[刘小二,张春生,王林峰,等,2017.桐柏县地质灾害形成条件分析[J].地质灾害与环境保护,28(4):69-73.]
MLAMBO MC,2014.Not all traits are‘functional’:Insights from taxonomy and biodiversity ecosystem functioning research[J].Biodivers Conserv,23(3):781-790.
MORGAN RP,RICKSON RJ,2003.Slope stabilization and erosion control:A bioengineering approach[M].Taylor&Francis.
PAN SW,HU MC,LUO JH,et al.,2015.Effects of rehabilitation species on slope vegetation diversity and soil and water conservation[J].Biodivers Sci,23(3):341-350.[潘声旺,胡明成,罗竞红,等,2015.绿化植物的生活型对边坡植被物种多样性及护坡性能的影响[J].生物多样性,23(3):341-350.]
QIAO WJ,DAI YY,ZHANG W,et al.,2018.Relationship between the vegetation community and soil nutrient and enzyme activity during the restoration of abandoned land in the loess hilly region[J].Environ Sci,39(12):5687-5698.[乔文静,戴银月,张伟,等,2018.黄土丘陵区撂荒恢复过程中植物群落组成与土壤养分及酶活性变化的关系[J].环境科学,39(12):5687-5698.]
SHAO XQ,WANG K,WANG YW,et al.,2008.Dynamics of plant community during natural restoration and succession of the Inner Mongolia Steppe[J].Acta Ecol Sin,28(2):855-861.[邵新庆,王堃,王赟文,等,2008.典型草原自然恢复演替过程中植物群落动态变化[J].生态学报,28(2):855-861.]
TAN SH,WANG YM,2004.Research progress and thinking of bioengineering techniques for slope protection in expressway[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,11(3):81-84.[谭少华,汪益敏,2004.高速公路边坡生态防护技术研究进展与思考[J].水土保持研究,11(3):81-84.]
TAO Y,JIANG Y,GU W,et al.,2008.Experimental research on grassshrub disposition model of vegetation restoration of highway side slope[J].Wuhan Univ Technol,30(6):70-73.[陶岩,江源,顾卫,等,2008.公路边坡植被恢复中草灌配置模式实验研究[J].武汉理工大学学报,30(6):70-73.]
VUORIO V,MUCHIRU A,REID RS,et al.,2014.How pastoralism changes savanna vegetation:Impact of old pastoral settlements on plant diversity and abundance in southwestern Kenya[J].Biodivers Conserv,23(13):3219-3240.
WANG Y,LONG CL,LIU YT,et al.,2005.Application of plants in slope protection of expressways[J].Res Soil Water Conserv,12(6):199-202.[王云,龙春林,刘怡涛,等,2005.植物在高速公路边坡防护中的应用[J].水土保持研究,12(6):199-202.]
WANG ZH,DUAN CQ,HOU YP,et al.,2006.The relationship of plant species diversity to ecosystem function in relation to soil conservation in semihumid evergreen forests,Yunnan Province,China[J].Chin J Plant Ecol,30(3):392-403.[王震洪,段昌群,侯永平,等,2006.植物多样性与生态系统土壤保持功能关系及其生态学意义[J].植物生态学报,30(3):392-403.]
ZHANG JH,ZHANG XQ,LIU SZ,et al.,2006.Plant diversity of trampling disturbance Kobresia humilis community in Naqu,Tibet[J].Acta Ecol Sin,26(9):2957-2963.[张锦华,张新全,刘淑珍,等,2006.公路碾压干扰下群落植物多样性[J].生态学报,26(9):2957-2963.]
ZHANG JJ,WANG L,XU DM,2011.Composition and plant species diversity of plant community in the process of natural restoration of desert steppe[J].Pratac Sci,28(6):1091-1094.[张晶晶,王蕾,许冬梅,2011.荒漠草原自然恢复中植物群落组成及物种多样性[J].草业科学,28(6):1091-1094.]
ZHANG XF,MA C,DONG SK,et al.,2009.Influence of different ratios of herbage and shrubs on plant community characteristics for roadside deforestation and soil protection on the Bitong expressway[J].Acta Pratac Sin,18(4):27-34.[张相锋,马闯,董世魁,等,2009.不同草灌配比对泌桐高速公路护坡植物群落特征的影响[J].草业学报,18(4):27-34.]
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