泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的污染特征、来源及其健康风险评价
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摘要
为了解泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs的污染特征,明确关键污染源,于2016年2月～10月采集了清源山、涂山街、万安和东海四个站点的PM_(2.5)样品,采用前进样口直接热解析气相色谱-质谱联用仪(TD-GC/MS)定量分析了19种多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度水平,并对其健康风险进行评价。结果表明,采样期间泉州市大气PM_(2.5)中∑PAHs质量浓度为1. 98±0. 75 ng/m~3,显著低于国内大多数城市;呈现冬季>春季>夏季>秋季的季节变化特点,以及涂山街>万安>东海>清源山的空间分布特征。其中,5环PAHs占比最大,为30%～38%,其次为3环,4环和6环,占比分别为18%～27%、22%～25%、和13%～19%。特征比值法分析发现,夏、秋季PAHs受生物质燃烧或煤燃烧的影响大于冬、春季;冬、春季化石燃料燃烧(如机动车排放)的影响较大。大气PM_(2.5)中PAHs对儿童和成人的超额终生致癌风险分别为0. 7×10~(-7)和1. 4×10~(-7),不具有致癌风险。
In order to understand the pollution characteristics and clarify the key pollution sources of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs,PM_(2.5) samples were collected at four sites( including Qingyuanshan,Tushanjie,Wanan and Donghai) in Quanzhou during February to October2016. Total 19 selected PAHs were analyzed by the in-injection port thermal desorption( TD)-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry( GC/MS) procedure,temporal-spatial distribution and health risk assessment of PAHs was evaluated. The concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs in Quanzhou were 1. 98±0. 75 ng/m~3,which was significantly lower than most cities in China. Seasonal variation of∑PAHs concentrations was as following: winter>spring>summer>autumn,and spatial pattern of ∑PAHs pollution was as following:Tushanjie>Wanan>Donghai>Qingyuanshan. PAHs was mainly composed of 5-ring PAH with the percentage of 30%-38%,and the proportion of 3-ring,4-ring and 6-ring were 18%-27%,22%-25%,and 13%-19%,respectively. According to PAH diagnostic ratios,coal burning and biomass burning were the major emission sources in summer and autumn,and fossil fuel burning( such as vehicle emissions) was the predominant source in winter and spring. The average lifetime cancer risks of PAHs for children and adults were 0. 7×10~(-7) and 1. 4×10~(-7),respectively. There is no carcinogenic risk of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs in Quanzhou city.
In order to understand the pollution characteristics and clarify the key pollution sources of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs,PM_(2.5) samples were collected at four sites( including Qingyuanshan,Tushanjie,Wanan and Donghai) in Quanzhou during February to October2016. Total 19 selected PAHs were analyzed by the in-injection port thermal desorption( TD)-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry( GC/MS) procedure,temporal-spatial distribution and health risk assessment of PAHs was evaluated. The concentrations of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs in Quanzhou were 1. 98±0. 75 ng/m~3,which was significantly lower than most cities in China. Seasonal variation of∑PAHs concentrations was as following: winter>spring>summer>autumn,and spatial pattern of ∑PAHs pollution was as following:Tushanjie>Wanan>Donghai>Qingyuanshan. PAHs was mainly composed of 5-ring PAH with the percentage of 30%-38%,and the proportion of 3-ring,4-ring and 6-ring were 18%-27%,22%-25%,and 13%-19%,respectively. According to PAH diagnostic ratios,coal burning and biomass burning were the major emission sources in summer and autumn,and fossil fuel burning( such as vehicle emissions) was the predominant source in winter and spring. The average lifetime cancer risks of PAHs for children and adults were 0. 7×10~(-7) and 1. 4×10~(-7),respectively. There is no carcinogenic risk of PM_(2.5)-bound PAHs in Quanzhou city.
引文
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[21]谢瑞加.泉州市灰霾时PM2.5浓度与气象条件、能见度相关分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(3):109-112.
