基于不同监测方法的太湖地区稻田基蘖肥期氨排放研究
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摘要
稻田施用化学氮肥易产生氨挥发损失,目前我国稻田氨排放研究尚缺乏不同监测方法的同步对比研究,这影响到对稻田氨排放的科学评价以及稻田氮肥的合理施用。在太湖地区水稻基肥和分蘖肥施用后同时采用微气象学法(IHF)、密闭室抽气法和通气法对稻田氨排放进行监测研究。结果表明,采用三种方法监测的氨排放变化趋势大体一致,基肥施用后峰值出现在施肥后第3～4天,分蘖肥施用后峰值出现在施肥后第2天,两次施肥后氨排放持续时间均为1周左右。基肥施用后采用微气象学法、密闭室抽气法和通气法监测的氨排放峰值分别为8.8、11.3和3.2kg·hm~(-2)·d~(-1)(以N计,下同),氨排放量分别为34.6、38.2和12.9kg·hm~(-2),占基肥施氮量的32.0%、35.4%和11.9%;分蘖肥施用后三种方法监测的峰值分别为12.5、7.7和5.3kg·hm~(-2)·d~(-1),氨排放量分别为26.7、16.8和11.8kg·hm~(-2),占分蘖肥施氮量的33.0%、20.7%和14.6%。三种方法之间具有良好的相关性。综合基肥和分蘖肥期氨排放总量,密闭室抽气法与微气象学法结果接近,通气法低估了氨排放量。密闭室抽气法可用于监测稻田基蘖肥施用后的氨排放,须保证监测期间的换气次数及抽气流量,并确保施肥后试验区田埂保水保肥。
【Objective】 Ammonia volatilization loss is liable to occur after application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer onto paddy fields. Ammonia emitted from the fields brings about adverse effects on the air and water environment, such as smog and eutrophication. So far little has been reported about studies to compare synchronously the uses of different methods to monitor ammonia emission from paddy fields in China, which affects scientific assessment of ammonia emission from paddy fields and recommendation of rational application of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy fields. 【Method】 Ammonia emissions after basal and tillering fertilizer application were monitored simultaneously with three techniques different in monitoring principle, that is, micrometeorological mass-balance integrated horizontal flux(IHF), dynamic chamber technique and static chamber technique, during the rice growing season of 2017 in the Taihu Lake region. The IHF technique had five ammonia samplers fixed at 0.4 m, 0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, and 2.8 m high above the floodwater surface along a pole erected in the center of circular plots(20 m in radius). The dynamic chamber technique was designed to have an air exchange rate of 17 times per minute. And the static chamber technique had the sponge in the chamber replaced daily after N fertilizer application. At the same time, NH4+-N concentration and pH in the floodwater on the surface of the paddy field was measured. 【Result】 Results show that dynamics of the daily ammonia emissions monitored with the three methods were quite consistent in feature. Ammonia emission peaked on the 3 rd～4 th day after the basal fertilization and the second day after the tillering fertilization. No significant emission was observed one week after the basal or tillering fertilizer application. In the monitoring, regardless of the methods, ammonia emission fluxes were found positively related to concentration of NH4+-N in the floodwater. The horizontal ammonia flux at 0.4 m above the surface water reached 131.0 μg·m-2·s-1 the second day after the basal fertilization, and the flux at 0.8 m above the surface water reached 137.9 μg·m-2·s-1 the second day after the tillering fertilization. The horizontal ammonia flux at 2.8 m was 35.3～66.5 μg·m-2·s-1 and 20.2～39.8 μg·m-2·s-1 after the basal and the tillering fertilization respectively. Cumulative ammonia emission relative to micrometeorological technique, dynamic chamber technique and static chamber technique after the basal fertilization was measured to be 34.6 kg·hm~(-2), 38.2 kg·hm~(-2) and 12.9 kg·hm~(-2), accounting for 32.0%, 35.4% and 11.9% of the basal N fertilizer applied, respectively, and that after the tillering fertilization was 26.7 kg·hm~(-2), 16.8 kg·hm~(-2) and 11.8 kg·hm~(-2), accounting for 33.0%, 20.7% and 14.6% of the tillering N fertilizer applied, respectively. The ammonia emissions monitored with the three different methods displayed nice linear relationships between each other. The dynamic chamber method was quite approximate to the IHF method in total ammonia emission after the basal and tillering fertilizations, while the static chamber method underestimated the actual ammonia emission after the basal and tillering fertilizations, down to only 40.4% of that monitored with the IHF method, because the air exchange in the static chamber tended to be hindered. 【Conclusion】 Loss of the basal and tillering N fertilizers through ammonia emission is serious, when a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied into flooded paddy fields at the time air temperature is high and nitrogen adsorption capacity of rice plant is low. The dynamic chamber method can be used to monitor ammonia emission from paddy fields after basal and tillering fertilizations. However, when the dynamic chamber method is used to monitor ammonia emission from soil-water surface after fertilization, the airflow exchange rates should be taken into account. Furthermore, after basal fertilizer is applied, the ridges of the experimental plots should be made capable of conserving water and nutrients to prevent water exchange through the ridge.
