不同覆盖条件下坡面流水力学特征试验研究
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摘要
【目的】坡面流水力学特性对阐明土壤侵蚀和坡面产沙机理具有重要意义,本试验就不同覆盖条件下坡面的坡面流阻力及相关水力学特征进行了研究,探究不同覆盖条件下坡面流水力学特征,以期为指导水土保持坡面措施合理配置提供理论支持。【方法】试验使用自制定床冲刷水槽,选用不同覆盖度(0%、10%、15%、20%)砾石、草被床面,在不同流量(15～120 L/(min·m))、不同坡度(3°～15°)条件下进行室内定床冲刷试验。【结果】结果表明:(1)不同坡面上流速随着流量、坡度的增大而增大,且相同覆盖度下草被床面流速大于砾石床面流速,最高可达其2.2倍。(2)不同覆盖条件下弗劳德数(Fr)随着坡度的增大而增大,Darcy-weisbach阻力系数(f)随着覆盖度的增加而增加,相同覆盖度下砾石床面f大于草被床面,最高可分别为草被床面的10.9倍。(3)不同覆盖条件下坡面流阻力与流量呈线性正相关关系,相同覆盖度下砾石床面坡面流阻力大于草被床面,最高可达草被床面的2.2倍。(4)坡度与覆盖度对坡面流阻力均有显著影响,坡面流阻力随坡度的增大而增大,随着覆盖度的增大而增大,且呈较好的线性相关关系。【结论】本试验通过对不同覆盖条件下坡面流阻力的研究,可为建立基于径流动力学过程的山坡水文模型和侵蚀物理模型提供一定基础,为指导水土保持坡面措施合理配置提供理论支持。
[Objective] The hydraulic characteristics of overland flow are important for clarifying soil erosion and sediment yield mechanism. In this experiment, the overland flow resistance and related hydrodynamic characteristics of the slope under different resistance conditions were studied. Investigating the hydraulic characteristics of overland flow under different morphological conditions is to provide theoretical support for guiding the rational allocation of soil and water conservation slope measures.[Method] The study used a self-made bed to flush the sink, selecting different coverage(0%, 10%, 15%,20%)gravel and grass bed surface, and performing indoor fixed bed scouring test under the condition of different flow rate(15–120 L/(min·m)) and different slope(3°–15°) [Result] The results showed that:(1)the flow velocity on different slopes increased with the increase of flow rate and slope, and the flow velocity of the grass surface was larger than the flow velocity of the gravel bed under the same coverage, up to 2.2 times.(2) The Froude number(Fr) of different underlying surfaces increased with the increase of slope, and the Darcy-weisbach drag coefficient increased with the increase of coverage. Under the same coverage, the gravel bed surface was larger than the grass bed surface, the highest was 10.9 times of the grass.(3) The flow resistance of different underlying surface slopes was linearly positively correlated with the flow rate.Under the same coverage, the slope flow of the gravel bed surface was larger than that of the grass bed, and the highest was 2.2 times of the grass bed surface.(4) Slope and coverage had significant effects on overland flow resistance. The overland flow resistance increased with the increase of slope, and increased with the increase of coverage, and had a good linear correlation. [Conclusion] Through the study of the slope flow resistance under different conditions, it can provide a basis for the establishment of hillside hydrological models and erosion physical models based on runoff dynamics processes. And it provides theoretical support for guiding the rational allocation of soil and water conservation slope measures.
