中国青年国际义工旅行者的旅游动机及其影响因素
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摘要
以参加过国际义工旅行的26名中国青年旅行者为研究对象,基于半结构访谈所获取的数据,对青年国际义工旅行者旅游动机特征及其影响因素进行质性分析。在已有文献和调研资料的基础上,根据动机性质和联系将义工旅行的出行动机划分为利他动机和自我动机。其中,利他动机指义工旅行者对目的地援助的期望;自我动机指义工旅行者以自我兴趣和需求为中心。研究发现:1)国际义工旅行者的旅游动机呈现出自我需求主导的特征;2)不同动机主导下的国际义工旅行者都存有利他和自我的双重影响因素。影响义工旅行者动机的因素包括:平台宣传建构的目的地旅游形象、项目内容、个人能力和家庭影响等;3)国际义工旅行是一种责任旅游,不仅包含对目的地的责任同样也是对个人的责任。
This study explores the motivation of young Chinese people to take part in international volunteer tourism,drawing on the records of empirical research conducted on Chinese university students. In the past 10 years, young people have shown an increased interest in volunteer tourism. Many of them have participated in volunteer tourism.On the basis of 26 semi-structured interviews, we conduct a qualitative analysis of the factors that motivate them to participate in volunteer tourism, how these factors were generated in the social and cultural contexts within China,and the kind of responsibility mechanism that has been formed through their behavior. Developing on the existing academic works on motivations that drive volunteer tourism, this study divides motivation into two types: altruistic and self-centered motivation. With altruistic motivation, volunteer tourists have the desire to provide aid in tourist destinations; self-centered motivation refers to personal benefits gained from volunteer activities, which include self-actualization(experiencing diversity, participating in special projects, and interacting with local people),personal interests(traveling to niche destinations, travelling abroad conveniently and making new friends), selfdevelopment(cultivating work experience and skills, gaining volunteer experience and certificates). These motivations are influenced by the following factors: the geographical imaginations shared by volunteer tourism providers, tourist images of the destination, the content of volunteer programs, and personal capabilities. We find that that self-centered motivation is the primary motivation for young Chinese international volunteer tourists.Altruism, which is deemed to be one of the most important motivations by Western-oriented studies, was seldom mentioned by the respondents. Compared with strong willing to conduct true destination aid, their care about destination communities and the natural environment is more influenced by commercial expectations. Hedonic experience, a concept frequently mentioned in Western studies, is only one of the factors that constitute personal interest. The other factors that motivate these volunteer tourists are cultural contact, convenient travel, and personal development, the last two factors being more important for them. Based on their personal interests, young Chinese volunteer tourists manage to fulfill their responsibilities towards the destinations. They also manage to fulfill their personal goals by connecting responsibility to destination with their choice of destinations and volunteer projects,and thus even though it can be seen as an egoistic activity, volunteer tourism can benefit the local environment and communities. Due to the dual nature of volunteer tourism: the combination of volunteer service and tourism activities—young Chinese people's motivations for this type of tourism are varied. They are in fact influenced by both altruistic motivations and self-interest. Moreover, similar to previous studies, we argue that volunteer tourism involves the tourist's responsibility towards both the destination and themselves. This research contributes to the internationalized understanding of volunteer tourism motivations through an empirical case study in the Chinese context, and the paper serves as an academic report on the commercial platforms for volunteer tourism in China.