【Objective】 Ammonia volatilization loss is liable to occur after application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer onto paddy fields. Ammonia emitted from the fields brings about adverse effects on the air and water environment, such as smog and eutrophication. So far little has been reported about studies to compare synchronously the uses of different methods to monitor ammonia emission from paddy fields in China, which affects scientific assessment of ammonia emission from paddy fields and recommendation of rational application of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy fields. 【Method】 Ammonia emissions after basal and tillering fertilizer application were monitored simultaneously with three techniques different in monitoring principle, that is, micrometeorological mass-balance integrated horizontal flux(IHF), dynamic chamber technique and static chamber technique, during the rice growing season of 2017 in the Taihu Lake region. The IHF technique had five ammonia samplers fixed at 0.4 m, 0.8 m, 1.2 m, 1.8 m, and 2.8 m high above the floodwater surface along a pole erected in the center of circular plots(20 m in radius). The dynamic chamber technique was designed to have an air exchange rate of 17 times per minute. And the static chamber technique had the sponge in the chamber replaced daily after N fertilizer application. At the same time, NH4+-N concentration and pH in the floodwater on the surface of the paddy field was measured. 【Result】 Results show that dynamics of the daily ammonia emissions monitored with the three methods were quite consistent in feature. Ammonia emission peaked on the 3 rd～4 th day after the basal fertilization and the second day after the tillering fertilization. No significant emission was observed one week after the basal or tillering fertilizer application. In the monitoring, regardless of the methods, ammonia emission fluxes were found positively related to concentration of NH4+-N in the floodwater. The horizontal ammonia flux at 0.4 m above the surface water reached 131.0 μg·m-2·s-1 the second day after the basal fertilization, and the flux at 0.8 m above the surface water reached 137.9 μg·m-2·s-1 the second day after the tillering fertilization. The horizontal ammonia flux at 2.8 m was 35.3～66.5 μg·m-2·s-1 and 20.2～39.8 μg·m-2·s-1 after the basal and the tillering fertilization respectively. Cumulative ammonia emission relative to micrometeorological technique, dynamic chamber technique and static chamber technique after the basal fertilization was measured to be 34.6 kg·hm~(-2), 38.2 kg·hm~(-2) and 12.9 kg·hm~(-2), accounting for 32.0%, 35.4% and 11.9% of the basal N fertilizer applied, respectively, and that after the tillering fertilization was 26.7 kg·hm~(-2), 16.8 kg·hm~(-2) and 11.8 kg·hm~(-2), accounting for 33.0%, 20.7% and 14.6% of the tillering N fertilizer applied, respectively. The ammonia emissions monitored with the three different methods displayed nice linear relationships between each other. The dynamic chamber method was quite approximate to the IHF method in total ammonia emission after the basal and tillering fertilizations, while the static chamber method underestimated the actual ammonia emission after the basal and tillering fertilizations, down to only 40.4% of that monitored with the IHF method, because the air exchange in the static chamber tended to be hindered. 【Conclusion】 Loss of the basal and tillering N fertilizers through ammonia emission is serious, when a large amount of nitrogen fertilizer is applied into flooded paddy fields at the time air temperature is high and nitrogen adsorption capacity of rice plant is low. The dynamic chamber method can be used to monitor ammonia emission from paddy fields after basal and tillering fertilizations. However, when the dynamic chamber method is used to monitor ammonia emission from soil-water surface after fertilization, the airflow exchange rates should be taken into account. Furthermore, after basal fertilizer is applied, the ridges of the experimental plots should be made capable of conserving water and nutrients to prevent water exchange through the ridge.