[Objective] The hydraulic characteristics of overland flow are important for clarifying soil erosion and sediment yield mechanism. In this experiment, the overland flow resistance and related hydrodynamic characteristics of the slope under different resistance conditions were studied. Investigating the hydraulic characteristics of overland flow under different morphological conditions is to provide theoretical support for guiding the rational allocation of soil and water conservation slope measures.[Method] The study used a self-made bed to flush the sink, selecting different coverage(0%, 10%, 15%,20%)gravel and grass bed surface, and performing indoor fixed bed scouring test under the condition of different flow rate(15–120 L/(min·m)) and different slope(3°–15°) [Result] The results showed that:(1)the flow velocity on different slopes increased with the increase of flow rate and slope, and the flow velocity of the grass surface was larger than the flow velocity of the gravel bed under the same coverage, up to 2.2 times.(2) The Froude number(Fr) of different underlying surfaces increased with the increase of slope, and the Darcy-weisbach drag coefficient increased with the increase of coverage. Under the same coverage, the gravel bed surface was larger than the grass bed surface, the highest was 10.9 times of the grass.(3) The flow resistance of different underlying surface slopes was linearly positively correlated with the flow rate.Under the same coverage, the slope flow of the gravel bed surface was larger than that of the grass bed, and the highest was 2.2 times of the grass bed surface.(4) Slope and coverage had significant effects on overland flow resistance. The overland flow resistance increased with the increase of slope, and increased with the increase of coverage, and had a good linear correlation. [Conclusion] Through the study of the slope flow resistance under different conditions, it can provide a basis for the establishment of hillside hydrological models and erosion physical models based on runoff dynamics processes. And it provides theoretical support for guiding the rational allocation of soil and water conservation slope measures.
引文
[1]Horton R E, Horton R, Horton H. Erosinal development of streams and their drainage basins:hidrophysical approach to quantitative morfology[J]. Journal of the Japanese Forestry Society, 1945, 56(3):275-370.
[2]张宽地,王光谦,孙晓敏,等.坡面薄层水流水动力学特性试验[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(15):182-189.Zhang K D, Wang G Q, Sun X M, et al. Experiment on hydraulic characteristics of shallow open channel flow on slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014, 30(15):182-189.
[3]罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展[J].地理科学进展, 2009, 28(4):567-574.Luo R T, Zhang G H, Cao Y. Research progress on hydrodynamic characteristics of sediment-laden flow on slopes[J]. Progress in Geography, 2009, 28(4):567-574.
[4]张光辉,卫海燕,刘宝元.坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水土保持学报, 2001, 15(1):58-61.Zhang G H, Wei H Y, Liu B Y. Study on hydro-dynamic properties of overland flow[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2001, 15(1):58-61.
[5]王俊杰,张宽地,杨苗,等.雨强和糙度对坡面薄层流水动力学特性的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(9):147-154.Wang J J, Zhang K D, Yang M, et al. Influence of rainfall and roughness on hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017, 33(9):147-154.
[6]戴矜君,程金花,张洪江,等.野外放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征[J].中国水土保持科学, 2016, 14(3):52-59.Dai J J, Cheng J H, Zhang H J, et al. Hydrodynamic characteristics of surface runoff on field scour[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 14(3):52-59.
[7]郭明明,王文龙,李建明,等.野外模拟降雨条件下矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟发育研究[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(24):155-163.Guo M M, Wang W L, Li J M, et al. Runoff, sediment yield and rill development characteristic of unpaved road in mining area under field artificial simulated rainfall condition[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(24):155-163.
[8]Roche N, Da?an J, Lawrence D S L. Hydraulic modeling of runoff over a rough surface under partial inundation[J]. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43(8):159-164.
[9]Myers T G. Modeling laminar sheet flow over rough surfaces[J].Water Resources Research, 2002, 38(11):1230-1236.
[10]张光辉.退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响[J].中国水土保持科学, 2017, 15(4):143-154.Zhang G H. Potential effects of changes in near soil surface characteristics driven by farmland abandonment on soil erosion[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 15(4):143-154.
[11]刘青泉,李家春,陈力,等.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(Ⅰ):坡面流[J].力学进展, 2004, 34(3):360-372.Liu Q Q, Li J C, Chen L, et al. Slope flow and soil erosion dynamics(Ⅰ):overland flow[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2004,34(3):360-372.
[12]张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的试验研究[J].水科学进展, 2002, 13(2):159-165.Zhang G H. Experimental research on hydrodynamic characteristic of slope thin layer flow[J]. Advances in WaterScience,2002,13(2):159-165.
[13]潘成忠,上官周平.降雨和坡度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(6):843-851.Pan C Z,Shangguan Z P.Effects of rainfall and slope gradient on hydrodynamic parameters of slope flow[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2009,17(6):843-851.
[14]Rauws G.Laboratory experiments on resistance to overland flow due to composite roughness[J].Journal of Hydrology,1988,103(1-2):37-52.