This study explores the motivation of young Chinese people to take part in international volunteer tourism,drawing on the records of empirical research conducted on Chinese university students. In the past 10 years, young people have shown an increased interest in volunteer tourism. Many of them have participated in volunteer tourism.On the basis of 26 semi-structured interviews, we conduct a qualitative analysis of the factors that motivate them to participate in volunteer tourism, how these factors were generated in the social and cultural contexts within China,and the kind of responsibility mechanism that has been formed through their behavior. Developing on the existing academic works on motivations that drive volunteer tourism, this study divides motivation into two types: altruistic and self-centered motivation. With altruistic motivation, volunteer tourists have the desire to provide aid in tourist destinations; self-centered motivation refers to personal benefits gained from volunteer activities, which include self-actualization(experiencing diversity, participating in special projects, and interacting with local people),personal interests(traveling to niche destinations, travelling abroad conveniently and making new friends), selfdevelopment(cultivating work experience and skills, gaining volunteer experience and certificates). These motivations are influenced by the following factors: the geographical imaginations shared by volunteer tourism providers, tourist images of the destination, the content of volunteer programs, and personal capabilities. We find that that self-centered motivation is the primary motivation for young Chinese international volunteer tourists.Altruism, which is deemed to be one of the most important motivations by Western-oriented studies, was seldom mentioned by the respondents. Compared with strong willing to conduct true destination aid, their care about destination communities and the natural environment is more influenced by commercial expectations. Hedonic experience, a concept frequently mentioned in Western studies, is only one of the factors that constitute personal interest. The other factors that motivate these volunteer tourists are cultural contact, convenient travel, and personal development, the last two factors being more important for them. Based on their personal interests, young Chinese volunteer tourists manage to fulfill their responsibilities towards the destinations. They also manage to fulfill their personal goals by connecting responsibility to destination with their choice of destinations and volunteer projects,and thus even though it can be seen as an egoistic activity, volunteer tourism can benefit the local environment and communities. Due to the dual nature of volunteer tourism: the combination of volunteer service and tourism activities—young Chinese people's motivations for this type of tourism are varied. They are in fact influenced by both altruistic motivations and self-interest. Moreover, similar to previous studies, we argue that volunteer tourism involves the tourist's responsibility towards both the destination and themselves. This research contributes to the internationalized understanding of volunteer tourism motivations through an empirical case study in the Chinese context, and the paper serves as an academic report on the commercial platforms for volunteer tourism in China.
引文
Andereck K,McGehee N G,Lee S and Clemmons D.2012.Experience Expectations of Prospective Volunteer Tourists.Journal of Travel Research,51(2):130-141.
Barbieri C,Santos C A and Katsube Y.2012.Volunteer Tourism:On-theGround Observations from Rwanda.Tourism Management,33(3):509-516.
Barnett C,Cloke P,Clarke N and Malpass A.2005.Consuming Ethics:Articulating the Subjects and Spaces of Ethical Consumption.Antipode,37(1):23-45.
Benson A and Seibert N.2009.Volunteer Tourism:Motivations of German Participants in South Africa.Annals of Leisure Research,12(3/4):295-314.
Broad S.2003.Living the Thai Life-A Case Study of Volunteer Tourism at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project,Thailand.Tourism Recreation Research,28(3):63-72.
Brown S.2005.Travelling with a Purpose:Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers.Current Issues in Tourism,8(6):479-496.
Bernstein J D and Woosnam K M.2019.Same but different:Distinguishing What it Means to Teach English as a Foreign Language Within the Context of Volunteer Tourism.Tourism Management,72:427-436.
Coghlan A and Fennell D.2009.Myth or Substance:An Examination of Altruism as the Basis of Volunteer Tourism.Annals of Leisure Research,12(3/4):377-402.
Chen L J and Chen J S.2011.The Motivations and Expectations of International Volunteer Tourists:a Case Study of“Chinese Village Traditions”.Tourism Management,32(2):435-442.
Coghlan A and Weiler B.2018.Examining Transformative Processes in Volunteer Tourism.Current Issues in Tourism,21(5):567-582.
Coghlan A.2010.Volunteer Tourism as an Emerging Trend or an Expansion of Ecotourism?A Look at Potential Clients’Perceptions of Volunteer Tourism Organizations.International Journal of Nonprofit&Voluntary Sector Marketing,11(3):225-237.
