山西省种养废弃物构成及资源化利用潜力研究
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摘要
为实现种养废弃物的高效利用,通过文献查阅、实地调研等方式对山西省种养废弃物资源量、利用现状进行了调查,估算出主要的农作物秸秆和畜禽粪尿的资源量,分析其在市域尺度上的分布特征、资源化利用潜力及综合高效利用的途径。结果表明,晋南地区存在大量小麦秸秆,其他地区均以玉米秸秆为主。畜禽粪尿中以牛、猪、羊粪尿居多,且存在晋西北多羊、北中部多牛、晋东南多猪的分布格局。2007—2015年山西省农作物秸秆产量由1.27×10~7t增加到1.54×10~7t,畜禽粪尿的产生量由1.82×10~7t增加到2.02×10~7t,且山西省种养废弃物的总产量近几年逐渐趋于稳定。若将山西省种养废弃物肥料化,其相当于有机质、N、P、K分别为1.54×10~7、1.25×10~5、5.28×10~4、1.04×10~5t,若将其能源化则可转化为标准煤1.05×10~7t或沼气4.59×10~9m~3,资源化潜力巨大。研究表明,山西省种养废弃物资源种类多、数量大,地域性差异大,资源化利用的空间较大,应力争通过肥料化、能源化、饲料化及其他利用途径,实现种养废弃物资源的多途径综合高效利用。
In order to improve the utilization efficiency of the waste from planting and breeding, through reviewing literature and field sur?vey we knew about the number and present situation of the utilization of the waste in Shanxi Province and assessed the characteristics of quantity and spatial distribution on regional scale. Besides, we used the investigation to analyze the potential on the resource utilization and comprehensive utilization efficient way. Results showed that there were large quantities of straws of wheat in the south of Shanxi Province,and in the other regions corn straws played the most important situation. Livestock poultry dung was mostly from cattle, pigs and sheep, and it distributed as most of sheep in the northwestern, cattle in this north center, and pigs in the southeast. During 2007—2015, the crops straw produced from 1.27×10~7 t to 1.54×10~7 t, and the dung output of livestock and poultry came from 1.82×10~7 t to 2.02×10~7 t, and it showed a relatively stabilized tendency in recent years. If the waste from planting and breeding was converted into fertilizer we could get or?ganic matter, N, P, K, respectively 1.54×10~7,1.25×10~5, 5.28×10~4, 1.04×10~5 t, and if energy-oriented we could get 1.05×10~7 t standard coal,or 4.59×10~9 m~3 biogas. Therefore, the waste was diverse and numerous in Shanxi Province, and it had its own spatial distribution in each ar?ea. Besides, it had greater potential of resource. We should try our best to convert waste into fertilizer, energy, feed and other utilization ways in order to achieve a high efficient, comprehensive and integrated utilization. Based on the study, scientific and feasible guidance for Shanxi Province was put forward to realize a more efficient and sustainable utilization of waste from planting and breeding.
In order to improve the utilization efficiency of the waste from planting and breeding, through reviewing literature and field sur?vey we knew about the number and present situation of the utilization of the waste in Shanxi Province and assessed the characteristics of quantity and spatial distribution on regional scale. Besides, we used the investigation to analyze the potential on the resource utilization and comprehensive utilization efficient way. Results showed that there were large quantities of straws of wheat in the south of Shanxi Province,and in the other regions corn straws played the most important situation. Livestock poultry dung was mostly from cattle, pigs and sheep, and it distributed as most of sheep in the northwestern, cattle in this north center, and pigs in the southeast. During 2007—2015, the crops straw produced from 1.27×10~7 t to 1.54×10~7 t, and the dung output of livestock and poultry came from 1.82×10~7 t to 2.02×10~7 t, and it showed a relatively stabilized tendency in recent years. If the waste from planting and breeding was converted into fertilizer we could get or?ganic matter, N, P, K, respectively 1.54×10~7,1.25×10~5, 5.28×10~4, 1.04×10~5 t, and if energy-oriented we could get 1.05×10~7 t standard coal,or 4.59×10~9 m~3 biogas. Therefore, the waste was diverse and numerous in Shanxi Province, and it had its own spatial distribution in each ar?ea. Besides, it had greater potential of resource. We should try our best to convert waste into fertilizer, energy, feed and other utilization ways in order to achieve a high efficient, comprehensive and integrated utilization. Based on the study, scientific and feasible guidance for Shanxi Province was put forward to realize a more efficient and sustainable utilization of waste from planting and breeding.
引文
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[18]李远,单正军,徐德徽.我国畜禽养殖业的环境影响与管理政策初探[J].中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10(2):136-138.LI Yuan, SHAN Zheng-jun, XU De-hui. Preliminary studies of man?agement or livestock pollution in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Ag?riculture, 2002, 10(2):136-138.
