池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹雄体生长和性腺发育规律
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摘要
池塘养殖是三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)的主要养殖方式,但关于池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹雄体的生长和性腺发育规律尚不清楚。本研究通过定点连续采样,首先系统研究池塘养殖过程中三疣梭子蟹雄体的生长和成熟雄体生殖系统的外观及组成的变化,其次研究池塘养殖三疣梭子蟹雄体性腺发育过程中性腺各部分组织学特征及其指数的变化,以及不同月份雄体性腺发育的情况和比例。结果表明:(1)三疣梭子蟹雄体的体重和壳宽增长率及特定增长率均在8月份最高,且体重与壳宽呈显著正相关关系。(2)三疣梭子蟹成熟雄体的生殖系统由体外(阴茎、交接器)和体内(精巢、输精管)两部分构成。(3)根据精巢和输精管的外观、组织学特征及其指数的变化,可将三疣梭子蟹雄体性腺发育分为3期。精子发生期,即精巢内主要细胞类型是精原细胞和初级精母细胞,精巢指数为0.07%～0.16%,此时输精管呈透明状,肉眼很难发现;精荚形成期,精巢内主要细胞类型为次级精母细胞和精子细胞,精巢指数为0.10%～0.51%,输精管内有大量精荚和分泌物,输精管指数为0.01%～0.41%;成熟期,精巢内主要细胞类型是精子细胞和成熟精子,精巢指数为0.10%～0.41%,输精管进一步膨大,输精管指数为0.20%～0.65%。(4)在雄体性腺发育期间,性腺指数和输精管指数呈显著上升趋势,而精巢指数呈现先上升后下降的趋势,且统计分析发现性腺指数与肝胰腺指数无明显的相关性。(5)池塘养殖雄体性腺发育不同步,7月份主要处于精子发生期,8月底,有76%的雄体性腺发育达到精荚形成期,至9月底,达到成熟期雄体的比例为47%,此后雄体性腺发育趋于成熟,10月中下旬至12月份池塘养殖雄体均主要处于成熟期。
Although pond culture is the major culture method for swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus,the growth and gonadal development pattern of pond-reared males remain unclear. Firstly, this study was conducted to investigate the changes of the growth parameters, the overall appearance and composition of mature reproductive system of male P. trituberculatus. Then, the changes in testis and vas deferens histology,gonadosomatic index, testis index, vas deferens index, hepatosomatic index and the gonadal development pattern during the process of pond culture were described. The results showed that:(1) The highest growth rate and specific growth rate of body weight and carapace width of male P. trituberculatus were found during the period of July to August(Fig. 2, 3). Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was found between body weight and carapace width for pond-reared male P. trituberculatus(Fig. 4).(2) The mature reproductive system of male P. trituberculatus consisted of external and internal parts: the external part included the penis and petasma consists, while the internal part mainly included testis and vas deferens(Fig. 5).(3) Based on the changes of morphology, histology, and indices of testis and vas deferens, the gonadal development process of P. trituberculatus could be divided into three stages. Spermatogenesis(stage Ⅰ): the dominant types of gametocytes in testis were spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, the testis index of stage Ⅰ ranged from 0.07 to 0.16, and the vas deferens appeared transparent and was hard to be found(Fig. 6, 7).Spermatophore formation(stage Ⅱ): secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were the dominant types of gametocytes in testis(Fig. 6, 7), and the testis index of stage Ⅱ ranged from 0.10 to 0.51. The vas deferens was filled with a large amount of fluid and spermatophores, and the vas deferens index of stage Ⅱ ranged from 0.01 to 0.41. Mature stage(stage Ⅲ): the gametocytes in testis were mainly composed of spermatids and spermatozoa(Fig. 6, 7), and the testis index of stage Ⅲ ranged from 0.10 to 0.41. The vas deferens was further enlarged and the vas deferens index of stage Ⅲ ranged from 0.20 to 0.65.(4) During the gonadal maturation, the gonadosomatic index and vas deferens index increased significantly, while the testis index showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing(Fig. 8, 9). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index.(5) The gonadal development of pond-reared male P. trituberculatus was not synchronous. In July, the gonadal development of pond-reared male P. trituberculatus was mainly in stage Ⅰ(Fig. 11). At the end of August, the percentage of males reached stage Ⅱ was 76%(Fig. 11). At the end of September, the percentage of males reached stage Ⅲwas 47%(Fig. 11). From mid-late October to December, the gonadal development of pond-reared male P. trituberculatus was mainly in stage Ⅲ(Fig. 11).
