长江源区降水氢氧稳定同位素特征及水汽来源
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摘要
基于长江源区冬克玛底流域2014年5～10月连续采集的73个降水同位素数据,结合相关气象资料,分析了降水中δD、δ~(18)O及氘盈余(d-excess)变化特征,讨论了δ~(18)O与气温、降水量的关系,利用HYSPLIT模型追踪流域降水的水汽来源并估算不同水汽来源对降水量的贡献比例.结果表明:研究区降水中δ~(18)O和δD变化范围分别为-26.5‰～1.9‰和-195.2‰～34.0‰,且δ~(18)O和δD值随时间变化波动较大,与不同来源水汽输送有直接的关系;区域降水线的斜率和截距均大于全球大气降水线,与青藏高原北侧地区的降水线相近;不同降水类型中的δ~(18)O和δD的关系差异显著,主要与水汽来源和形成降水时的气象条件有关;由于受局地蒸发水汽及水汽输送过程影响,流域大气降水d-excess值整体上相对偏大;研究区的降水同位素存在显著的降水量效应,但不存在温度效应,表明降水量对大气降水中稳定同位素含量的控制作用更强;水汽来源轨迹表明,研究区大气降水水汽来源主要有西南季风携带的海洋性水汽、局地蒸发水汽及西风输送水汽,对降水量的贡献比例分别为43%、36%和21%.该研究结果有助于进一步了解长江源头区冬克玛底流域的大气环流特征及水循环过程.
Based on the stable isotopes of 73 precipitation samples continuously collected from May to October 2014 and related meteorological statistics in the Dongkemaldi Basin,the characteristics of δD,δ~(18)O,and d-excess of precipitation,as well as the correlations between δ~(18)O and the rainfall amount and air temperature were analyzed. The moisture sources were tracked by the HYSPLIT model to further estimate the contribution of different water vapor sources to the rainfall amount. The results showed that the range of δ~(18)O and δD values varied from -26. 5‰ to 1. 9‰ and -195. 2‰ to 34. 0‰,respectively; meanwhile,the δ~(18)O and δD values in precipitation fluctuated greatly with time in response to water vapor transport from different moisture sources of the QinghaiTibet Plateau. The slope and intercept of the Local Meteoric Water Line(LMWL) were both higher than those of the Global Meteoric Water Line(GMWL) and close to the LMWL in the northern area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The relationship between δ~(18)O and δD in different precipitation types showed significant differences,which were mainly related to the source of water vapor and meteorological conditions during the process of precipitation formation. Because of the influence of local evaporation and the transport process of water vapor,the d-excess values of atmospheric precipitation were relatively large; the δ~(18)O in precipitation had a significant amount effect,but had no temperature effect,thus indicating that the rainfall amount was more effective in controlling the stable isotope content of atmospheric precipitation than temperature. The modeled trajectory of vapor sources showed that water vapor of precipitation was mainly derived from the marine vapor carried by the southwest monsoon,local moisture,and the westerly water vapor,and their contributions to the rainfall amount were 43%,36%,and 21%,respectively. The results of this study can contribute to further understanding of the atmospheric circulation characteristics and water cycle process of the Dongkemadi basin in the headwaters of the Yangtze River.
Based on the stable isotopes of 73 precipitation samples continuously collected from May to October 2014 and related meteorological statistics in the Dongkemaldi Basin,the characteristics of δD,δ~(18)O,and d-excess of precipitation,as well as the correlations between δ~(18)O and the rainfall amount and air temperature were analyzed. The moisture sources were tracked by the HYSPLIT model to further estimate the contribution of different water vapor sources to the rainfall amount. The results showed that the range of δ~(18)O and δD values varied from -26. 5‰ to 1. 9‰ and -195. 2‰ to 34. 0‰,respectively; meanwhile,the δ~(18)O and δD values in precipitation fluctuated greatly with time in response to water vapor transport from different moisture sources of the QinghaiTibet Plateau. The slope and intercept of the Local Meteoric Water Line(LMWL) were both higher than those of the Global Meteoric Water Line(GMWL) and close to the LMWL in the northern area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The relationship between δ~(18)O and δD in different precipitation types showed significant differences,which were mainly related to the source of water vapor and meteorological conditions during the process of precipitation formation. Because of the influence of local evaporation and the transport process of water vapor,the d-excess values of atmospheric precipitation were relatively large; the δ~(18)O in precipitation had a significant amount effect,but had no temperature effect,thus indicating that the rainfall amount was more effective in controlling the stable isotope content of atmospheric precipitation than temperature. The modeled trajectory of vapor sources showed that water vapor of precipitation was mainly derived from the marine vapor carried by the southwest monsoon,local moisture,and the westerly water vapor,and their contributions to the rainfall amount were 43%,36%,and 21%,respectively. The results of this study can contribute to further understanding of the atmospheric circulation characteristics and water cycle process of the Dongkemadi basin in the headwaters of the Yangtze River.
