浙江北部一次爆发式发展重度大气污染的气象特点和成因
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摘要
基于全国空气质量指数和PM_(2.5)监测、常规气象观测、浙江省6种主要大气污染物和自动气象监测、宁波镇海激光雷达、美国国家环境预报中心GDAS和欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA-interim再分析等多种资料,对2017年12月30日―2018年1月1日浙江北部一次爆发式发展大气污染事件气象特点及成因进行分析,应用HYSPLIT4模式进行粒子后向轨迹分析.结果表明:PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度在浙江省表现出明显的爆发性增长和自西北向东南传输的特征,污染程度自浙北向浙中、浙南逐渐减轻,重度污染时浙北大范围出现2000 m以下的重度霾,污染粒子主要来自上游的安徽和江苏省.大气污染爆发式发展与冷空气有关,1000 m以下边界层内冷空气偏弱,但足以将盛行风改变为西北风,是污染物粒子输送的动力条件,污染粒子集中在该层内,层内没有下沉运动,因此水平风场对污染事件爆发有决定性作用;1000 m以上层次冷平流表现明显,且伴有下沉运动,抑制了边界层粒子的垂直扩散,对污染事件的发展和维持有间接影响.激光雷达的消光系数变化不仅与污染物粒子浓度变化有关,还与气象条件密切相关.污染物粒子质量浓度通量散度的变化对预报粒子浓度的增减有较好的参考作用.
We analyzed the weather characteristics of an explosive outbreak pollution event in Zhejiang Province from December 30, 2017 to January 1, 2018, using the national Air Quality Index and PM_(2.5) mass concentrations, routine meteorological observations, the major pollutant concentration observations in Zhejiang, measurements from Zhejiang′s Automatic Weather Stations and the Zhenhai lidar at Ningbo, the GDAS from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the ERA-interim reanalysis data from the European Centers for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The causes of the explosive outbreak were analyzed as well. HYSPLIT4 model was used to investigate the characteristics of pollutant backward trajectories. The results showed that the PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) mass concentration in Zhejiang Province increased explosively and tended to be transported from northwest to southeast. The degree of pollution gradually reduced from the north, to the middle, and then to the south of Zhejiang Province. Heavy haze with visibility less than 2000 m was commonly observed in northern Zhejiang Province during the pollution episode, and the haze particles were mainly originated from Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces. The explosive development of the pollution outbreak was closely related to the cold air. Although cold advections were weak below 1000 m, it was enough to change the prevailing wind directions to northwest in the boundary layer, which was the dynamic condition for pollutant transportation. Pollutants were mainly confined within the boundary layer below 1000 m, where no downward movements were found. Therefore, horizontal winds played a decisive role on explosive pollutant outbreaks. In the levels above 1000 m, there were obvious cold advections with descending motions, which suppressed the vertical diffusion of boundary layer particles. It had an indirect impact on the rapid development and maintenance of the pollution. Extinction coefficient of the lidar were not only related to pollutant concentrations, but also closely related to weather conditions. Pollutant mass concentration flux divergence could be used as a reference for particle concentration forecasts.
We analyzed the weather characteristics of an explosive outbreak pollution event in Zhejiang Province from December 30, 2017 to January 1, 2018, using the national Air Quality Index and PM_(2.5) mass concentrations, routine meteorological observations, the major pollutant concentration observations in Zhejiang, measurements from Zhejiang′s Automatic Weather Stations and the Zhenhai lidar at Ningbo, the GDAS from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction and the ERA-interim reanalysis data from the European Centers for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts. The causes of the explosive outbreak were analyzed as well. HYSPLIT4 model was used to investigate the characteristics of pollutant backward trajectories. The results showed that the PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) mass concentration in Zhejiang Province increased explosively and tended to be transported from northwest to southeast. The degree of pollution gradually reduced from the north, to the middle, and then to the south of Zhejiang Province. Heavy haze with visibility less than 2000 m was commonly observed in northern Zhejiang Province during the pollution episode, and the haze particles were mainly originated from Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces. The explosive development of the pollution outbreak was closely related to the cold air. Although cold advections were weak below 1000 m, it was enough to change the prevailing wind directions to northwest in the boundary layer, which was the dynamic condition for pollutant transportation. Pollutants were mainly confined within the boundary layer below 1000 m, where no downward movements were found. Therefore, horizontal winds played a decisive role on explosive pollutant outbreaks. In the levels above 1000 m, there were obvious cold advections with descending motions, which suppressed the vertical diffusion of boundary layer particles. It had an indirect impact on the rapid development and maintenance of the pollution. Extinction coefficient of the lidar were not only related to pollutant concentrations, but also closely related to weather conditions. Pollutant mass concentration flux divergence could be used as a reference for particle concentration forecasts.