引文
[1]张履祥辑补，陈恒力校点.沈氏农书.北京：中华书局，1956Zhang L X,Chen H L. Shen’s book on agriculture(In Chinese). Beijing:Zhonghua Book Company,1956
[2]曹隆恭.我国稻作施肥发展史略.中国农史，1989(1):83—89Cao L G. Development history of rice fertilization in China(In Chinese). Agricultural History of China,1989(1):83—89
[3]颜晓元，夏龙龙，遆超普.面向作物产量和环境双赢的氮肥施用策略.中国科学院院刊，2018,33(2):177—183Yan X Y,Xia L L,Ti C P. Win-win nitrogen management practices for improving crop yield and environmental sustainability(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):177—183
[4]巨晓棠，谷保静，蔡祖聪.关于减少农业氨排放以缓解灰霾危害的建议.科技导报，2017,35(13):11—12Ju X T,Gu B J,Cai Z C. Suggestions on reducing agricultural ammonia emissions to alleviate haze hazards(In Chinese). Science&Technology Review,2017,35(13):11—12
[5] Aneja V P,Schlesinger W H,Erisman J W. Effects of agriculture upon the air quality and climate:research,policy, and regulations. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(12):4234—4240
[6] Zhang X M,Wu Y Y,Liu X J. et al. Ammonia emissions may be substantially underestimated in China. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(21):12089—12096
[7]田光明，蔡祖聪，曹金留，等.镇江丘陵区稻田化肥氮的氨挥发及其影响因素.土壤学报，2001,38(3):324—332Tian G M,Cai Z C,Cao J L,et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy?eld and its affecting factors in Zhenjiang hilly region(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2001,38(3):324—332
[8]周旋，吴良欢，戴锋，等.生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响.农业环境科学学报，2018,37(2):399—408Zhou X,Wu L H,Dai F,et al. Effects of combined biochemical inhibitors and fertilization models on ammonia volatilization in yellow clayey paddy field(In Chinese).Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):399—408
[9]黄进宝，范晓晖，张绍林.太湖地区铁渗水耕人为土稻季上氮肥的氨挥发.土壤学报，2006,43(5):786—792Huang J B,Fan X H,Zhang S L. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer in the rice?eld of Fe-leachi-stagnic anthrosols in the Taihu Lake region(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(5):786—792
[10] Cai G X,Zhu Z L,Trevitt A,et al. Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers applied to?ooded rice. Fertilizer Research,1986,10(3):203—215
[11] Zhu Z L,Cai G X,Simpson J,et al. Processes of nitrogen loss from fertilizers applied to flooded rice fields on a calcareous soil in north-central China. Fertilizer Research,1988,18(2):101—115
[12] Cai G X,Chen D L,Ding H,et al. Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize,wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63(2/3):187—195
[13] Cai G X,Peng G H,Wang X,et al. Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to acid paddy soil in southern China and its control. Pedosphere,1992,2(4):345—354
[14] Li H,Chen Y,Liang X,et al. Mineral-nitrogen leaching and ammonia volatilization from a rice-rapeseed system as affected by 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate. Journal of Environmental Quality,2009,38(5):2131—2137
[15] Yao Y L,Zhang M,Tian Y H,et al. Urea deep placement for minimizing NH3 loss in an intensive rice cropping system.Field Crops Research. 2018,218:254—266
[16] He T H,Liu D Y,Yuan J J,et al. A two years study on the combined effects of biochar and inhibitors on ammonia volatilization in an intensively managed rice?eld.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2018,264:44—53