引文
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[7]章新平,姚檀栋.青藏高原东北地区现代降水中δD与δ18O的关系研究[J].冰川冻土,1996,18(4):360-365.Zhang X P, Yao T D. Relations betweenδD andδ18O in precipitation at present in the northeast Tibetan Plateau[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1996,18(4):360-365.
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[9]田立德,姚檀栋,Numaguti A,等.青藏高原南部季风降水中稳定同位素波动与水汽输送过程[J].中国科学(D辑),2001,31(S1):215-220.
[10]田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,等.青藏高原中部降水稳定同位素变化与季风活动[J].地球化学,2001,30(3):217-222.Tian L D,Yao T D,Sun W Z,et al. Stable isotope variation of precipitation in the middle of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and monsoon activity[J]. Geochimica,2001,30(3):217-222.
[11] Yao T D,Zhou H,Yang X X. Indian monsoon influences altitude effect ofδ18O in precipitation/river water on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(16):2724-2731.
[12] Yao T D,Masson-Delmotte V,Gao J,et al. A review of climatic controls onδ18O in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau:observations and simulations[J]. Reviews of Geophysics,2013,51(4):525-548.
[13] Yu W S,Yao T D,Tian L D,et al. Stable isotope variations in precipitation and moisture trajectories on the western Tibetan Plateau,China[J]. Arctic,Antarctic,and Alpine Research,2007,39(4):688-693.
[14] Zhang X P,Nakawo M,Yao T D,et al. Variations of stable isotopic compositions in precipitation on the Tibetan Plateau and its adjacent regions[J]. Science in China Series D:Earth Sciences,2002,45(6):481-493.
[15] Yu W S,Yao T D,Tian L D,et al. Relationships betweenδ18O in precipitation and air temperature and moisture origin on a south-north transect of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Atmospheric Research,2008,87(2):158-169.
[16]余武生,马耀明,孙维贞,等.青藏高原西部降水中δ18O变化特征及其气候意义[J].科学通报,2009,54(15):2131-2139.Yu W S,Ma Y M,Sun W Z,et al. Climatic significance ofδ18O records from precipitation on the western Tibetan Plateau[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2009,54(16):2732-2741.
[17]姚檀栋,张寅生,蒲健辰,等.青藏高原唐古拉山口冰川、水文和气候学观测20a:意义与贡献[J].冰川冻土,2010,32(6):1152-1161.Yao T D,Zhang Y S,Pu J C,et al. Twenty-year observations of glacier,hydrology and meteorology at the Tanggula Pass of the Tibetan Plateau:significance and achievements[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2010,32(6):1152-1161.
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[19]王倩茹,范广洲,赖欣,等.西藏那曲地区一次霰过程的大气边界层特征分析[J].气象,2018,44(3):396-407.Wang Q R,Fan G Z,Lai X,et al. Analysis of atmospheric boundary layer characteristics of a graupel process in Nagqu region[J]. Meteorological Monthly,2018,44(3):396-407.
[20] Craig H. Isotopic variations in meteoric waters[J]. Science,1961,133(3465):1702-1703.
[21] Draxler R R,Hess G D. An overview of the HYSPLIT_4modelling system for trajectories,dispersion and deposition[J].Australian Meteorological Magazine,1998,47(4):295-308.
[22] Wang Y Q,Stein A F,Draxler R R,et al. Global sand and dust storms in 2008:observation and HYSPLIT model verification[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(35):6368-6381.
[23]张学文.气流对物质和能量输送量的垂直分布[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2009,3(2):1-5.Zhang X W. Vertical distribution of the transported quantity of material and energy by airflow[J]. Desert and Oasis Meteorology,2009,3(2):1-5.
[24] Araguás-Araguás L,Froehlich K,Rozanski K. Deuterium and oxygen-18 isotope composition of precipitation and atmospheric moisture[J]. Hydrological Processes,2000,14(8):1341-1355.
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