Although pond culture is the major culture method for swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus,the growth and gonadal development pattern of pond-reared males remain unclear. Firstly, this study was conducted to investigate the changes of the growth parameters, the overall appearance and composition of mature reproductive system of male P. trituberculatus. Then, the changes in testis and vas deferens histology,gonadosomatic index, testis index, vas deferens index, hepatosomatic index and the gonadal development pattern during the process of pond culture were described. The results showed that:(1) The highest growth rate and specific growth rate of body weight and carapace width of male P. trituberculatus were found during the period of July to August(Fig. 2, 3). Furthermore, a significantly positive correlation was found between body weight and carapace width for pond-reared male P. trituberculatus(Fig. 4).(2) The mature reproductive system of male P. trituberculatus consisted of external and internal parts: the external part included the penis and petasma consists, while the internal part mainly included testis and vas deferens(Fig. 5).(3) Based on the changes of morphology, histology, and indices of testis and vas deferens, the gonadal development process of P. trituberculatus could be divided into three stages. Spermatogenesis(stage Ⅰ): the dominant types of gametocytes in testis were spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes, the testis index of stage Ⅰ ranged from 0.07 to 0.16, and the vas deferens appeared transparent and was hard to be found(Fig. 6, 7).Spermatophore formation(stage Ⅱ): secondary spermatocytes and spermatids were the dominant types of gametocytes in testis(Fig. 6, 7), and the testis index of stage Ⅱ ranged from 0.10 to 0.51. The vas deferens was filled with a large amount of fluid and spermatophores, and the vas deferens index of stage Ⅱ ranged from 0.01 to 0.41. Mature stage(stage Ⅲ): the gametocytes in testis were mainly composed of spermatids and spermatozoa(Fig. 6, 7), and the testis index of stage Ⅲ ranged from 0.10 to 0.41. The vas deferens was further enlarged and the vas deferens index of stage Ⅲ ranged from 0.20 to 0.65.(4) During the gonadal maturation, the gonadosomatic index and vas deferens index increased significantly, while the testis index showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing(Fig. 8, 9). Furthermore, there was no significant correlation between gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index.(5) The gonadal development of pond-reared male P. trituberculatus was not synchronous. In July, the gonadal development of pond-reared male P. trituberculatus was mainly in stage Ⅰ(Fig. 11). At the end of August, the percentage of males reached stage Ⅱ was 76%(Fig. 11). At the end of September, the percentage of males reached stage Ⅲwas 47%(Fig. 11). From mid-late October to December, the gonadal development of pond-reared male P. trituberculatus was mainly in stage Ⅲ(Fig. 11).
引文
Akemi S,Feitosa S,Jones S,et al.2013.Reproductive biology of the land crab Cardisoma guanhumi(Decapoda:Gecarcinidae)in north-eastern Brazil.Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the Uk,93(3):761-768.
Batoy C,Sarmago J,Pilapil B.1989.Breeding season,sexual maturity and fecundity of the blue crab Portunus pelagicus(L.)in selected coastal waters in Leyte and vicinity,Philippines.Annals of Tropical Research,9(3):157-177.
Che J,Liu M,Dong Z,et al.2018.The growth and ovarian development pattern of pond-reared swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus.Journal of Shellfish Research,37(3):521-528.
Chu K.1999.Morphometric analysis and reproductive biology of the crab Charybdis affinis(Decapoda,Brachyura,Portunidae)from the Zhujiang Estuary,China.Crustaceana,72(7):647-658.
Colpo K,López-Greco L S.2018.Dynamics of energy reserves and the cost of reproduction in female and male fiddler crabs.Zoology,126:11-19.
Comeau M,Conan G.1992.Morphometry and gonad maturity of male snow crab,Chionoecetes opilio.Journal Canadien des Sciences Halieutiques et Aquatiques,49(12):2460-2468.
Conan G,Comeau,M.1986.Functional maturity and terminal molt of male snow crab,Chionoecetes opilio.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,43(43):1710-1719.
Garcia T,Feitosa S.2006.Testis and vas deferens morphology of the red-clawed mangrove tree crab(Goniopsis cruentata)(Latreille,1803).Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,49(1):339-345.
He J,Gao Y,Wang W,et al.2016.Limb autotomy patterns in the juvenile swimming crab(Portunus trituberculatus)in earth ponds.Aquaculture,463(1):189-192.
Hinsch G,Mcnight C.1988.The vas deferens of spanish lobster,Scyllarus chacei.Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development,13(33):267-280.