[15]Abrahams A D,Parsons A J.Hydraulics of interrill overland flow on stone-covered desert surfaces[J].Catena,1994,23(1-2):111-140.
[16]Atkinson J F,Abrahams A D,Krishnan C,et al.Shear stress partitioning and sediment transport by overland flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2000,38(1):37-40.
[17]梁洪儒,余新晓,樊登星,等.砾石覆盖对坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):57-61.Liang H R,Yu X X,Fan D X,et al.Effect of gravel-sand muchling on slope runoff and sediment yield[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):57-61.
[18]柳晓娜,樊登星,余新晓,等.大粗糙单元对坡面流水动力学特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(4):43-50.Liu X N,Fan D X,Yu X X,et al.Influence of large-scale roughness element on hydraulic characteristics of overland flow[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(4):43-50.
[19]姚文艺.坡面流流速计算的研究[J].中国水土保持,1993(3):25-29,65.Yao W Y.Study on slope flow velocity calculation[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,1993(3):25-29,65.
[20]Zhang G H,Luo R T,Cao Y,et al.Correction factor to dyemeasured flow velocity under varying water and sediment discharges[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(1-2):205-213.
[21]赵春红,高建恩,徐震.牧草调控绵沙土坡面侵蚀机理[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):113-121.Zhao C H,Gao J E,Xu Z.Mechanisms of grass control on slope erosion of Miansha soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(1):113-121.
[22]Hu S,Abrahams A D.Resistance to overland flow due to bedload transport on plane mobile beds[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,29(13):1691-1701.
[23]高延良,董旭,杨帆,等.坡面植被水流水动力学特性研究[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(9):38-47.Gao Y L,Dong X,Yang F,et al.Experimental study on hydraulic characteristics of overland flows under vegetation cover[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(9):38-47.
[24]占顺.砾石覆盖对坡面流水动力学特性试验研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2015.Zhan S.Effects of rock fragment cover on hydraulics by overland flow[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2015.
[25]余冰,王军光,蔡崇法,等.不同模拟糙度定床坡面集中水流水力学特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):50-54.Yu B,Wang J G,Cai C F,et al.Study on hydraulic properties of concentrated flow under different artificial surface roughness[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(2):50-54.
[26]敬向锋,吕宏兴,张宽地,等.不同糙率坡面水力学特征的试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(2):33-38.Jing X F,LüH X,Zhang K D,et al.Experimental study of overland flow hydromechanics under different degrees of roughness[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(2):33-38.
[27]Salman M,Manochehr G,Ali J.Effect of rock fragments cover on distance of rill erosion initiation and overland flow hydraulics[J].International Journal of Soil Science,2012,7(3):100-107.
[28]Guo T L,Wang Q X,Li D Q,et al.Effect of surface stone cover on sediment and solute transport on the slope of fallow land in the semi-arid loess region of northwestern China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2010,10(6):1200-1208.
[29]吴秋菊,吴发启,王林华.土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(1):73-80.Wu Q J,Wu F Q,Wang L H.Hydrodynamic characteristics of overland floundersoil crusts condition[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(1):73-80.
[30]翟艳宾.缓坡面薄层水流水动力学特性的试验研究[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2013.Zhai Y B.Study on hydrodynamic characteristic of sheet flow onoverland slope surface[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2013.
[31]张冠华.茵陈蒿群落分布格局对坡面侵蚀及坡面流水动力学特性的影响[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2012.Zhang G H.Influence of patterned Artemisia capillaris on slope erosion and overland flow hydrodynamic characteristics[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.
[32]李占斌,鲁克新,丁文峰.黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动力过程试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):5-7,49.Li Z B,Lu K X,Ding W F.Experimental study on dynamic processes of soil erosion on loess slope[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(2):5-7,49.
[33]Bunte K,Poesen J.Effects of rock fragment covers on erosion and transport of noncohesive sediment by shallow overland flow[J].Water Resources Research,1993,29(5):1415-1424.
[34]吴卿,杨春霞,甄斌,等.草被覆盖对坡面径流剪切力影响的试验研究[J].人民黄河,2010,32(8):96,99.Wu Q,Yang C X,Zhen B,et al.Experimental study on the effect of grass cover on the shear force of slope runoff[J].Yellow River,2010,32(8):96,99.