程冰,肖悦.2018.全域旅游背景下基于参与者动机的公益旅游发展趋势探讨.旅游论坛,(4):68-75.[Cheng Bing and Xiao Yue.2018.On the Development Trend of the Voluntourism Based on Participants Motivation Holistic Tourism-Holistic Tourism Perspective.Tourism Forum,(4):68-75.]
Dann G M S.1977.Anomie,Ego-enhancement and Tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,4(4):184-194.
Dann G M S.1981.Tourist Motivation:an Appraisal.Annals of Tourism Research,8(2):187-219.
Devereux P.2008.International Volunteering for Development and Sustainability:Outdated Paternalism or a Radical Response to globalisation?.Development in Practice,18(3):357-370.
杜继淑,郑惠.2010.“90后”大学生旅游动机与旅游消费行为分析.贵州师范大学学报:社会科学版,51(6):137-141.[Du Jishu and Zheng Hui.2010.Analysis of Tourism Motivation and Tourism Consumption Behavior of Post-90s College Students.Journal of Guizhou Normal University:Social Science Edition,51(6):137-141.]
付亚楠,侯国林,李欣存,张江燕.2016.境外公益旅游研究进展与启示.旅游学刊,31(9):124-134.[Fu Yanan,Hou Guolin,Li Cunxin and Zhang Jiangyan.2016.Research Progress and Enlightenment of Volunteer Tourism in Western.Tourism Tribune,31(9):124-134.].
Guttentag D A.2010.The Possible Negative Impacts of Volunteer Tourism.International Journal of Tourism Research,11(6):537-551.
Gapper国际义工旅行网.2019.What is Gapper.[2019-05-28].http://www.gappernet.org/about/.[Gapper international network.2019.What is Gapper.[2019-05-28].http://www.gappernet.org/about/.]
Hall C M.2008.The Development of Cross-Cultural(Mis)Understanding Through Volunteer Tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,16(5):530-543.
Henderson K A.1981.Motivations and Perceptions of Volunteerism as a Leisure Activity.Journal of Leisure Research,13(3):208-218.
Han H,Meng B,Chua B,Ryu H B and Kim W.2019.International Volunteer Tourism and Youth Travelers-an Emerging Tourism Trend.Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing,36(5):549-562.
蒋建忠.2017.共通与融合:社会科学中的质性分析和定量研究.社科纵横,32(1):83-92.[Jiang Jianzhong.2017.Common and Integration:Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Research in Social Sciences.Social Sciences Review,32(1):83-92.]
Kitney S,Stanway A R and Ryan M M.2018.Volunteer Tourism Motivations of the Marine Conservation Cambodia Project.Current Issues in Tourism,21(10):1091-1096.
Kwok Y,Chui W and Wong L.2013.Need Satisfaction Mechanism Linking Volunteer Motivation and Life Satisfaction:A Mediation Study of Volunteers Subjective Well-Being.Social Indicators Research,114(3):1315-1329.
Lo A S and Lee C Y S.2011.Motivations and Perceived Value of Volunteer Tourists from Hong Kong.Tourism Management,32(2):326-334.
Lee S and Yen C L.2015.Volunteer Tourists Motivation Change and Intended Participation.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,20(4):359-377.
Massey D.2004.Geographies of Responsibility.Geografiska Annaler,86(1):5-18.
Mcintosh A J and Zahra A.2007.A Cultural Encounter Through Volunteer Tourism:Towards the Ideals of Sustainable Tourism?Journal of Sustainable Tourism,15(5):541-556.
Mustonen P.2007.Volunteer Tourism-Altruism or Mere Tourism?Anatolia,18(1):97-115.
那梦帆,余志远,王越.2018.中国海外志愿者公益旅游体验及其影响.当代青年研究,(5):54-61.[Na Mengfan,Yu Zhiyuan and Wang Yue.2018.Experience and Influence of Chinese Overseas Volunteer Tourism.Contemporary Youth Research,(5):54-61.]