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[23]Kyung H,Beizhan Y,Steven N,et al.Assessment of benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of residential indoor versus outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposing young children in NewYork city[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2010,7(5):1889-1900.
[24]顾爱军,刘佳澍,罗世鹏,等.常州市大气PM2.5中PAHs污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(8):3110-3119.
[25]王超,张霖琳,刀谞,等.京津冀地区城市空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):1-6.
[26]李伟芳,彭跃,赵丽娟,等.东北地区城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):13-17.
[27]胡珊,张远航,魏永杰.珠江三角洲大气细颗粒物的致癌风险及源解析[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1202-1208.
[28]Xu H,Tao J,Steven S,et al.Characteristics of fine particulate non-polar organic compounds in Guangzhou during the 16th Asian Games:Effectiveness of air pollution controls[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,76(5):94-101.
[29]Wang J,Steven S,Ma S,et al.Characterization of PM2.5,in Guangzhou,China:Uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:961-971.
[30]Wang J,Steven S,Huang R,et al.Characterization of parent and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Xi’an,China during heating period:An investigation of spatial distribution and transformation[J].Chemosphere,2016,159(6):367-377.
[31]毕丽玫,郝吉明,宁平,等.昆明城区大气PM2.5中PAHs的污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(3):659-667.
[32]黄业茹,狄一安,施钧慧.北京、东京、筑波大气中有机污染组成研究[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1):4-8.
[33]Li C,Richard M.The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as source signatures in receptor modeling[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,27(4):523-532.
[34]Wang G,Kimitaka K,Zhao X,et al.Identification,abundance and seasonal variation of anthropogenic organic aerosols from a mega-city in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(2):407-416.
[35]Marek T,Jacek N.PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,162(1):110-119.
[36]张勇,刘浩,张家泉,等.黄石市夏季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征解析[J].安全与环境工程,2014,21(2):28-31.
[37]周变红,张承中,王格慧.西安城区大气中多环芳烃的季节变化特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(9):2324-2331.
[38]刘聪聪,杨新亚,宋睿,等.金华市冬季大气颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染现状及健康风险评价[J].科学通报,2017,62(12):1285-1291.
[2]Emmenegger C,Kalberer M,Samburova V,et al.High time resolution and size-segregated analysis of aerosol-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2005,39(11):4213-4219.
[3]Prevedouros K,Brorstr9m-Lundén E,J Halsall C,et al.Seasonal and long-term trends in atmospheric PAH concentrations:Evidence and implications[J].Environmental Pollution,2004,128(1):17-27.
[4]吴水平,蓝天,左谦,等.不同高度大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的粒径分布[J].环境化学,2005,24(1):76-80.
[5]刘爱明,杨柳,吴亚玲,等.城市区域大气颗粒物的健康效应研究[J].中国环境监测,2012,28(5):19-23.
[6]Panther B,Hooper M,Tapper N.A comparison of air particulate matter and associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some tropical and temperate urban environments[J].Atmospheric Environment,1999,33(24/25):4087-4099.
[7]Antonio F,Donald M,Terry B,et al.Octanol-air partition coefficient as a predictor of partitioning of semi-volatile organic chemicals to aerosols[J].Atmospheric Environment,1997,31(15):2289-2296.
[8]Harrison R,Smith D,Luhana L.Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham,U.K.[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1996,30(3):825-832.
[9]赵岩,冯利红,李建平,等.天津市冬季PM2.5中多环芳烃来源及健康风险评价[J].华南预防医学,2016,42(1):25-31.
[10]王群,郭月,姜楠,等.郑州市PM10和PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价[J].郑州大学学报,2016,48(2):84-89.
[11]于云江,杨林,李良忠,等.兰州市大气PM10中重金属和多环芳烃的健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(11):2920-2927.
[12]孟川平,杨凌霄,董灿,等.济南冬春季室内空气PM2.5中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境化学,2013,32(5):719-725.
[13]张勇,陈卓,沈烨冰,等.贵阳市大气中多环芳烃的来源分析及健康风险评价[J].安全与环境学报,2013,13(3):106-110.
