不同地膜的降解性能及对烟株生长和土壤环境的影响
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摘要
针对普通地膜残膜导致农田土壤污染现象,进行了生物降解地膜、光氧降解地膜、普通地膜覆盖及露地栽培烟草的田间对比试验,研究了地膜的降解性能及对烟株生长和烤后烟叶化学成分、土壤温度、水分、酶活性和微生物群落的影响。结果表明,生物降解地膜的降解性能优于光氧降解地膜,在覆膜245 d后地膜质量损失率达59.9%。地膜覆盖的烤烟农艺性状、烟叶产量和化学成分协调性好于露地对照,其中以普通地膜效果最好,其次为生物降解地膜。在烟株生长前期,两种降解地膜处理的垄体温度、水分含量高于露地对照,差于普通地膜;在烟株生长中后期则与普通地膜差异较小。覆膜处理提高了土壤酸性磷酸酶活性,增加了土壤中细菌和真菌OTU数量。降解地膜处理提高了细菌微生物群落内物种分布的多样性和均匀度;减少了土壤真菌微生物多样性。本研究认为,生物降解地膜降解性好于光氧降解地膜,对烟株生长、土壤酶活性和微生物数量、多样性的影响与普通地膜差异不显著,应用于烟草生产是可行的。
Aiming at decreasing agricultural pollution caused by plastic films, degradation of photo-oxygen degradation and bio-degradable films and their effects on flue-cured tobacco development, soil temperature, moisture, enzyme activities and microbial community were studied and the results were compared with plastic film and open field. The results indicated that the degradation performance of bio-degradable film was better than photo-oxygen degradation film, with a mass loss rate of 59.9% after applied to flue-cured tobacco for 245 days. The development, biomass and compatibility of conventional chemical constituents of flue-cured tobacco increased markedly by film covering compared with open field, and the effects of plastic film was the best, followed by bio-degradable film, last for photo-oxygen degradation film. At the early stages of the tobacco plant growth, the temperature and moisture content of soil treated with two kinds of degradable film were higher than that of the open field, which was significantly lower than that of the plastic film. At the middle and later stages of the tobacco plant growth, it was similar to that of the plastic film. Film covering increased significantly the soil acid phosphatase activities and the OTUs of soil bacteria and fungi. In addition, the microbial diversity and evenness of soil fungi and soil bacteria were decreased and improved separately with the treatments of biodegradable film and photo-oxygen degradation film. Bio-degradable film had excellent degradability, and no significant difference in the development of flue-cured tobacco and soil enzyme activities, microbial diversity and evenness with plastic film, suggesting that it could be applied to tobacco production.
Aiming at decreasing agricultural pollution caused by plastic films, degradation of photo-oxygen degradation and bio-degradable films and their effects on flue-cured tobacco development, soil temperature, moisture, enzyme activities and microbial community were studied and the results were compared with plastic film and open field. The results indicated that the degradation performance of bio-degradable film was better than photo-oxygen degradation film, with a mass loss rate of 59.9% after applied to flue-cured tobacco for 245 days. The development, biomass and compatibility of conventional chemical constituents of flue-cured tobacco increased markedly by film covering compared with open field, and the effects of plastic film was the best, followed by bio-degradable film, last for photo-oxygen degradation film. At the early stages of the tobacco plant growth, the temperature and moisture content of soil treated with two kinds of degradable film were higher than that of the open field, which was significantly lower than that of the plastic film. At the middle and later stages of the tobacco plant growth, it was similar to that of the plastic film. Film covering increased significantly the soil acid phosphatase activities and the OTUs of soil bacteria and fungi. In addition, the microbial diversity and evenness of soil fungi and soil bacteria were decreased and improved separately with the treatments of biodegradable film and photo-oxygen degradation film. Bio-degradable film had excellent degradability, and no significant difference in the development of flue-cured tobacco and soil enzyme activities, microbial diversity and evenness with plastic film, suggesting that it could be applied to tobacco production.
引文
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[8]曲萍，郭宝华，王海波，等. PBAT全生物降解地膜在玉米田中的降解特性[J].农业工程学报，2017,33(17):194-199.QU P, GUO B H, WANG H B, et al. Degaradation characteristics of PBAT mulch in maize field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(17):194-199.
[9]王锡春，靳志丽，周向平，等.永州烟区烤烟生产适用生物降解地膜的筛选[J].贵州农业科学，2018,46(5):25-29.WANG X C, JIN Z L, ZHOU X P, et al. Screening of biodegradable mulch film for flue-cured tobacco production in Yongzhou tobacco growing area[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 46(5):25-29.
