控释肥施用量对兔眼蓝浆果叶片和栽培基质渗出液中养分含量及植株生长的影响
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摘要
以兔眼蓝浆果品种‘灿烂’(Vaccinium ashei‘Brightwell’)幼树(株龄1.5 a)为实验对象,采用蓝浆果专用栽培基质和巴萨克包膜控释肥培养植株,对不施肥以及施用低量、中量和高量(施肥量分别为0、5、10和15 g·kg~(-1))控释肥后栽培基质渗出液和植株叶片中全氮、全磷和全钾含量的变化趋势以及植株的生长状况进行了比较研究。结果显示:总体上,各施肥组渗出液和叶片中的全氮、全磷和全钾含量均不同程度高于对照组,且随控释肥施用量的提高,渗出液和叶片中的全氮、全磷和全钾含量均逐渐增加。在施肥后2～21周,渗出液中全氮和全钾含量均呈先缓慢升高后快速降低的"单峰型"变化趋势,而全磷含量的变化趋势则略有不同,其中,高量和中量施肥组渗出液中全磷含量基本呈"双峰型"变化趋势;控释肥中氮、磷和钾的集中释放期分别为施肥后2～10、7～10和5～10周,且均在施肥后10周达到峰值。在施肥后2～22周,叶片中全氮和全钾含量总体呈"双峰型"变化趋势,而叶片中全磷含量总体呈"波动—平稳"的变化趋势;品种‘灿烂’幼树氮、磷和钾积累的活跃期分别集中在施肥后4～16、2～8和6～18周,且均在施肥后8周达到峰值。从生长性状看,各施肥组单株一级至四级枝条数量、株高、基径、最长二级枝条长度以及单株根和地上部的干质量均明显高于对照组,且除单株一级枝条数量外,其他指标均与对照组差异显著(P<0.05);在各生长指标中,单株四级枝条数量、株高、基径、最长二级枝条长度和单株根干质量均以中量施肥组最高。综合分析结果表明:在无土栽培基质中,控释肥养分的释放规律与品种‘灿烂’幼树生长过程中的需肥特性基本同步,但与植株叶片中养分积累规律略有差异。施用控释肥可促进品种‘灿烂’幼树生长,从兼顾植株生长与施肥效益角度看,中量(10 g·kg~(-1))施用控释肥对品种‘灿烂’幼树生长较为适宜。
Taking Vaccinium ashei ‘Brightwell' sapling(plant age of 1.5 a) as research object, and using special culture substrate for V. ashei and Basacote capsule controlled release fertilizer to cultivate plant, variation tendencies of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents in exudate from culture substrate and plant leaf and plant growth status after no fertilization, and applying low amount, medium amount and high amount(fertilizing amount of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g·kg~(-1), respectively) of controlled release fertilizer were compared and studied. The results show that in general, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents in exudate and leaf of each fertilization group are higher than those of the control group at different degrees, and all of the above element contents in exudate and leaf all gradually increase with enhancing of application amount of controlled release fertilizer. In 2-21 weeks after fertilization, total nitrogen and total potassium contents in exudate all show a "unimodal" variation tendency of first slowly increase and then quickly decrease, while variation tendency of total phosphorus content is slightly different, in which, total phosphorus content in exudate of high and medium fertilization groups basically shows a "bimodal" variation tendency; concentrated release periods of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of controlled release fertilizer are 2-10, 7-10 and 5-10 weeks after fertilization, respectively, and all reach the peak value at 10 weeks after fertilization. In 2-22 weeks after fertilization, total nitrogen and total potassium contents in leaf show a "bimodal" variation tendency in general, while total phosphorus content in leaf show a ‘fluctuation-stable' variation tendency in general; active accumulation periods of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling mainly distribute in 4-16, 2-8 and 6-18 weeks after fertilization, respectively, and all reach the peak value at 8 weeks after fertilization. As for the growth traits, numbers of branches from the first grade to the fourth grade per plant, height, basal diameter, length of the longest second grade branch and dry masses of root and above-ground part per plant of each fertilization group are evidently higher than those of the control group, and the indexes are all significantly(P<0.05) different from those of the control group except for number of the first grade branch per plant; among each growth index, number of the fourth grade branch per plant, height, basal diameter, length of the longest second grade branch and dry mass of root per plant are all the highest in medium fertilization group. The comprehensive analysis result shows that in soilless culture substrate, nutrient release law of controlled release fertilizer is basically consistent with the fertilizer demand characteristic of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling during growth progress, but it is slightly different from nutrient accumulation law in plant leaf. Application of controlled release fertilizer can promote growth of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling, from the view of considering plant growth and fertilization benefit, medium application(10 g·kg~(-1)) of controlled release fertilizer is better for growth of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling.
