杉木人工林与年龄无关的优势高生长模型
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摘要
【目的】地位指数法是森林立地质量评价常用的一种方法,优势高又是地位指数模型中重要的参数。本研究以杉木优势高生长为切入点,使用与年龄无关方法建立杉木人工林的优势高生长模型,模拟在林分年龄未知的情况下预测杉木人工林优势高。【方法】利用福建省将乐国有林场杉木人工林的65个固定样地连续观测数据,基于Richards方程、Lundqvist-Kolf方程和Hossfeld方程3个树高生长方程,使用与年龄无关的方法建立了9个优势高生长模型。模型检验使用决定系数、平均误差和均方根误差3个统计指标来确定最佳模型。【结果】构建的9个优势高生长模型都具有较好的拟合优度,其中以Hossfeld方程为基础方程,以参数a作为林分因子扩展参数推导而来的模型为最佳模型,而且模型参数年龄差Δt越小,模型预测精度越高。【结论】与年龄无关的地位指数模型能够准确地拟合和预测优势高生长。在异龄林中或林分年龄难以获得时,建议采用与年龄无关的地位指数模型来评估立地质量。
【Objective】The site index method is a common way for forest site quality evaluation, and dominant height is an important parameter in the site index model. The purpose of this study was to develop dominant height growth models for Chinese fir plantation using age-independent methods to predict dominant height growth under the scenario that sand age remains unknown. This kind of age-independent difference approach formulation is established to stimulate the growth of trees and stands. It is used to predict the growth at the end of every period by the observation at the beginning of the period.【Method】With data of 65 permanent sample plots in Jiangle State-owned Forest farm of Fujian Province, nine age-independent models were developed respectively based on Richards, Lundqvist-Kolf and Hossfeld growth equation. Three statistics indicators including coefficient of determination(R~2), mean error and root mean square error and graphical analysis were considered to evaluate models and choose the best one. This method has little application at home but it can improve the situation that ages are difficult to get or not able to attain. It can provide a new way to establish dominant height model and it will make site index evaluation become a more convenient thing.【Result】The nine models showed robust goodness of fit, and the best one was identified as the model derived from Hossfeld function with parameter a as expand parameter of stand factors. Besides, its predictive accuracy is higher for short age intervals.【Conclusion】Age-independent site index model can accurately fit and predict dominant height growth, it is accurate and effective for site index model derivation, so it is recommended that age-independent site index model should be used to estimate site quality for uneven-aged stands or age unknown situations.
【Objective】The site index method is a common way for forest site quality evaluation, and dominant height is an important parameter in the site index model. The purpose of this study was to develop dominant height growth models for Chinese fir plantation using age-independent methods to predict dominant height growth under the scenario that sand age remains unknown. This kind of age-independent difference approach formulation is established to stimulate the growth of trees and stands. It is used to predict the growth at the end of every period by the observation at the beginning of the period.【Method】With data of 65 permanent sample plots in Jiangle State-owned Forest farm of Fujian Province, nine age-independent models were developed respectively based on Richards, Lundqvist-Kolf and Hossfeld growth equation. Three statistics indicators including coefficient of determination(R~2), mean error and root mean square error and graphical analysis were considered to evaluate models and choose the best one. This method has little application at home but it can improve the situation that ages are difficult to get or not able to attain. It can provide a new way to establish dominant height model and it will make site index evaluation become a more convenient thing.【Result】The nine models showed robust goodness of fit, and the best one was identified as the model derived from Hossfeld function with parameter a as expand parameter of stand factors. Besides, its predictive accuracy is higher for short age intervals.【Conclusion】Age-independent site index model can accurately fit and predict dominant height growth, it is accurate and effective for site index model derivation, so it is recommended that age-independent site index model should be used to estimate site quality for uneven-aged stands or age unknown situations.
引文
[1] 郭小阳,吴恒,田相林,等.基于优势高模型分析多源数据对立地质量评价的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(6):184-189.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1001-7461.2017.06.28.GUO X Y,WU H,TIAN X L,et al.Effects of multiple source data on site evaluation based on dominant height modeling[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(6):184-189.
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[4] 王冬至,张冬燕,蒋凤玲,等.塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林地位指数模型[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3413-3420.DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.20150915.003.WANG D Z,ZHANG D Y,JIANG F L,et al.A site index model for Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in Saihanba,north China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(11):3413-3420.
[5] 雷相东,朱光玉,卢军.云冷杉阔叶混交过伐林林分优势高估计方法的研究[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):36-41.DOI:10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.004.LEI X D,ZHU G Y,LU J.Top height estimation for mixed spruce-fir-deciduous over-logged forests[J].Forest Research,2018,31(1):36-41.