引文
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张人禾,李强,张若楠.2014.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,44:27-36
张莹,王式功,贾旭伟,等.2018.华北地区冬半年空气污染天气客观分型研究[J].环境科学学报,38(10):3826-3833
赵敬国,王式功,张天宇,等.2015.兰州市大气重污染气象成因分析[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1547-1555
中国气象局.2010.霾的观测和预报等级[S].中华人民共和国气象行业标准,QX/T113-2010
周述学,王兴,弓中强,等.2017.长江三角洲西部地区PM2.5输送轨迹分类研究[J].气象学报,75(6):996-1010
丁一汇,柳艳菊.2014.近50年我国雾和霾的长期变化特征及其与大气湿度的关系[J].中国科学:地球科学,44(1):37-48
高正旭,王晓玲,向华,等.2018.武汉市2014—2017年大气污染物分布特征及其潜在来源分析[J].环境科学学报,38(11):4440-4453
花丛,张恒德,张碧辉.2016.2013—2014冬半年北京重污染天气气象传输条件分析及预报指数初建[J].气象,42(3):314-321
李梦,唐贵谦,黄俊,等.2015.京津冀冬季大气混合层高度与大气污染的关系[J].环境科学,36(6):1935-1943
李正,张昊,叶辉,等.2018.杭州市典型雾霾期污染特征及污染源的HYSPLIT模型分析[J].环境科学学报,38(5):1717-1726
廖晓农,孙兆彬,唐宜西,等.2015.高空偏北风背景下北京地区高污染形成的环境气象机制研究[J].环境科学,36(3):801-808
Pasch A N,Mac Donald C P,Gilliam R C,et al.2011.Meteorological characteristics associated with PM2.5 air pollution in Cleveland,Ohio,during the 2009—2010 Cleveland multiple air pollutants study[J].Atmospheric Environment,45(39):7026-7035
沈利娟,王红磊,李莉,等.2016.嘉兴市春季一次持续雾霾过程中气象条件与污染物变化特征分析[J].环境科学,37(8):2871-2880
石春娥,王喜全,李元妮,等.2016.1980—2013年安徽霾天气变化趋势及其可能成因[J].大气科学,40(2):357-370
石春娥,张浩,弓中强,等.2017.2013—2015年合肥市PM2.5重污染特征研究[J].气象学报,75(4):632-644
王爱平,朱彬,银燕,等.2014.黄山顶夏季气溶胶数浓度特征及其输送潜在源区[J].中国环境科学,34(4):852-861
王静,施润和,李龙,等.2015.上海市一次重雾霾过程的天气特征及成因分析[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1537-1546
王喆,汪井源,徐智勇,等.2015.远红外激光雨中传输损耗的研究[J].红外与激光工程,44(10):3092-3097
吴兑.2012.近十年中国灰霾天气研究综述[J].环境科学学报,32(2):257-269
吴兑.2013.探秘PM2.5[M].北京:气象出版社.106
Wu M,Wu D,Wang B M,et al.2013.Observational studies of the meteorological characteristics associated with poor air quality over the Pearl River Delta in China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,13(21):10755-10766
姚日升,涂小萍,张小伟,等.2017.宁波一次罕见持续重度污染事件的成因分析[J].气象学报,75(2):342-355
张浩,石春娥,吴必文,等.2017.合肥市能见度与相对湿度、PM2.5质量浓度的定量关系[J].生态环境学报,26(6):1001-1008
张磊,金莲姬,朱彬,等.2013.2011年6—8月平流输送对黄山顶污染物浓度的影响[J].中国环境科学,33(6):969-978
张人禾,李强,张若楠.2014.2013年1月中国东部持续性强雾霾天气产生的气象条件分析[J].中国科学:地球科学,44:27-36
张莹,王式功,贾旭伟,等.2018.华北地区冬半年空气污染天气客观分型研究[J].环境科学学报,38(10):3826-3833
赵敬国,王式功,张天宇,等.2015.兰州市大气重污染气象成因分析[J].环境科学学报,35(5):1547-1555
中国气象局.2010.霾的观测和预报等级[S].中华人民共和国气象行业标准,QX/T113-2010
周述学,王兴,弓中强,等.2017.长江三角洲西部地区PM2.5输送轨迹分类研究[J].气象学报,75(6):996-1010
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