[14]谭吉华,毕新慧,段菁春,等.广州市大气可吸入颗粒物(PM10)中多环芳烃的季节变化[J].环境科学学报,2005,25(7):855-862.
[15]王英锋,张姗姗,李杏茹,等.北京大气颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度季节变化及来源分析[J].环境化学,2010,29(3):369-375.
[16]Zhang S,Zhang W,Wang K,et al.Concentration,distribution and source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the southeast suburb of Beijing,China[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,151(1/2/3/4):197-207.
[17]李文慧,张承中,马万里,等.西安采暖季大气中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2010,31(7):1432-1437.
[18]冯利红,李永刚,赵岩,等.天津市大气细颗粒物中多环芳烃人群健康风险评估[J].实用预防医学,2015,22(11):1322-1325.
[19]段菁春,毕新慧,谭吉华,等.广州灰霾期大气颗粒物中多环芳烃粒径的分布[J].环境科学,2006,27(4):625-629.
[20]谢瑞加.2014年泉州市区PM2.5浓度的时空变化特征分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(4):127-129.
[21]谢瑞加.泉州市灰霾时PM2.5浓度与气象条件、能见度相关分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(3):109-112.
[22]Steven S,Judith C,John G,et al.Precautions for in-injection port thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(TD-GC/MS)as applied to aerosol filter samples[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(7):1491-1496.
[23]Kyung H,Beizhan Y,Steven N,et al.Assessment of benzo(a)pyrene-equivalent carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of residential indoor versus outdoor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposing young children in NewYork city[J].International Journal of Environmental Research&Public Health,2010,7(5):1889-1900.
[24]顾爱军,刘佳澍,罗世鹏,等.常州市大气PM2.5中PAHs污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学,2017,38(8):3110-3119.
[25]王超,张霖琳,刀谞,等.京津冀地区城市空气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征及来源[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(1):1-6.
[26]李伟芳,彭跃,赵丽娟,等.东北地区城市大气颗粒物中多环芳烃的污染特征[J].中国环境监测,2013,29(1):13-17.
[27]胡珊,张远航,魏永杰.珠江三角洲大气细颗粒物的致癌风险及源解析[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(11):1202-1208.
[28]Xu H,Tao J,Steven S,et al.Characteristics of fine particulate non-polar organic compounds in Guangzhou during the 16th Asian Games:Effectiveness of air pollution controls[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,76(5):94-101.
[29]Wang J,Steven S,Ma S,et al.Characterization of PM2.5,in Guangzhou,China:Uses of organic markers for supporting source apportionment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:961-971.
[30]Wang J,Steven S,Huang R,et al.Characterization of parent and oxygenated-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Xi’an,China during heating period:An investigation of spatial distribution and transformation[J].Chemosphere,2016,159(6):367-377.
[31]毕丽玫,郝吉明,宁平,等.昆明城区大气PM2.5中PAHs的污染特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(3):659-667.
[32]黄业茹,狄一安,施钧慧.北京、东京、筑波大气中有机污染组成研究[J].环境科学研究,2001,14(1):4-8.
[33]Li C,Richard M.The use of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as source signatures in receptor modeling[J].Atmospheric Environment,2016,27(4):523-532.
[34]Wang G,Kimitaka K,Zhao X,et al.Identification,abundance and seasonal variation of anthropogenic organic aerosols from a mega-city in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2007,41(2):407-416.
[35]Marek T,Jacek N.PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources[J].Environmental Pollution,2012,162(1):110-119.
[36]张勇,刘浩,张家泉,等.黄石市夏季大气颗粒物中多环芳烃污染特征解析[J].安全与环境工程,2014,21(2):28-31.
[37]周变红,张承中,王格慧.西安城区大气中多环芳烃的季节变化特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(9):2324-2331.
[38]刘聪聪,杨新亚,宋睿,等.金华市冬季大气颗粒物PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染现状及健康风险评价[J].科学通报,2017,62(12):1285-1291.
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