[17]朱小红，马中文，马友华，等.施肥对巢湖流域稻季氨挥发损失的影响.生态学报，2012,32(7):2119—2126Zhu X H,Ma Z W,Ma Y H,et al. Effect of fertilization on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in Chao Lake Basin(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(7):2119—2126
[18] Liu T Q,Fan D J,Zhang X X,et al. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy?elds in central China. Field Crops Research,2015,184:80—90
[19] Sommer S G,Misselbrook T H. A review of ammonia emission measured using wind tunnels compared with micrometeorological techniques. Soil Use and Management,2016,32(S1):101—108
[20] Denmead O T,Simpson J R,Freney J R. A direct field measurement of ammonia emission after injection of anhydrous ammonia. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1977,41(5):1001—1004
[21] Leuning R,Freney J R,Denmead O T,et al. A sampler for measuring atmospheric ammonia flux. Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(7):1117—1124
[22]田玉华，曾科，姚元林，等.基于不同监测方法的太湖地区水稻穗肥期氨排放研究.土壤学报，2019,56(3):693—702Tian Y H,Zeng K,Yao Y L,et al. Ammonia emission following fertilization at booting stage of rice crop in Taihu Lake region relative to monitoring techniques(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2019,56(3):693—702
[23]王朝辉，刘学军，巨晓棠.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定-通气法.植物营养与肥料学报，2002,8(2):205—209Wang Z H,Liu X J,Ju X T. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:Venting method(In Chinese). Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205—209
[24] Chen G,Chen Y,Zhao G H,et al. Do high nitrogen use efficiency rice cultivars reduce nitrogen losses from paddy fields? Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,209:26—33
[25] Wang J,Wang D J,Zhang G,et al. Effect of wheat straw application on ammonia volatilization from urea applied to a paddy?eld. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,94(1):73—84
[26]张静，王德建.太湖地区乌栅土稻田氨挥发损失的研究.中国生态农业学报，2007,15(6):84—87Zhang J,Wang D J. Ammonia volatilization in gleyed paddy field soils of Taihu Lake region(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(6):84—87
[27]朱兆良，蔡贵信，徐银华，等.种稻下氮肥的氨挥发及其在氮素损失中的重要性的研究.土壤学报，1985,22(4):320—328Zhu Z L,Cai G X,Xu Y H,et al. Ammonia volatilization and its significance to the losses of fertilizer nitrogen applied to paddy soil(In Chinese).A c t a P e d o l o g i c a S i n i c a, 1 9 8 5, 2 2(4):3 2 0—328
[28]宋勇生，范晓晖，林德喜，等.太湖地区稻田氨挥发及影响因素的研究.土壤学报，2004,41(2):265—269Song Y S,Fan X H,Lin D X,et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region and its influencing factors(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):265—269
[29] Hayashi K,Hiradate S,Ishikawa S,et al. Ammonia exchange between rice leaf blades and the atmosphere:Effect of broadcast urea and changes in xylem sap and leaf apoplastic ammonium concentrations. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2008,54(5):807—818
[30] Ashraf M,Mahmood T,Azam F. Translocation and recovery of 15N-labelled N derived from foliar uptake of15NH3 by rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2003,38(4):257—260
[31] Wang X Z,Zhu J G,Gao R,et al. Nitrogen cycling and losses under rice-wheat rotations with coated urea and urea in the Taihu Lake region. Pedosphere,2007,17(1):62—69
[32]彭玉净，田玉华，尹斌.添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响.中国生态农业学报，2012,20(1):19—23Peng Y J,Tian Y H,Yin B. Effects of NBPT urease inhibitor on ammonia volatilization in paddy fields with wheat straw application(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(1):19—23