[2]张宽地,王光谦,孙晓敏,等.坡面薄层水流水动力学特性试验[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(15):182-189.Zhang K D, Wang G Q, Sun X M, et al. Experiment on hydraulic characteristics of shallow open channel flow on slope[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014, 30(15):182-189.
[3]罗榕婷,张光辉,曹颖.坡面含沙水流水动力学特性研究进展[J].地理科学进展, 2009, 28(4):567-574.Luo R T, Zhang G H, Cao Y. Research progress on hydrodynamic characteristics of sediment-laden flow on slopes[J]. Progress in Geography, 2009, 28(4):567-574.
[4]张光辉,卫海燕,刘宝元.坡面流水动力学特性研究[J].水土保持学报, 2001, 15(1):58-61.Zhang G H, Wei H Y, Liu B Y. Study on hydro-dynamic properties of overland flow[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2001, 15(1):58-61.
[5]王俊杰,张宽地,杨苗,等.雨强和糙度对坡面薄层流水动力学特性的影响[J].农业工程学报, 2017, 33(9):147-154.Wang J J, Zhang K D, Yang M, et al. Influence of rainfall and roughness on hydrodynamic characteristics of overland flow[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2017, 33(9):147-154.
[6]戴矜君,程金花,张洪江,等.野外放水条件下坡面流水动力学特征[J].中国水土保持科学, 2016, 14(3):52-59.Dai J J, Cheng J H, Zhang H J, et al. Hydrodynamic characteristics of surface runoff on field scour[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2016, 14(3):52-59.
[7]郭明明,王文龙,李建明,等.野外模拟降雨条件下矿区土质道路径流产沙及细沟发育研究[J].农业工程学报, 2016, 32(24):155-163.Guo M M, Wang W L, Li J M, et al. Runoff, sediment yield and rill development characteristic of unpaved road in mining area under field artificial simulated rainfall condition[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2016, 32(24):155-163.
[8]Roche N, Da?an J, Lawrence D S L. Hydraulic modeling of runoff over a rough surface under partial inundation[J]. Water Resources Research, 2007, 43(8):159-164.
[9]Myers T G. Modeling laminar sheet flow over rough surfaces[J].Water Resources Research, 2002, 38(11):1230-1236.
[10]张光辉.退耕驱动的近地表特性变化对土壤侵蚀的潜在影响[J].中国水土保持科学, 2017, 15(4):143-154.Zhang G H. Potential effects of changes in near soil surface characteristics driven by farmland abandonment on soil erosion[J]. Science of Soil and Water Conservation, 2017, 15(4):143-154.
[11]刘青泉,李家春,陈力,等.坡面流及土壤侵蚀动力学(Ⅰ):坡面流[J].力学进展, 2004, 34(3):360-372.Liu Q Q, Li J C, Chen L, et al. Slope flow and soil erosion dynamics(Ⅰ):overland flow[J]. Advances in Mechanics, 2004,34(3):360-372.
[12]张光辉.坡面薄层流水动力学特性的试验研究[J].水科学进展, 2002, 13(2):159-165.Zhang G H. Experimental research on hydrodynamic characteristic of slope thin layer flow[J]. Advances in WaterScience,2002,13(2):159-165.
[13]潘成忠,上官周平.降雨和坡度对坡面流水动力学参数的影响[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2009,17(6):843-851.Pan C Z,Shangguan Z P.Effects of rainfall and slope gradient on hydrodynamic parameters of slope flow[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2009,17(6):843-851.
[14]Rauws G.Laboratory experiments on resistance to overland flow due to composite roughness[J].Journal of Hydrology,1988,103(1-2):37-52.
[15]Abrahams A D,Parsons A J.Hydraulics of interrill overland flow on stone-covered desert surfaces[J].Catena,1994,23(1-2):111-140.
[16]Atkinson J F,Abrahams A D,Krishnan C,et al.Shear stress partitioning and sediment transport by overland flow[J].Journal of Hydraulic Research,2000,38(1):37-40.
[17]梁洪儒,余新晓,樊登星,等.砾石覆盖对坡面产流产沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(3):57-61.Liang H R,Yu X X,Fan D X,et al.Effect of gravel-sand muchling on slope runoff and sediment yield[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):57-61.