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[20]黄河新闻网.山西畜牧产业规模化达58%高出全国11个百分点[EB/OL].(2015-10-26). http://sx.sxgov.cn/content/2015-10/26/con?tent_6395501.htm.SXGOV News. The intensification of livestock industry reached 58%in Shanxi Province[EB/OL].(2015-10-26). http://sx.sxgov.cn/con?tent/2015-10/26/content_6395501.htm.
[21]杨海蓉,周怀平,解文艳,等.山西省农作物秸秆资源量及时空分布特征[J].山西农业科学, 2015, 43(11):1458-1463.YANG Hai-rong, ZHOU Huai-ping, XIE Wen-yan, et al. Crop straw resources and the space-time distribution characteristics in Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(11):1458-1463.
[22]张建杰,郭彩霞,覃伟,等.山西省畜禽业发展及粪尿养分时空变异[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(1):207-214.ZHANG Jian-jie, GUO Cai-xia, QIN Wei, et al. Temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016, 27(1):207-214.
[23]曾锐.成都市种养废弃物资源量调查及利用途径[D].成都:四川农业大学, 2013.ZENG Rui. Investigation on planting and breeding wastes amount and its utilization ways in Chengdu City[D]. Chengdu:Sichuan Agriculture University, 2013.
[24]康宇,王瑞,徐云文.山西省秸秆资源对可持续农业建设的作用[J].山西农业科学, 2007(7):19-23.KANG Yu, WANG Rui, XU Yun-wen. Role of straw in sustainable agriculture of Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sci?ences, 2007(7):19-23.
[25]卢香玲,王效京,贠红梅,等.山西省养殖业面源污染综合防治情况及对策[J].山西农业, 2007, 13(8):30-31.LU Xiang-ling, WANG Xiao-jing, YUN Hong-mei, et al. Comprehen?sive prevention and control of pollution and countermeasures in Shanxi breeding industry[J]. Shanxi Agriculture, 2007, 13(8):30-31.
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[2]毕于运,王亚静,高春雨,等.中国主要秸秆资源数量及其区域分布[J].农机化研究, 2010, 32(3):1-7.BI Yu-yun, WANG Ya-jing, GAO Chun-yu, et al. The number and re?gional distribution of main straw in China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research, 2010, 32(3):1-7.
[3]朱开伟,刘贞,欧训民,等.基于土壤功能的中国主要农作物可能源化秸秆生态潜力分析[J].中国生态农业学报, 2017, 25(2):276-286.ZHU Kai-wei, LIU Zhen, OU Xun-min, et al. Evaluation of energy-ori?ented utilization potential of main Chinese crop residues based on soil protection functions[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017, 25(2):276-286.
[4]姚宗路,赵立欣,田宜水,等.黑龙江省农作物秸秆资源利用现状及中长期展望[J].农业工程学报, 2009, 25(11):288-292.YAO Zong-lu, ZHAO Li-xin, TIAN Yi-shui, et al. Utilization status and medium and long-term forecast of crop straw resource in Heilongji?ang Province[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural En?gineering, 2009, 25(11):288-292.
[5]闫丽珍,成升魁,闵庆文,等.安徽省蒙城县作物秸秆资源利用现状及其影响因素分析[J].干旱区农业研究, 2006, 24(3):160-163.YAN Li-zhen, CHENG Sheng-kui, MIN Qing-wen, et al. Utilization of crop straws and its influencing factors in Mengcheng County of Anhui Province[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas, 2006, 24(3):160-163.
[6]闫丽珍,成升魁,闵庆文.典型农区秸秆资源利用及其影响因素探析[J].中国生态农业学报, 2006, 14(3):196-198.YAN Li-zhen, CHENG Sheng-kui, MIN Qing-wen. Utilization of crop straws and its driving forces in typical rural areas[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2006, 14(3):196-198.
[7]宣梦,许振成,吴根义,等.我国规模化畜禽养殖粪污资源化利用分析[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2018, 35(2):126-132.XUAN Meng, XU Zhen-cheng, WU Gen-yi, et al. Analysis of utiliza?tion of fecal resources in large-scale livestock and poultry breeding in China[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2018, 35(2):126-132.
[8]田宜水.中国规模化养殖场畜禽粪尿资源沼气生产潜力评价[J].农业工程学报, 2012, 28(8):230-234.TIAN Yi-shui. Potential assessment on biogas production by using live?stock manure of large-scale farm in China[J]. Transactions of the Chi?nese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(8):230-234.
[9]渠清博,杨鹏,翟中葳,等.规模化奶牛场泌乳牛粪便氮磷含量预测模型研究[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2017, 34(3):234-241.QU Qing-bo, YANG Peng, ZHAI Zhong-wei, et al. Prediction of fecal nitrogen and fecal phosphorus content for lactating dairy cows in largescale dairy farms[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environ?ment, 2017, 34(3):234-241.