Otoo F E and Amuquandoh F E.2014.An Exploration of the Motivations for Volunteering:A Study of International Volunteer Tourists to Ghana.Tourism Management Perspectives,11:51-57.
Pearce P L and Ukil L.2016.Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation.Journal of Travel Research,43(3):226-237.
Piliavin J A and Charng H W.1990.Altruism:A Review of Recent Theory and Research.Annual Review of Sociology,16(4):27-65.
Rehberg W.2005.Altruistic Individualists:Motivations for International Volunteering Among Young Adults in Switzerland.Voluntas International Journal of Voluntary&Nonprofit Organizations,16(2):109-122.
Robert L R,Rachel K and Robert E G.2001.Predicting Volunteer Commitment in Environmental Stewardship Programmes.Journal of Environmental Planning&Management,44(5):629-648.
Seppo E Iso-Ahola.1983.Towards a Social Psychology of Recreational Travel.Leisure Studies,2(1):45-56.
Simpson K.2004.‘Doing Development’:the Gap Year,Volunteer-tourists and a Popular Practice of Development.Journal of International Development,16(5):681-692.
Sin H L.2010.Who are We Responsible to?Locals’Tales of Volunteer Tourism.Geoforum,41(6):983-992.
Sin H L,Oakes T and Mostafanezhad M.2015.Traveling for a Cause:Critical Examinations of Volunteer Tourism and Social Justice.Tourist Studies,15(2):119-131.
Sin H L.2009.Volunteer Tourism-“Involve Me and I Will Learn”?.Annals of Tourism Research,36(3):480-501.
Soderman N and Snead S L.2008.Opening the Gap:The Motivation of Gap Year Travelers to Volunteer in Latin America.In:Lyons K and Wearing S.Journeys of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism.Wallingford:CABIInternational.
Stoddart H and Rogerson C M.2004.Volunteer Tourism:the Case of Habitat for Humanity South Africa.Geojournal,60(3):311-318.
Strauss A and Corbin J.1990.Basis of Qualitative Research:Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.New Bury Park,CA:Sage.
Strzelecka M,Woosnam K M and Nisbett G S.2018.Self-efficacy Mechanism at Work:The Context of Environmental Volunteer Travel.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,26(11):2002-2020.
Strzelecka M,Nisbett G S and Woosnam K M.2017.The Hedonic Nature of Conservation Volunteer Travel.Tourism Management,63:417-425.
王博.2016.80后、90后大学生价值观比较研究.中国人民大学教育学刊,6(4):124-137.[Wang Bo.2016.A Comparative Study of Values Between Post-80 and Post-90s.Renmin University of China Education Journal,6(4):124-137.]
Wearing S and Mcgehee N G.2013.Volunteer Tourism:A Review.Tourism Management,38(13):120-130.
Wearing S.2001.Volunteer Tourism:Experiences that Make a Difference.Wallingford:CABI.
Weaver D.2015.Volunteer Tourism and Beyond:Motivations and Barriers to Participation in Protected Area Enhancement.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(5):683-705.
Wu D C,Fu H and Kang M.2017.Why Volunteer Teaching Tourism?Empirical Evidence from China.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,(3):1-12.
谢彦君.2015.基础旅游学.北京:商务印书馆.[Xie Yanjun.2015.Fundamental Tourism Study.Beijing:The Commercial Press.]
熊剑平,邱玥.2018.公益旅游的内容营销分析--以刺猬体验为例.旅游纵览,(1):1.[Xiong Jianping and Qiu Yue.2018.Content Marketing Analysis of Public Service Tourism-a Case Study of Ci Wei TiYan,Tourism Overview,(1):1.]
杨光圆,童斌.2017.国内义工旅行组织的现状与问题分析.现代经济信息,(12):105.[Yang Guangyuan and Tong Bin.2017.Current Situation and Problem Analysis of Domestic Volunteer Tourism Organization.Modern Economic Information,(12):105.]