[18]柳晓娜,樊登星,余新晓,等.大粗糙单元对坡面流水动力学特性的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(4):43-50.Liu X N,Fan D X,Yu X X,et al.Influence of large-scale roughness element on hydraulic characteristics of overland flow[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,32(4):43-50.
[19]姚文艺.坡面流流速计算的研究[J].中国水土保持,1993(3):25-29,65.Yao W Y.Study on slope flow velocity calculation[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,1993(3):25-29,65.
[20]Zhang G H,Luo R T,Cao Y,et al.Correction factor to dyemeasured flow velocity under varying water and sediment discharges[J].Journal of Hydrology,2010,389(1-2):205-213.
[21]赵春红,高建恩,徐震.牧草调控绵沙土坡面侵蚀机理[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(1):113-121.Zhao C H,Gao J E,Xu Z.Mechanisms of grass control on slope erosion of Miansha soil[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2013,24(1):113-121.
[22]Hu S,Abrahams A D.Resistance to overland flow due to bedload transport on plane mobile beds[J].Earth Surface Processes&Landforms,2010,29(13):1691-1701.
[23]高延良,董旭,杨帆,等.坡面植被水流水动力学特性研究[J].水力发电学报,2016,35(9):38-47.Gao Y L,Dong X,Yang F,et al.Experimental study on hydraulic characteristics of overland flows under vegetation cover[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2016,35(9):38-47.
[24]占顺.砾石覆盖对坡面流水动力学特性试验研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2015.Zhan S.Effects of rock fragment cover on hydraulics by overland flow[D].Wuhan:Huazhong Agricultural University,2015.
[25]余冰,王军光,蔡崇法,等.不同模拟糙度定床坡面集中水流水力学特性研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(2):50-54.Yu B,Wang J G,Cai C F,et al.Study on hydraulic properties of concentrated flow under different artificial surface roughness[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(2):50-54.
[26]敬向锋,吕宏兴,张宽地,等.不同糙率坡面水力学特征的试验研究[J].水土保持通报,2007,27(2):33-38.Jing X F,LüH X,Zhang K D,et al.Experimental study of overland flow hydromechanics under different degrees of roughness[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,27(2):33-38.
[27]Salman M,Manochehr G,Ali J.Effect of rock fragments cover on distance of rill erosion initiation and overland flow hydraulics[J].International Journal of Soil Science,2012,7(3):100-107.
[28]Guo T L,Wang Q X,Li D Q,et al.Effect of surface stone cover on sediment and solute transport on the slope of fallow land in the semi-arid loess region of northwestern China[J].Journal of Soils and Sediments,2010,10(6):1200-1208.
[29]吴秋菊,吴发启,王林华.土壤结皮坡面流水动力学特征[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(1):73-80.Wu Q J,Wu F Q,Wang L H.Hydrodynamic characteristics of overland floundersoil crusts condition[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(1):73-80.
[30]翟艳宾.缓坡面薄层水流水动力学特性的试验研究[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2013.Zhai Y B.Study on hydrodynamic characteristic of sheet flow onoverland slope surface[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2013.
[31]张冠华.茵陈蒿群落分布格局对坡面侵蚀及坡面流水动力学特性的影响[D].杨凌：西北农林科技大学,2012.Zhang G H.Influence of patterned Artemisia capillaris on slope erosion and overland flow hydrodynamic characteristics[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2012.
[32]李占斌,鲁克新,丁文峰.黄土坡面土壤侵蚀动力过程试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2002,16(2):5-7,49.Li Z B,Lu K X,Ding W F.Experimental study on dynamic processes of soil erosion on loess slope[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2002,16(2):5-7,49.
[33]Bunte K,Poesen J.Effects of rock fragment covers on erosion and transport of noncohesive sediment by shallow overland flow[J].Water Resources Research,1993,29(5):1415-1424.
[34]吴卿,杨春霞,甄斌,等.草被覆盖对坡面径流剪切力影响的试验研究[J].人民黄河,2010,32(8):96,99.Wu Q,Yang C X,Zhen B,et al.Experimental study on the effect of grass cover on the shear force of slope runoff[J].Yellow River,2010,32(8):96,99.
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