[10]武深树,谭美英,黄璜,等.湖南洞庭湖区农地畜禽粪尿承载量估算及其风险评价[J].中国生态农业学报, 2009, 17(6):1245-1251.WU Shen-shu, TAN Mei-ying, HUANG Huang, et al. Loading capac?ity estimation and risk assessment of livestock manure in cultivated lands around Dongting Lake[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2009, 17(6):1245-1251.
[11]仇焕广,莫海霞,白军飞,等.中国农村畜禽粪尿处理方式及其影响因素[J].中国农村经济, 2012(3):78-87.QIU Huan-guang, MO Hai-xia, BAI Jun-fei, et al. China′s rural treatment of animal manure and its influencing factors[J]. Chinese Ru?ral Economy, 2012(3):78-87.
[12]冯淑怡,罗小娟,张丽军,等.养殖企业畜禽粪尿处理方式选择、影响因素与适用政策工具分析[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版), 2013(1):12-18.FENG Shu-yi, LUO Xiao-juan, ZHANG Li-jun, et al. Livestock en?terprises choice of waste treatment modes, its influencing factors and possible policy instruments[J], Journal of Huazhong Agricultural Uni?versity(Social Sciences Edition), 2013(1):12-18.
[13]杜艳萍.山西省农作物秸秆资源化利用现状及发展对策[J].农业环境与发展, 2013, 30(3):38-41.DU Yan-ping.The utilization statusand developmentcountermeasures of crop straw resource utilization in Shanxi Province[J]. Agro-Environ?ment and Development, 2013, 30(3):38-41.
[14]马林,王方浩,刘东,等.河北省畜禽粪尿养分资源分布及其污染潜力分析[J].河北农业大学学报, 2006, 29(6):99-103.MA Lin, WANG Fang-hao, LIU Dong, et al. Assessment of the pro?duction of animal manure and its pollution potential in Hebei Province[J]. Journal of Agricultural University of Hebei, 2006, 29(6):99-103.
[15]王晓燕,汪清平.北京市密云县耕地畜禽粪尿负荷估算及风险评价[J].农村生态环境, 2005, 21(1):30-34.WANG Xiao-yan, WANG Qing-ping. Livestock manure load of farm?land in Miyun County and its environmental risk assessment[J]. Rural Eco-Environment, 2005, 21(1):30-34.
[16]仇焕广,廖绍攀,井月,等.我国畜禽粪尿污染的区域差异与发展趋势分析[J].环境科学, 2013, 34(7):2766-2774.QIU Huan-guang, LIAO Shao-pan, JING Yue, et al. Regional differ?ences and development tendency of livestock manure pollution in Chi?na[J]. Environmental Science, 2013, 34(7):2766-2774.
[17]武深树,谭美英,刘伟.沼气工程对畜禽粪尿污染环境成本的控制效果[J].中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20(2):247-252.WU Shen-shu, TAN Mei-ying, LIU Wei. Environmental cost control of livestock and poultry fecal pollution via biogas project[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2012, 20(2):247-252.
[18]李远,单正军,徐德徽.我国畜禽养殖业的环境影响与管理政策初探[J].中国生态农业学报, 2002, 10(2):136-138.LI Yuan, SHAN Zheng-jun, XU De-hui. Preliminary studies of man?agement or livestock pollution in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Ag?riculture, 2002, 10(2):136-138.
[19]杨海蓉.山西省农作物秸秆资源及利用现状研究[D].太原:山西大学, 2016.YANG Hai-rong. Study on the its utilization status of crop straw re?sources in Shanxi[D]. Taiyuan:Shanxi University, 2016.
[20]黄河新闻网.山西畜牧产业规模化达58%高出全国11个百分点[EB/OL].(2015-10-26). http://sx.sxgov.cn/content/2015-10/26/con?tent_6395501.htm.SXGOV News. The intensification of livestock industry reached 58%in Shanxi Province[EB/OL].(2015-10-26). http://sx.sxgov.cn/con?tent/2015-10/26/content_6395501.htm.
[21]杨海蓉,周怀平,解文艳,等.山西省农作物秸秆资源量及时空分布特征[J].山西农业科学, 2015, 43(11):1458-1463.YANG Hai-rong, ZHOU Huai-ping, XIE Wen-yan, et al. Crop straw resources and the space-time distribution characteristics in Shanxi Province[J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2015, 43(11):1458-1463.
[22]张建杰,郭彩霞,覃伟,等.山西省畜禽业发展及粪尿养分时空变异[J].应用生态学报, 2016, 27(1):207-214.ZHANG Jian-jie, GUO Cai-xia, QIN Wei, et al. Temporal and spatial variability of livestock and poultry productions and manure nutrients in Shanxi Province, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016, 27(1):207-214.
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