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[7] ROJO-ALBORECA A,CABANILLAS-SALDA?A A M,BARRIO-ANTA M,et al.Site index curves for natural Aleppo pine forests in the central Ebro valley (Spain)[J].Maderay Bosques,2017,23(1):143-159.DOI:10.21829/myb.2017.231495.
[8] ARIAS-RODIL M,CRECENTE-CAMPO F,BARRIO-ANTA M,et al.Evaluation of age-independent methods of estimating site index and predicting height growth:a case study for maritime pine in Asturias (NW Spain)[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,134(2):223-233.DOI:10.1007/s10342-014-0845-z.
[9] 段爱国,张建国.杉木人工林优势高生长模拟及多形地位指数方程[J].林业科学,2004(6):13-19.DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20040603.DUAN A G,ZHANG J G.Modeling of dominant height growth and building of polymorphic site index equations of Chinese fir plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2004(6):13-19.
[10] KAHRIMAN,S?NMEZ,GADOW.Site index models for Calabrian pine in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey[J].Journal of Sustainable Forestry,2018,37(5):72-79.DOI:10.1080/10549811.2017.1421086.
[11] BAILEY R,CLUTTER J.Base-age invariant polymorphic site curves[J].Forest Science,1974,20:155-159.DOI:10.1093/forestscience/20.2.155.
[12] 相聪伟.杉木人工林立地指数方程的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.XIANG C W.Study on site index equation of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2010.
[13] 赵磊,倪成才,GORDON N.加拿大哥伦比亚省美国黄松广义代数差分型地位指数模型[J].林业科学,2012,48(3):74-81.DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20120312ZHAO L,NI C C,GORDON N.Generalized algebraic difference site index model for ponderosa pine in British Columbia,Canada[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(3):74-81.
[14] 曹元帅,孙玉军.基于广义代数差分法的杉木人工林地位指数模型[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(5):79-84.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201611054CAO Y S,SUN Y J.Generalized algebraic difference site index model for Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2017,41(5):79-84.
[15] CIESZEWSKI J,BAILEY L.Generalized algebraic difference approach:theory based derivation of dynamic site equations with polymorphism and variable asymptotes[J].Forest Science,2000(1):116-126.
[16] ADAME P,CA?ELLAS I,ROIG S,et al.Modelling dominant height growth and site index curves for rebollo oak(Quercus pyrenaica Willd.)[J].Annals of Forest Science,2006,63(8):929-940.DOI:10.1051/forest:2006076.
[17] 沈剑波,雷相东,王虎威,等.针阔混交异龄林林分优势高的确定方法[J].林业与环境科学,2019,35(1):43-48.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-4427.2019.01.008SHEN J B,LEI X D,WANG H W,et al.Stand dominant height estimation of uneven-aged mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Stands[J].Forestry and Environmental Science,2019,35(1):43-48.
[18] TOMé J,TOMé M,BARREIRO S,et al.Age-independent difference equations for modelling tree and stand grow[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2006,36(7):1621-1630.DOI:10.1139/X06-065.
[19] GEA-IZQUIERDO G,CANELLAS I,MONTERO G.Site index in agroforestry systems:age-dependent and age-independent dynamic diameter growth models for Quercus ilex in Iberian open oak woodlands[J].Can J For Res,2008,38(1):101-113.DOI:10.1139/X07-142.
[20] PAULO J A,TOMé M.An individual tree growth model for juvenile cork oak stands in Southern Portugal[J].Silva Lusitana,2009,17(1):27-38.
[21] ESSE C ,DONOSO P J ,GERDING V ,et al.Secondary Nothofagus dombeyi forests:site index curves and dominant height in the coastal range of south-central Chile[J].Southern Forests A Journal of Forest Science,2018,80(3):1-8.DOI:10.2989/20702620.2017.1347849.
[2] GARCíA-ESPINOZA G G.Local-global and fixed-random parameters to model dominant height growth of Pinus pseudostrobus Lindley[J].Revista Chapingo Serie Horticultura,2019,25(1):141-156.DOI:10.5154/r.rchscfa.2018.06.047.
[3] DIéGUEZ-ARANDA U,GRANDAS-ARIAS J,áLVARES-GONZáLES J,et al.Site quality curves for birch stands in north-western Spain[J].Silva Fennica,2006,40(4):120-127.DOI:10.14214/sf.319.
[4] 王冬至,张冬燕,蒋凤玲,等.塞罕坝华北落叶松人工林地位指数模型[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(11):3413-3420.DOI:10.13287/j.1001-9332.20150915.003.WANG D Z,ZHANG D Y,JIANG F L,et al.A site index model for Larix principis-rupprechtii plantation in Saihanba,north China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(11):3413-3420.