Islam M,Kurokura H.2012.Male reproductive biology of mud crab Scylla olivacea in a tropical mangrove swamps.Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,7:194-204.
Islam M,Kurokura H.2013.Gonad development and size at maturity of the male mud crab Scylla paramamosain(Forssk?l,1755)in a tropical mangrove swamp.Journal of Fisheries,1(1):7-13.
Jin M,Wang M,Huo Y,et al.2015.Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus.Aquaculture,448(6):1-7.
Kobayashi S,Matsuura S.1992.Morphological changes of the exoskeleton of the female japanese mitten crab,according to growth and maturity.Research on Crustacean,21(0):159-168.
Kobayashi S,Matsuura S.1995.Reproductive ecology of the japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus(de haan)in its marine phase.Benthos Research,49:15-28.
Manjon-Cabeza M,Raso J.2000.Morphological reproductive aspects of males of Diogenes pugilator(Roux,1829)(Crustacea,Decapoda,Anomura)from southern Spain.Sarsia,85(3):195-202.
Nascimento F,Zara F.2013.Development of the male reproductive system in Callinectes ornatus Ordway,1863(Brachyura:Portunidae).Nauplius,21(2):161-177.
Ng′Ambi J,Li R,Mu C,et al.2017.The immunostimulatory effect of saponin immersion against Vibrio alginolyticus,in swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus.Aquaculture International,25(4):1777-1778.
Shinozaki-Mendes R,Silva J,Hazin F.2011.Development of male reproductive system of the blue land crab Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille,1828(Decapoda:Gecarcinidae).Acta Zoologica,93(4):390-399.
Silva L,Martinellilemos J,Ferreira M,et al.2012.Gonadal development in the freshwater crab Sylviocarcinus pictus(H.Milne Edwards,1853)(Brachyura:Trichodactylidae)from the Guama river,state of Para,Brazil.Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias,84(3):789-798.
Soundarapandian P,Ilavarasan N,Varadharajan D.2013.Reproductive system of flower crab,Charybdis feriata(Linnaeus).2:701,doi:10.4172/scientific reports.
Stewart M J,Stewart P,Soonklang N,et al.2010.Spermatogenesis in the blue swimming crab,Portunus pelagicus,and evidence for histones in mature sperm nuclei.Tissue&Cell,42(3):137-150.
Wu X,Cheng Y,Zeng C,et al.2010.Reproductive performance and offspring quality of wild-caught and pond-reared swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus broodstock.Aquaculture,301(1/4):78-84.
Wu X,Greg S,Michael H.2012.Patterns of larval growth,lipid composition and fatty acid deposition during early to mid stages of development in Panulirus ornatus phyllosoma.Aquaculture,330(1):63-73.
Wu X,Wang Z,Cheng Y,et al.2011.Effects of dietary phospholipids and highly unsaturated fatty acids on the precocity,survival,growth and hepatic lipid composition of juvenile Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis(H.Milne-Edwards).Aquaculture Research,42(3):457-478.
Zara F,Toyama M,Caetano F,et al.2012.Spermatogenesis,spermatophore and seminal fluid production in the adult blue crab Callinectes danae(Portunidae).Journal of Crustacean Biology,32(2):249-262.
成永旭,堵南山,赖伟.1999.中华绒螯蟹卵巢和胚胎发育期脂类在卵黄物质中存在的形态及其变化.动物学杂志,34(1):51-55.
程国宝,史会来,楼宝,等.2012.三疣梭子蟹生物学特性及繁养殖现状.河北渔业,(4):59-61.
丁天宝,刘振华.2009.影响梭子蟹池塘养殖成活率的因素及应对措施.河北渔业,(8):21-22.
高天龙,王燕飞,鲍雪宁,等.2016.单体筐养三疣梭子蟹的蜕壳与生长规律研究.生物学杂志,33(3):41-47.
管卫兵,宣富君,戴小杰,等.2009.东海三疣梭子蟹精子发生及精荚形成.中国水产科学,17(2):173-182.
李太武.1995.三疣梭子蟹精子的发生及超微结构研究.动物学报,41(1):41-47.
马丹丹,康现江,董丽君,等.2006.中华绒螯蟹精巢发育组织学.水产科学,25(6):291-296.
农业部渔业渔政管理局.2018.2018年中国渔业统计年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社,22.
乔振国.2012.海水蟹类安全生产技术指南.北京:中国农业出版社.