[2]曹隆恭.我国稻作施肥发展史略.中国农史，1989(1):83—89Cao L G. Development history of rice fertilization in China(In Chinese). Agricultural History of China,1989(1):83—89
[3]颜晓元，夏龙龙，遆超普.面向作物产量和环境双赢的氮肥施用策略.中国科学院院刊，2018,33(2):177—183Yan X Y,Xia L L,Ti C P. Win-win nitrogen management practices for improving crop yield and environmental sustainability(In Chinese). Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):177—183
[4]巨晓棠，谷保静，蔡祖聪.关于减少农业氨排放以缓解灰霾危害的建议.科技导报，2017,35(13):11—12Ju X T,Gu B J,Cai Z C. Suggestions on reducing agricultural ammonia emissions to alleviate haze hazards(In Chinese). Science&Technology Review,2017,35(13):11—12
[5] Aneja V P,Schlesinger W H,Erisman J W. Effects of agriculture upon the air quality and climate:research,policy, and regulations. Environmental Science&Technology,2009,43(12):4234—4240
[6] Zhang X M,Wu Y Y,Liu X J. et al. Ammonia emissions may be substantially underestimated in China. Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(21):12089—12096
[7]田光明，蔡祖聪，曹金留，等.镇江丘陵区稻田化肥氮的氨挥发及其影响因素.土壤学报，2001,38(3):324—332Tian G M,Cai Z C,Cao J L,et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy?eld and its affecting factors in Zhenjiang hilly region(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2001,38(3):324—332
[8]周旋，吴良欢，戴锋，等.生化抑制剂组合与施肥模式对黄泥田稻季氨挥发的影响.农业环境科学学报，2018,37(2):399—408Zhou X,Wu L H,Dai F,et al. Effects of combined biochemical inhibitors and fertilization models on ammonia volatilization in yellow clayey paddy field(In Chinese).Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2018,37(2):399—408
[9]黄进宝，范晓晖，张绍林.太湖地区铁渗水耕人为土稻季上氮肥的氨挥发.土壤学报，2006,43(5):786—792Huang J B,Fan X H,Zhang S L. Ammonia volatilization from nitrogen fertilizer in the rice?eld of Fe-leachi-stagnic anthrosols in the Taihu Lake region(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2006,43(5):786—792
[10] Cai G X,Zhu Z L,Trevitt A,et al. Nitrogen loss from ammonium bicarbonate and urea fertilizers applied to?ooded rice. Fertilizer Research,1986,10(3):203—215
[11] Zhu Z L,Cai G X,Simpson J,et al. Processes of nitrogen loss from fertilizers applied to flooded rice fields on a calcareous soil in north-central China. Fertilizer Research,1988,18(2):101—115
[12] Cai G X,Chen D L,Ding H,et al. Nitrogen losses from fertilizers applied to maize,wheat and rice in the North China Plain. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2002,63(2/3):187—195
[13] Cai G X,Peng G H,Wang X,et al. Ammonia volatilization from urea applied to acid paddy soil in southern China and its control. Pedosphere,1992,2(4):345—354
[14] Li H,Chen Y,Liang X,et al. Mineral-nitrogen leaching and ammonia volatilization from a rice-rapeseed system as affected by 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate. Journal of Environmental Quality,2009,38(5):2131—2137
[15] Yao Y L,Zhang M,Tian Y H,et al. Urea deep placement for minimizing NH3 loss in an intensive rice cropping system.Field Crops Research. 2018,218:254—266
[16] He T H,Liu D Y,Yuan J J,et al. A two years study on the combined effects of biochar and inhibitors on ammonia volatilization in an intensively managed rice?eld.Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2018,264:44—53
[17]朱小红，马中文，马友华，等.施肥对巢湖流域稻季氨挥发损失的影响.生态学报，2012,32(7):2119—2126Zhu X H,Ma Z W,Ma Y H,et al. Effect of fertilization on ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in Chao Lake Basin(In Chinese).Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(7):2119—2126