[5] 雷相东,朱光玉,卢军.云冷杉阔叶混交过伐林林分优势高估计方法的研究[J].林业科学研究,2018,31(1):36-41.DOI:10.13275/j.cnki.lykxyj.2018.01.004.LEI X D,ZHU G Y,LU J.Top height estimation for mixed spruce-fir-deciduous over-logged forests[J].Forest Research,2018,31(1):36-41.
[6] SKOVSGAARD J P,VANCLAY J K.Forest site productivity:a review of the evolution of dendrometric concepts for even-aged stands[J].Forestry,2008,81(1):13-31.DOI:10.1093/forestry/cpm041.
[7] ROJO-ALBORECA A,CABANILLAS-SALDA?A A M,BARRIO-ANTA M,et al.Site index curves for natural Aleppo pine forests in the central Ebro valley (Spain)[J].Maderay Bosques,2017,23(1):143-159.DOI:10.21829/myb.2017.231495.
[8] ARIAS-RODIL M,CRECENTE-CAMPO F,BARRIO-ANTA M,et al.Evaluation of age-independent methods of estimating site index and predicting height growth:a case study for maritime pine in Asturias (NW Spain)[J].European Journal of Forest Research,2014,134(2):223-233.DOI:10.1007/s10342-014-0845-z.
[9] 段爱国,张建国.杉木人工林优势高生长模拟及多形地位指数方程[J].林业科学,2004(6):13-19.DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20040603.DUAN A G,ZHANG J G.Modeling of dominant height growth and building of polymorphic site index equations of Chinese fir plantation[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2004(6):13-19.
[10] KAHRIMAN,S?NMEZ,GADOW.Site index models for Calabrian pine in the central Mediterranean region of Turkey[J].Journal of Sustainable Forestry,2018,37(5):72-79.DOI:10.1080/10549811.2017.1421086.
[11] BAILEY R,CLUTTER J.Base-age invariant polymorphic site curves[J].Forest Science,1974,20:155-159.DOI:10.1093/forestscience/20.2.155.
[12] 相聪伟.杉木人工林立地指数方程的研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.XIANG C W.Study on site index equation of Cunninghamia lanceolata plantations[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2010.
[13] 赵磊,倪成才,GORDON N.加拿大哥伦比亚省美国黄松广义代数差分型地位指数模型[J].林业科学,2012,48(3):74-81.DOI:10.11707/j.1001-7488.20120312ZHAO L,NI C C,GORDON N.Generalized algebraic difference site index model for ponderosa pine in British Columbia,Canada[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2012,48(3):74-81.
[14] 曹元帅,孙玉军.基于广义代数差分法的杉木人工林地位指数模型[J].南京林业大学学报(自然科学版),2017,41(5):79-84.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-2006.201611054CAO Y S,SUN Y J.Generalized algebraic difference site index model for Chinese fir plantation[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University (Natural Sciences Edition),2017,41(5):79-84.
[15] CIESZEWSKI J,BAILEY L.Generalized algebraic difference approach:theory based derivation of dynamic site equations with polymorphism and variable asymptotes[J].Forest Science,2000(1):116-126.
[16] ADAME P,CA?ELLAS I,ROIG S,et al.Modelling dominant height growth and site index curves for rebollo oak(Quercus pyrenaica Willd.)[J].Annals of Forest Science,2006,63(8):929-940.DOI:10.1051/forest:2006076.
[17] 沈剑波,雷相东,王虎威,等.针阔混交异龄林林分优势高的确定方法[J].林业与环境科学,2019,35(1):43-48.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1006-4427.2019.01.008SHEN J B,LEI X D,WANG H W,et al.Stand dominant height estimation of uneven-aged mixed coniferous and broad-leaved Stands[J].Forestry and Environmental Science,2019,35(1):43-48.
[18] TOMé J,TOMé M,BARREIRO S,et al.Age-independent difference equations for modelling tree and stand grow[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2006,36(7):1621-1630.DOI:10.1139/X06-065.
[19] GEA-IZQUIERDO G,CANELLAS I,MONTERO G.Site index in agroforestry systems:age-dependent and age-independent dynamic diameter growth models for Quercus ilex in Iberian open oak woodlands[J].Can J For Res,2008,38(1):101-113.DOI:10.1139/X07-142.
[20] PAULO J A,TOMé M.An individual tree growth model for juvenile cork oak stands in Southern Portugal[J].Silva Lusitana,2009,17(1):27-38.
[21] ESSE C ,DONOSO P J ,GERDING V ,et al.Secondary Nothofagus dombeyi forests:site index curves and dominant height in the coastal range of south-central Chile[J].Southern Forests A Journal of Forest Science,2018,80(3):1-8.DOI:10.2989/20702620.2017.1347849.
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