Zahra A and McGehee N G.2013.Host Perceptions of Volunteer Tourism:a Community Capital Perspective.Annals of Tourism Research,42:22-45.
中国旅游研究院,携程旅游集团.2017.2017年中国出境旅游大数据报告[2018-03-02].http://www.199it.com/archives/695529.html.[China Tourism Academy and Ctrip.2017.2017 China Outbound Tourism Travel Report[2018-03-02].http://www.199it.com/archives/695529.html.]
宗圆圆.2012.公益旅游动机、体验与影响研究述评.旅游科学,26(3):78-94.[Zong Yuanyuan.2012.Volunteer Tourism:a Review of Motivation,Experience and Impact.Tourism Science,26(3):78-94.]
赵丽宏,江海旭,匡中芹.2017.爱国主义背景下大学生公益旅游研究--以旅顺口区为例.现代商贸工业,(8):27-28.[Zhao Lihong,Jiang Haixu and Kuang Zhongqin.2017.Research on College Students’Public Welfare Tourism under the Background of Patriotism-a Case Study of Lushun.Modern Business Trade Industry,(8):27-28.]
Barbieri C,Santos C A and Katsube Y.2012.Volunteer Tourism:On-theGround Observations from Rwanda.Tourism Management,33(3):509-516.
Barnett C,Cloke P,Clarke N and Malpass A.2005.Consuming Ethics:Articulating the Subjects and Spaces of Ethical Consumption.Antipode,37(1):23-45.
Benson A and Seibert N.2009.Volunteer Tourism:Motivations of German Participants in South Africa.Annals of Leisure Research,12(3/4):295-314.
Broad S.2003.Living the Thai Life-A Case Study of Volunteer Tourism at the Gibbon Rehabilitation Project,Thailand.Tourism Recreation Research,28(3):63-72.
Brown S.2005.Travelling with a Purpose:Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers.Current Issues in Tourism,8(6):479-496.
Bernstein J D and Woosnam K M.2019.Same but different:Distinguishing What it Means to Teach English as a Foreign Language Within the Context of Volunteer Tourism.Tourism Management,72:427-436.
Coghlan A and Fennell D.2009.Myth or Substance:An Examination of Altruism as the Basis of Volunteer Tourism.Annals of Leisure Research,12(3/4):377-402.
Chen L J and Chen J S.2011.The Motivations and Expectations of International Volunteer Tourists:a Case Study of“Chinese Village Traditions”.Tourism Management,32(2):435-442.
Coghlan A and Weiler B.2018.Examining Transformative Processes in Volunteer Tourism.Current Issues in Tourism,21(5):567-582.
Coghlan A.2010.Volunteer Tourism as an Emerging Trend or an Expansion of Ecotourism?A Look at Potential Clients’Perceptions of Volunteer Tourism Organizations.International Journal of Nonprofit&Voluntary Sector Marketing,11(3):225-237.
程冰,肖悦.2018.全域旅游背景下基于参与者动机的公益旅游发展趋势探讨.旅游论坛,(4):68-75.[Cheng Bing and Xiao Yue.2018.On the Development Trend of the Voluntourism Based on Participants Motivation Holistic Tourism-Holistic Tourism Perspective.Tourism Forum,(4):68-75.]
Dann G M S.1977.Anomie,Ego-enhancement and Tourism.Annals of Tourism Research,4(4):184-194.
Dann G M S.1981.Tourist Motivation:an Appraisal.Annals of Tourism Research,8(2):187-219.
Devereux P.2008.International Volunteering for Development and Sustainability:Outdated Paternalism or a Radical Response to globalisation?.Development in Practice,18(3):357-370.
杜继淑,郑惠.2010.“90后”大学生旅游动机与旅游消费行为分析.贵州师范大学学报:社会科学版,51(6):137-141.[Du Jishu and Zheng Hui.2010.Analysis of Tourism Motivation and Tourism Consumption Behavior of Post-90s College Students.Journal of Guizhou Normal University:Social Science Edition,51(6):137-141.]