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[12]杨惠娣，唐赛珍.降解塑料试验评价方法探讨[J].塑料，1996,25(1):16-21.YANG H D, TANG S Z. Evaluating method for testing of degradable plastics[J]. Plastics, 1996, 25(1):16-21.
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[16]杨龙祥，徐兴阳，刘永，等.法国进口生物降解地膜在烤烟生产上的应用效果研究[J].昆明学院学报，2012,34(6):32-35.YANG L X, XU X Y, LIU Y, et al. Study on effects of application of biolice film imported from france in tobacco production[J]. Journal of Kunming University,2012, 34(6):32-35.
[17]刘国顺.烟草栽培学[M].北京：中国农业出版社，2003.LIU G S. Tobacco cultivation[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2003.
[18] GAN Y, SIDDIQUE K H M, TURNER N C, et al.Ridge-furrow mulching systems-an innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2013, 118:429-476.
[19]刘晓伟，何文清，吕军，等.不同的可降解地膜对土壤温度、水分、盐分及棉花产量的影响[J].陕西农业科学，2016,62(3):52-56.LIU X W, HE W Q, LV J, et al. Effects of degradable plastic films of different materials on soil temperature,water, salt and cotton yield[J]. Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 62(3):52-56.
[20]刘胜尧，李志宏，张立峰，等.覆膜对华北春玉米磷钾吸收、分配及水分利用率的影响[J].水土保持学报，2014,28(4):97-103.LIU S Y, LI Z H, ZHANG L F, et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on absorption and distribution of P and K and water use efficiency of spring maize in North China Plain[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014,28(4):97-103.
[21]杜社妮，白岗栓.玉米地膜覆盖的土壤环境效应[J].干旱地区农业研究，2007,25(5):56-59.DU S N, BAI G S. Studies on effects of plastic film mulching on soil environment of maize field[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Area, 2007, 25(5):56-59.
[22]杨青华，韩锦峰，贺德先.液体地膜覆盖对棉田土壤微生物和酶活性的影响[J].生态学报，2005,25(6):1312-1317.YANG Q H, HAN J F, HE D X. Effects of liquid film on the quantity of microorganisms and activity of enzymes in a cotton field[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(6):1312-1317.
[23] RUSSO S E, LEGGE R, WEBER K A, et al. Bacterial community structure of contrasting soils underlying Bornean rain forests:Inferences from microarray and next-generation sequencing methods[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2012, 55:48-59.
[24]陈锡时，郭树凡，汪景宽，等.地膜覆盖栽培对土壤微生物种群和生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报，1998,9(4):435-439.CHEN X S, GUO S F, WANG J K, et al. Effect of mulching cultivation with plastic film on soil microbial population and biological activity[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1998, 9(4):435-439.
[2]徐刚，杜晓明，曹云者，等.典型地区农用地膜残留水平及其形态特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报，2005,24(1):79-83.XU G, DU X M, CAO Y Z, et al. Residue levels and morphology of agricultural plastic film in representative areas of China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005, 24(1):79-83.
[3]刘敏，黄占斌，杨玉姣.可生物降解地膜的研究进展与发展趋势[J].中国农学通报，2008,24(9):439-443.LIU M, HUANG Z B, YANG Y J. A study on status and developmental trend of biodegradable plastic film[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2008, 24(9):439-443.
[4]张杰，任小龙，罗诗峰，等.环保地膜覆盖对土壤水分及玉米产量的影响[J].农业工程学报，2010,26(6):14-19.ZHANG J, REN X L, LUO S F, et al. Influences of different covering materials mulching on soil moisture and corn yield[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2010, 26(6):14-19.
[5]朱友娟，伍维模，温善菊，等.可降解地膜对新疆南疆棉花生长和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究，2016,34(4):189-196,224.ZHU Y J, WU W M, WEN S J, et al. The effect of degradable agricultural mulch films on the growth and yield of cotton in Southern Xinjiang[J]. Agricultural Research in the Arid Area, 2016, 34(4):189-196, 224.
[6]刘莉，刘勇，杨永花，等.生物可降解地膜在烤烟生产中的应用研究[J].安徽农学通报，2014,20(19):24-25,54.LIU L, LIU Y, YANG Y H, et al. Application of biodegradable film on tobacco production[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2014, 20(19):24-25, 54.
[7]申丽霞，王璞，张丽丽.可降解地膜的降解性能及对土壤温度、水分和玉米生长的影响[J].农业工程学报，2012,28(4):111-116.SHEN L X, WANG P, ZHANG L L. Degradation property of degradable film and its effect on soil temperature and moisture and maize growth[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(4):111-116.
[8]曲萍，郭宝华，王海波，等. PBAT全生物降解地膜在玉米田中的降解特性[J].农业工程学报，2017,33(17):194-199.QU P, GUO B H, WANG H B, et al. Degaradation characteristics of PBAT mulch in maize field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2017, 33(17):194-199.