Taking Vaccinium ashei ‘Brightwell' sapling(plant age of 1.5 a) as research object, and using special culture substrate for V. ashei and Basacote capsule controlled release fertilizer to cultivate plant, variation tendencies of total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents in exudate from culture substrate and plant leaf and plant growth status after no fertilization, and applying low amount, medium amount and high amount(fertilizing amount of 0, 5, 10 and 15 g·kg~(-1), respectively) of controlled release fertilizer were compared and studied. The results show that in general, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium contents in exudate and leaf of each fertilization group are higher than those of the control group at different degrees, and all of the above element contents in exudate and leaf all gradually increase with enhancing of application amount of controlled release fertilizer. In 2-21 weeks after fertilization, total nitrogen and total potassium contents in exudate all show a "unimodal" variation tendency of first slowly increase and then quickly decrease, while variation tendency of total phosphorus content is slightly different, in which, total phosphorus content in exudate of high and medium fertilization groups basically shows a "bimodal" variation tendency; concentrated release periods of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of controlled release fertilizer are 2-10, 7-10 and 5-10 weeks after fertilization, respectively, and all reach the peak value at 10 weeks after fertilization. In 2-22 weeks after fertilization, total nitrogen and total potassium contents in leaf show a "bimodal" variation tendency in general, while total phosphorus content in leaf show a ‘fluctuation-stable' variation tendency in general; active accumulation periods of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling mainly distribute in 4-16, 2-8 and 6-18 weeks after fertilization, respectively, and all reach the peak value at 8 weeks after fertilization. As for the growth traits, numbers of branches from the first grade to the fourth grade per plant, height, basal diameter, length of the longest second grade branch and dry masses of root and above-ground part per plant of each fertilization group are evidently higher than those of the control group, and the indexes are all significantly(P<0.05) different from those of the control group except for number of the first grade branch per plant; among each growth index, number of the fourth grade branch per plant, height, basal diameter, length of the longest second grade branch and dry mass of root per plant are all the highest in medium fertilization group. The comprehensive analysis result shows that in soilless culture substrate, nutrient release law of controlled release fertilizer is basically consistent with the fertilizer demand characteristic of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling during growth progress, but it is slightly different from nutrient accumulation law in plant leaf. Application of controlled release fertilizer can promote growth of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling, from the view of considering plant growth and fertilization benefit, medium application(10 g·kg~(-1)) of controlled release fertilizer is better for growth of cultivar ‘Brightwell' sapling.
引文
[1] 顾姻,贺善安.蓝浆果与蔓越桔[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001:1-6.
[2] 於虹,贺善安.世界的蓝莓产业及研究现况[J].落叶果树,2013,45(3):19-22.
[3] BLACK B L,ZIMMERMAN R H.Industrial and municipal by-products as substrates for highbush blueberry production[J].Acta Horticulturae,2002,574:267-272.
[4] OCHMIAN I,GRAJKOWSKI J,MIKICIUK G,et al.Mineral composition of high blueberry leaves and fruits depending on substrate type used for cultivation[J].Journal of Elementology,2009,14(3):509-516.
[5] ANCU I,IANCU M,MLADIN P,et al.The planting substrate effects on some growth characteristics of seven blueberry cultivars[J].Bulletin UASVM Horticulture,2010,67(1):91-95.
[6] ANCU I,MLADIN P,CHI?U V,et al.Study on chlorophyll fluorescence at some Romanian blueberry cultivars growing on three planting substrates[J].Acta Horticulturae,2013,981:565-572.
[7] VOOGT W,DIJK P V,DOUVEN F,et al.Development of a soilless growing system for blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum):nutrient demand and nutrient solution[J].Acta Horticulturae,2014,1017:215-221.
[8] 樊小林,刘芳,廖照源,等.我国控释肥料研究的现状和展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):463-473.
[9] 粟晓万,杜建军,贾振宇,等.缓/控释肥的研究应用现状[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(12):234-238.
[10] 朱海军,生静雅,刘广勤,等.控释肥对薄壳山核桃容器苗营养生长的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(1):37-41.
[11] 孙娅婷,张民,徐振.包膜控释肥在波斯菊穴盘育苗上的应用及效应研究[J].北方园艺,2006(1):32-34.
[12] 张守仕.袋控缓释肥养分释放特性及其在桃树上的应用效果[D].泰安:山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,2007:51-53.
[13] KREWER G,RUTER J,NESMITH S,et al.Performance of low cost organic materials as blueberry substrates and soil amendments[J].Acta Horticulturae,2002,574:273-279.
[14] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[15] SHAVIV A,RABAN S,ZAIDEL E.Modeling controlled nutrient release from a population of polymer coated fertilizers:statistically based model for diffusion release[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(10):2257-2261.
[16] 李雪飞.控释肥对紫叶稠李叶片营养、色素及光谱反射的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,2010:50.