付亚楠,侯国林,李欣存,张江燕.2016.境外公益旅游研究进展与启示.旅游学刊,31(9):124-134.[Fu Yanan,Hou Guolin,Li Cunxin and Zhang Jiangyan.2016.Research Progress and Enlightenment of Volunteer Tourism in Western.Tourism Tribune,31(9):124-134.].
Guttentag D A.2010.The Possible Negative Impacts of Volunteer Tourism.International Journal of Tourism Research,11(6):537-551.
Gapper国际义工旅行网.2019.What is Gapper.[2019-05-28].http://www.gappernet.org/about/.[Gapper international network.2019.What is Gapper.[2019-05-28].http://www.gappernet.org/about/.]
Hall C M.2008.The Development of Cross-Cultural(Mis)Understanding Through Volunteer Tourism.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,16(5):530-543.
Henderson K A.1981.Motivations and Perceptions of Volunteerism as a Leisure Activity.Journal of Leisure Research,13(3):208-218.
Han H,Meng B,Chua B,Ryu H B and Kim W.2019.International Volunteer Tourism and Youth Travelers-an Emerging Tourism Trend.Journal of Travel&Tourism Marketing,36(5):549-562.
蒋建忠.2017.共通与融合:社会科学中的质性分析和定量研究.社科纵横,32(1):83-92.[Jiang Jianzhong.2017.Common and Integration:Qualitative Analysis and Quantitative Research in Social Sciences.Social Sciences Review,32(1):83-92.]
Kitney S,Stanway A R and Ryan M M.2018.Volunteer Tourism Motivations of the Marine Conservation Cambodia Project.Current Issues in Tourism,21(10):1091-1096.
Kwok Y,Chui W and Wong L.2013.Need Satisfaction Mechanism Linking Volunteer Motivation and Life Satisfaction:A Mediation Study of Volunteers Subjective Well-Being.Social Indicators Research,114(3):1315-1329.
Lo A S and Lee C Y S.2011.Motivations and Perceived Value of Volunteer Tourists from Hong Kong.Tourism Management,32(2):326-334.
Lee S and Yen C L.2015.Volunteer Tourists Motivation Change and Intended Participation.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,20(4):359-377.
Massey D.2004.Geographies of Responsibility.Geografiska Annaler,86(1):5-18.
Mcintosh A J and Zahra A.2007.A Cultural Encounter Through Volunteer Tourism:Towards the Ideals of Sustainable Tourism?Journal of Sustainable Tourism,15(5):541-556.
Mustonen P.2007.Volunteer Tourism-Altruism or Mere Tourism?Anatolia,18(1):97-115.
那梦帆,余志远,王越.2018.中国海外志愿者公益旅游体验及其影响.当代青年研究,(5):54-61.[Na Mengfan,Yu Zhiyuan and Wang Yue.2018.Experience and Influence of Chinese Overseas Volunteer Tourism.Contemporary Youth Research,(5):54-61.]
Otoo F E and Amuquandoh F E.2014.An Exploration of the Motivations for Volunteering:A Study of International Volunteer Tourists to Ghana.Tourism Management Perspectives,11:51-57.
Pearce P L and Ukil L.2016.Developing the Travel Career Approach to Tourist Motivation.Journal of Travel Research,43(3):226-237.
Piliavin J A and Charng H W.1990.Altruism:A Review of Recent Theory and Research.Annual Review of Sociology,16(4):27-65.
Rehberg W.2005.Altruistic Individualists:Motivations for International Volunteering Among Young Adults in Switzerland.Voluntas International Journal of Voluntary&Nonprofit Organizations,16(2):109-122.
Robert L R,Rachel K and Robert E G.2001.Predicting Volunteer Commitment in Environmental Stewardship Programmes.Journal of Environmental Planning&Management,44(5):629-648.