沈烈峰,伊祥华,刘长军,等.2013.三疣梭子蟹高产高效养殖技术研究.河北渔业,(9):30-34.
施欧文,李荣华,母昌考,等.2015.不同环境因素对三疣梭子蟹“科甬1号”(Portunus trituberculatus)仔蟹蜕壳的影响.海洋与湖沼,46(4):870-878.
王燕飞,陈晨,鲍雪宁,等.2014.三疣梭子蟹“中宁1号”的形态性状增长规律.水产学报,38(2):183-192.
吴旭干,姚桂桂,杨筱珍,等.2007.东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育规律的研究.海洋学报,29(4):120-127.
宣富君,管卫兵,戴小杰,等.2009.东海三疣梭子蟹纳精囊形态结构与内含物的变化.动物学杂志,44(2):1-11.
宣富君,姜森颢,卞勋光,等.2014.室内养殖条件下三疣梭子蟹的生殖蜕壳和交配行为.动物学杂志,49(4):579-586.
叶海辉,李少菁,黄辉洋,等.2002.锯缘青蟹精巢发育的组织学观察.动物学研究,23(2):141-144.
俞存根,宋海堂,姚光展,等.2006.东海大陆架海域经济蟹类种类组成和数量分布.海洋与湖沼,37(1):53-60.
Batoy C,Sarmago J,Pilapil B.1989.Breeding season,sexual maturity and fecundity of the blue crab Portunus pelagicus(L.)in selected coastal waters in Leyte and vicinity,Philippines.Annals of Tropical Research,9(3):157-177.
Che J,Liu M,Dong Z,et al.2018.The growth and ovarian development pattern of pond-reared swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus.Journal of Shellfish Research,37(3):521-528.
Chu K.1999.Morphometric analysis and reproductive biology of the crab Charybdis affinis(Decapoda,Brachyura,Portunidae)from the Zhujiang Estuary,China.Crustaceana,72(7):647-658.
Colpo K,López-Greco L S.2018.Dynamics of energy reserves and the cost of reproduction in female and male fiddler crabs.Zoology,126:11-19.
Comeau M,Conan G.1992.Morphometry and gonad maturity of male snow crab,Chionoecetes opilio.Journal Canadien des Sciences Halieutiques et Aquatiques,49(12):2460-2468.
Conan G,Comeau,M.1986.Functional maturity and terminal molt of male snow crab,Chionoecetes opilio.Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,43(43):1710-1719.
Garcia T,Feitosa S.2006.Testis and vas deferens morphology of the red-clawed mangrove tree crab(Goniopsis cruentata)(Latreille,1803).Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology,49(1):339-345.
He J,Gao Y,Wang W,et al.2016.Limb autotomy patterns in the juvenile swimming crab(Portunus trituberculatus)in earth ponds.Aquaculture,463(1):189-192.
Hinsch G,Mcnight C.1988.The vas deferens of spanish lobster,Scyllarus chacei.Journal of Invertebrate Reproduction and Development,13(33):267-280.
Islam M,Kurokura H.2012.Male reproductive biology of mud crab Scylla olivacea in a tropical mangrove swamps.Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,7:194-204.
Islam M,Kurokura H.2013.Gonad development and size at maturity of the male mud crab Scylla paramamosain(Forssk?l,1755)in a tropical mangrove swamp.Journal of Fisheries,1(1):7-13.
Jin M,Wang M,Huo Y,et al.2015.Dietary lysine requirement of juvenile swimming crab,Portunus trituberculatus.Aquaculture,448(6):1-7.
Kobayashi S,Matsuura S.1992.Morphological changes of the exoskeleton of the female japanese mitten crab,according to growth and maturity.Research on Crustacean,21(0):159-168.
Kobayashi S,Matsuura S.1995.Reproductive ecology of the japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus(de haan)in its marine phase.Benthos Research,49:15-28.
Manjon-Cabeza M,Raso J.2000.Morphological reproductive aspects of males of Diogenes pugilator(Roux,1829)(Crustacea,Decapoda,Anomura)from southern Spain.Sarsia,85(3):195-202.
Nascimento F,Zara F.2013.Development of the male reproductive system in Callinectes ornatus Ordway,1863(Brachyura:Portunidae).Nauplius,21(2):161-177.
Ng′Ambi J,Li R,Mu C,et al.2017.The immunostimulatory effect of saponin immersion against Vibrio alginolyticus,in swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus.Aquaculture International,25(4):1777-1778.