[9]王锡春，靳志丽，周向平，等.永州烟区烤烟生产适用生物降解地膜的筛选[J].贵州农业科学，2018,46(5):25-29.WANG X C, JIN Z L, ZHOU X P, et al. Screening of biodegradable mulch film for flue-cured tobacco production in Yongzhou tobacco growing area[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 46(5):25-29.
[10]纪春艳，张爽，李慧,等.生物降解膜覆盖对烤烟光合特性、叶绿素荧光和农艺性状的影响[J].江苏农业科学，2018,46(8):77-80.JI C Y, ZHANG S, LI H, et al. Effects of biodegradable film mulching on photosynthetic characteristics,chlorophyll fluorescence and agronomic characteristics of flue-cured tobacco[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2018, 46(8):77-80.
[11]郭仕平，向金友，曾淑华，等.生物降解膜在烤烟地膜覆盖栽培中的应用[J].中国农学通报，2015,31(28):50-54.GUO S P, XIANG J Y, ZENG S H, et al. Application of biodegradable mulch in flue-cured tobacco mulching cultivation[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2015, 31(28):50-54.
[12]杨惠娣，唐赛珍.降解塑料试验评价方法探讨[J].塑料，1996,25(1):16-21.YANG H D, TANG S Z. Evaluating method for testing of degradable plastics[J]. Plastics, 1996, 25(1):16-21.
[13]王瑞新.烟草化学[M].北京：中国农业出版社，2003.WANG R X. Tobacco chemistry[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2003.
[14]李振高，骆永明，腾应.土壤与环境微生物研究方法[D].北京：科学出版社，2008.LI Z G, LUO Y M, TENG Y. The research method of soil and environmental microorganism[D]. Beijing:Science Press, 2008.
[15] EDGAR R C. Search and clustering orders of magnitude faster than BLAST[J]. Bioinformatics, 2010, 26(19):2460-2461.
[16]杨龙祥，徐兴阳，刘永，等.法国进口生物降解地膜在烤烟生产上的应用效果研究[J].昆明学院学报，2012,34(6):32-35.YANG L X, XU X Y, LIU Y, et al. Study on effects of application of biolice film imported from france in tobacco production[J]. Journal of Kunming University,2012, 34(6):32-35.
[17]刘国顺.烟草栽培学[M].北京：中国农业出版社，2003.LIU G S. Tobacco cultivation[M]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press, 2003.
[18] GAN Y, SIDDIQUE K H M, TURNER N C, et al.Ridge-furrow mulching systems-an innovative technique for boosting crop productivity in semiarid rain-fed environments[J]. Advances in Agronomy, 2013, 118:429-476.
[19]刘晓伟，何文清，吕军，等.不同的可降解地膜对土壤温度、水分、盐分及棉花产量的影响[J].陕西农业科学，2016,62(3):52-56.LIU X W, HE W Q, LV J, et al. Effects of degradable plastic films of different materials on soil temperature,water, salt and cotton yield[J]. Shaanxi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2016, 62(3):52-56.
[20]刘胜尧，李志宏，张立峰，等.覆膜对华北春玉米磷钾吸收、分配及水分利用率的影响[J].水土保持学报，2014,28(4):97-103.LIU S Y, LI Z H, ZHANG L F, et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on absorption and distribution of P and K and water use efficiency of spring maize in North China Plain[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2014,28(4):97-103.
[21]杜社妮，白岗栓.玉米地膜覆盖的土壤环境效应[J].干旱地区农业研究，2007,25(5):56-59.DU S N, BAI G S. Studies on effects of plastic film mulching on soil environment of maize field[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Area, 2007, 25(5):56-59.
[22]杨青华，韩锦峰，贺德先.液体地膜覆盖对棉田土壤微生物和酶活性的影响[J].生态学报，2005,25(6):1312-1317.YANG Q H, HAN J F, HE D X. Effects of liquid film on the quantity of microorganisms and activity of enzymes in a cotton field[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(6):1312-1317.
[23] RUSSO S E, LEGGE R, WEBER K A, et al. Bacterial community structure of contrasting soils underlying Bornean rain forests:Inferences from microarray and next-generation sequencing methods[J]. Soil Biology&Biochemistry, 2012, 55:48-59.
[24]陈锡时，郭树凡，汪景宽，等.地膜覆盖栽培对土壤微生物种群和生物活性的影响[J].应用生态学报，1998,9(4):435-439.CHEN X S, GUO S F, WANG J K, et al. Effect of mulching cultivation with plastic film on soil microbial population and biological activity[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 1998, 9(4):435-439.
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