Seppo E Iso-Ahola.1983.Towards a Social Psychology of Recreational Travel.Leisure Studies,2(1):45-56.
Simpson K.2004.‘Doing Development’:the Gap Year,Volunteer-tourists and a Popular Practice of Development.Journal of International Development,16(5):681-692.
Sin H L.2010.Who are We Responsible to?Locals’Tales of Volunteer Tourism.Geoforum,41(6):983-992.
Sin H L,Oakes T and Mostafanezhad M.2015.Traveling for a Cause:Critical Examinations of Volunteer Tourism and Social Justice.Tourist Studies,15(2):119-131.
Sin H L.2009.Volunteer Tourism-“Involve Me and I Will Learn”?.Annals of Tourism Research,36(3):480-501.
Soderman N and Snead S L.2008.Opening the Gap:The Motivation of Gap Year Travelers to Volunteer in Latin America.In:Lyons K and Wearing S.Journeys of Discovery in Volunteer Tourism.Wallingford:CABIInternational.
Stoddart H and Rogerson C M.2004.Volunteer Tourism:the Case of Habitat for Humanity South Africa.Geojournal,60(3):311-318.
Strauss A and Corbin J.1990.Basis of Qualitative Research:Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques.New Bury Park,CA:Sage.
Strzelecka M,Woosnam K M and Nisbett G S.2018.Self-efficacy Mechanism at Work:The Context of Environmental Volunteer Travel.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,26(11):2002-2020.
Strzelecka M,Nisbett G S and Woosnam K M.2017.The Hedonic Nature of Conservation Volunteer Travel.Tourism Management,63:417-425.
王博.2016.80后、90后大学生价值观比较研究.中国人民大学教育学刊,6(4):124-137.[Wang Bo.2016.A Comparative Study of Values Between Post-80 and Post-90s.Renmin University of China Education Journal,6(4):124-137.]
Wearing S and Mcgehee N G.2013.Volunteer Tourism:A Review.Tourism Management,38(13):120-130.
Wearing S.2001.Volunteer Tourism:Experiences that Make a Difference.Wallingford:CABI.
Weaver D.2015.Volunteer Tourism and Beyond:Motivations and Barriers to Participation in Protected Area Enhancement.Journal of Sustainable Tourism,23(5):683-705.
Wu D C,Fu H and Kang M.2017.Why Volunteer Teaching Tourism?Empirical Evidence from China.Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research,(3):1-12.
谢彦君.2015.基础旅游学.北京:商务印书馆.[Xie Yanjun.2015.Fundamental Tourism Study.Beijing:The Commercial Press.]
熊剑平,邱玥.2018.公益旅游的内容营销分析--以刺猬体验为例.旅游纵览,(1):1.[Xiong Jianping and Qiu Yue.2018.Content Marketing Analysis of Public Service Tourism-a Case Study of Ci Wei TiYan,Tourism Overview,(1):1.]
杨光圆,童斌.2017.国内义工旅行组织的现状与问题分析.现代经济信息,(12):105.[Yang Guangyuan and Tong Bin.2017.Current Situation and Problem Analysis of Domestic Volunteer Tourism Organization.Modern Economic Information,(12):105.]
Zahra A and McGehee N G.2013.Host Perceptions of Volunteer Tourism:a Community Capital Perspective.Annals of Tourism Research,42:22-45.
中国旅游研究院,携程旅游集团.2017.2017年中国出境旅游大数据报告[2018-03-02].http://www.199it.com/archives/695529.html.[China Tourism Academy and Ctrip.2017.2017 China Outbound Tourism Travel Report[2018-03-02].http://www.199it.com/archives/695529.html.]
宗圆圆.2012.公益旅游动机、体验与影响研究述评.旅游科学,26(3):78-94.[Zong Yuanyuan.2012.Volunteer Tourism:a Review of Motivation,Experience and Impact.Tourism Science,26(3):78-94.]
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