Shinozaki-Mendes R,Silva J,Hazin F.2011.Development of male reproductive system of the blue land crab Cardisoma guanhumi Latreille,1828(Decapoda:Gecarcinidae).Acta Zoologica,93(4):390-399.
Silva L,Martinellilemos J,Ferreira M,et al.2012.Gonadal development in the freshwater crab Sylviocarcinus pictus(H.Milne Edwards,1853)(Brachyura:Trichodactylidae)from the Guama river,state of Para,Brazil.Anais Da Academia Brasileira De Ciencias,84(3):789-798.
Soundarapandian P,Ilavarasan N,Varadharajan D.2013.Reproductive system of flower crab,Charybdis feriata(Linnaeus).2:701,doi:10.4172/scientific reports.
Stewart M J,Stewart P,Soonklang N,et al.2010.Spermatogenesis in the blue swimming crab,Portunus pelagicus,and evidence for histones in mature sperm nuclei.Tissue&Cell,42(3):137-150.
Wu X,Cheng Y,Zeng C,et al.2010.Reproductive performance and offspring quality of wild-caught and pond-reared swimming crab Portunus trituberculatus broodstock.Aquaculture,301(1/4):78-84.
Wu X,Greg S,Michael H.2012.Patterns of larval growth,lipid composition and fatty acid deposition during early to mid stages of development in Panulirus ornatus phyllosoma.Aquaculture,330(1):63-73.
Wu X,Wang Z,Cheng Y,et al.2011.Effects of dietary phospholipids and highly unsaturated fatty acids on the precocity,survival,growth and hepatic lipid composition of juvenile Chinese mitten crab,Eriocheir sinensis(H.Milne-Edwards).Aquaculture Research,42(3):457-478.
Zara F,Toyama M,Caetano F,et al.2012.Spermatogenesis,spermatophore and seminal fluid production in the adult blue crab Callinectes danae(Portunidae).Journal of Crustacean Biology,32(2):249-262.
成永旭,堵南山,赖伟.1999.中华绒螯蟹卵巢和胚胎发育期脂类在卵黄物质中存在的形态及其变化.动物学杂志,34(1):51-55.
程国宝,史会来,楼宝,等.2012.三疣梭子蟹生物学特性及繁养殖现状.河北渔业,(4):59-61.
丁天宝,刘振华.2009.影响梭子蟹池塘养殖成活率的因素及应对措施.河北渔业,(8):21-22.
高天龙,王燕飞,鲍雪宁,等.2016.单体筐养三疣梭子蟹的蜕壳与生长规律研究.生物学杂志,33(3):41-47.
管卫兵,宣富君,戴小杰,等.2009.东海三疣梭子蟹精子发生及精荚形成.中国水产科学,17(2):173-182.
李太武.1995.三疣梭子蟹精子的发生及超微结构研究.动物学报,41(1):41-47.
马丹丹,康现江,董丽君,等.2006.中华绒螯蟹精巢发育组织学.水产科学,25(6):291-296.
农业部渔业渔政管理局.2018.2018年中国渔业统计年鉴.北京:中国农业出版社,22.
乔振国.2012.海水蟹类安全生产技术指南.北京:中国农业出版社.
沈烈峰,伊祥华,刘长军,等.2013.三疣梭子蟹高产高效养殖技术研究.河北渔业,(9):30-34.
施欧文,李荣华,母昌考,等.2015.不同环境因素对三疣梭子蟹“科甬1号”(Portunus trituberculatus)仔蟹蜕壳的影响.海洋与湖沼,46(4):870-878.
王燕飞,陈晨,鲍雪宁,等.2014.三疣梭子蟹“中宁1号”的形态性状增长规律.水产学报,38(2):183-192.
吴旭干,姚桂桂,杨筱珍,等.2007.东海三疣梭子蟹第一次卵巢发育规律的研究.海洋学报,29(4):120-127.
宣富君,管卫兵,戴小杰,等.2009.东海三疣梭子蟹纳精囊形态结构与内含物的变化.动物学杂志,44(2):1-11.
宣富君,姜森颢,卞勋光,等.2014.室内养殖条件下三疣梭子蟹的生殖蜕壳和交配行为.动物学杂志,49(4):579-586.
叶海辉,李少菁,黄辉洋,等.2002.锯缘青蟹精巢发育的组织学观察.动物学研究,23(2):141-144.
俞存根,宋海堂,姚光展,等.2006.东海大陆架海域经济蟹类种类组成和数量分布.海洋与湖沼,37(1):53-60.
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