[18] Liu T Q,Fan D J,Zhang X X,et al. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers reduces ammonia volatilization and increases nitrogen utilization efficiency in no-tillage paddy?elds in central China. Field Crops Research,2015,184:80—90
[19] Sommer S G,Misselbrook T H. A review of ammonia emission measured using wind tunnels compared with micrometeorological techniques. Soil Use and Management,2016,32(S1):101—108
[20] Denmead O T,Simpson J R,Freney J R. A direct field measurement of ammonia emission after injection of anhydrous ammonia. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1977,41(5):1001—1004
[21] Leuning R,Freney J R,Denmead O T,et al. A sampler for measuring atmospheric ammonia flux. Atmospheric Environment,1985,19(7):1117—1124
[22]田玉华，曾科，姚元林，等.基于不同监测方法的太湖地区水稻穗肥期氨排放研究.土壤学报，2019,56(3):693—702Tian Y H,Zeng K,Yao Y L,et al. Ammonia emission following fertilization at booting stage of rice crop in Taihu Lake region relative to monitoring techniques(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2019,56(3):693—702
[23]王朝辉，刘学军，巨晓棠.田间土壤氨挥发的原位测定-通气法.植物营养与肥料学报，2002,8(2):205—209Wang Z H,Liu X J,Ju X T. Field in situ determination of ammonia volatilization from soil:Venting method(In Chinese). Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2002,8(2):205—209
[24] Chen G,Chen Y,Zhao G H,et al. Do high nitrogen use efficiency rice cultivars reduce nitrogen losses from paddy fields? Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2015,209:26—33
[25] Wang J,Wang D J,Zhang G,et al. Effect of wheat straw application on ammonia volatilization from urea applied to a paddy?eld. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,94(1):73—84
[26]张静，王德建.太湖地区乌栅土稻田氨挥发损失的研究.中国生态农业学报，2007,15(6):84—87Zhang J,Wang D J. Ammonia volatilization in gleyed paddy field soils of Taihu Lake region(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2007,15(6):84—87
[27]朱兆良，蔡贵信，徐银华，等.种稻下氮肥的氨挥发及其在氮素损失中的重要性的研究.土壤学报，1985,22(4):320—328Zhu Z L,Cai G X,Xu Y H,et al. Ammonia volatilization and its significance to the losses of fertilizer nitrogen applied to paddy soil(In Chinese).A c t a P e d o l o g i c a S i n i c a, 1 9 8 5, 2 2(4):3 2 0—328
[28]宋勇生，范晓晖，林德喜，等.太湖地区稻田氨挥发及影响因素的研究.土壤学报，2004,41(2):265—269Song Y S,Fan X H,Lin D X,et al. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu Lake region and its influencing factors(In Chinese). Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(2):265—269
[29] Hayashi K,Hiradate S,Ishikawa S,et al. Ammonia exchange between rice leaf blades and the atmosphere:Effect of broadcast urea and changes in xylem sap and leaf apoplastic ammonium concentrations. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition,2008,54(5):807—818
[30] Ashraf M,Mahmood T,Azam F. Translocation and recovery of 15N-labelled N derived from foliar uptake of15NH3 by rice(Oryza sativa L.)cultivars. Biology and Fertility of Soils,2003,38(4):257—260
[31] Wang X Z,Zhu J G,Gao R,et al. Nitrogen cycling and losses under rice-wheat rotations with coated urea and urea in the Taihu Lake region. Pedosphere,2007,17(1):62—69
[32]彭玉净，田玉华，尹斌.添加脲酶抑制剂NBPT对麦秆还田稻田氨挥发的影响.中国生态农业学报，2012,20(1):19—23Peng Y J,Tian Y H,Yin B. Effects of NBPT urease inhibitor on ammonia volatilization in paddy fields with wheat straw application(In Chinese). Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(1):19—23
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