[17] 李谦盛,邓敏,谭海博,等.基质配比和控释肥施用量对曼青冈容器苗生长的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2013,35(3):480-485.
[18] 朱翠英,时连辉,刘登民,等.控释肥对土壤养分和杏树生长及产量品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(5):117-121.
[19] 火顺利.施用控释肥对辣椒生长生理、养分吸收及利用的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学园艺学院,2015:38-39.
[20] 田志刚,王鹏飞.供磷水平对核桃苗木根系发育、幼苗生长及光合性能的影响[J].北方园艺,2019(4):52-58.
[21] 庞薇,侯智霞,李国雷,等.氮肥对蓝莓树体生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(13):225-229.
[22] 周琳,张会慧,魏殿文,等.施肥对蓝莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素荧光特性和果实品质的影响[J].植物研究,2015,35(6):854-859.
[23] 李亚静,姜燕琴,韦继光,等.不同氮浓度对兔眼蓝浆果不同品种幼苗生长和光合生理的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2016,25(2):65-71.
[24] 李双双,王德炉,赵迪.水肥耦合对蓝莓树体生长及果实品质的影响[J].经济林研究,2017,35(3):234-238.
[2] 於虹,贺善安.世界的蓝莓产业及研究现况[J].落叶果树,2013,45(3):19-22.
[3] BLACK B L,ZIMMERMAN R H.Industrial and municipal by-products as substrates for highbush blueberry production[J].Acta Horticulturae,2002,574:267-272.
[4] OCHMIAN I,GRAJKOWSKI J,MIKICIUK G,et al.Mineral composition of high blueberry leaves and fruits depending on substrate type used for cultivation[J].Journal of Elementology,2009,14(3):509-516.
[5] ANCU I,IANCU M,MLADIN P,et al.The planting substrate effects on some growth characteristics of seven blueberry cultivars[J].Bulletin UASVM Horticulture,2010,67(1):91-95.
[6] ANCU I,MLADIN P,CHI?U V,et al.Study on chlorophyll fluorescence at some Romanian blueberry cultivars growing on three planting substrates[J].Acta Horticulturae,2013,981:565-572.
[7] VOOGT W,DIJK P V,DOUVEN F,et al.Development of a soilless growing system for blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum):nutrient demand and nutrient solution[J].Acta Horticulturae,2014,1017:215-221.
[8] 樊小林,刘芳,廖照源,等.我国控释肥料研究的现状和展望[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2009,15(2):463-473.
[9] 粟晓万,杜建军,贾振宇,等.缓/控释肥的研究应用现状[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(12):234-238.
[10] 朱海军,生静雅,刘广勤,等.控释肥对薄壳山核桃容器苗营养生长的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(1):37-41.
[11] 孙娅婷,张民,徐振.包膜控释肥在波斯菊穴盘育苗上的应用及效应研究[J].北方园艺,2006(1):32-34.
[12] 张守仕.袋控缓释肥养分释放特性及其在桃树上的应用效果[D].泰安:山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,2007:51-53.
[13] KREWER G,RUTER J,NESMITH S,et al.Performance of low cost organic materials as blueberry substrates and soil amendments[J].Acta Horticulturae,2002,574:273-279.
[14] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[15] SHAVIV A,RABAN S,ZAIDEL E.Modeling controlled nutrient release from a population of polymer coated fertilizers:statistically based model for diffusion release[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2003,37(10):2257-2261.
[16] 李雪飞.控释肥对紫叶稠李叶片营养、色素及光谱反射的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学园艺科学与工程学院,2010:50.
[17] 李谦盛,邓敏,谭海博,等.基质配比和控释肥施用量对曼青冈容器苗生长的影响[J].江西农业大学学报,2013,35(3):480-485.
[18] 朱翠英,时连辉,刘登民,等.控释肥对土壤养分和杏树生长及产量品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(5):117-121.
[19] 火顺利.施用控释肥对辣椒生长生理、养分吸收及利用的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学园艺学院,2015:38-39.
[20] 田志刚,王鹏飞.供磷水平对核桃苗木根系发育、幼苗生长及光合性能的影响[J].北方园艺,2019(4):52-58.
[21] 庞薇,侯智霞,李国雷,等.氮肥对蓝莓树体生长及果实品质的影响[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(13):225-229.
[22] 周琳,张会慧,魏殿文,等.施肥对蓝莓植株生长、叶片叶绿素荧光特性和果实品质的影响[J].植物研究,2015,35(6):854-859.
[23] 李亚静,姜燕琴,韦继光,等.不同氮浓度对兔眼蓝浆果不同品种幼苗生长和光合生理的影响[J].植物资源与环境学报,2016,25(2):65-71.
[24] 李双双,王德炉,赵迪.水肥耦合对蓝莓树体生长及果实品质的影响[J].经济林研究,2017,35(3):234-238.
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