施用生物炭6年后对稻田土壤酶活性及肥力的影响
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摘要
利用田间定位试验,研究0(BC_0)、7.5(BC_1)、15(BC_2)和22.5(BC_3)t·hm~(-2)水稻秸秆生物炭及3.75 t·hm~(-2)水稻秸秆(STR)一次性施加6年后对稻田土壤肥力及酶活性的影响.结果表明:施用生物炭6年后土壤有机碳、有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加,增幅分别为34.6%、12.4%和26.2%,土壤pH值和容重显著降低,但对土壤全氮含量无显著影响.土壤脲酶和酸性磷酸酶的活性显著增加,土壤荧光素二乙酸酯酶(FDA水解酶)和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性受到不同程度的抑制,其中,BC_2处理的土壤脲酶活性增加量最大,增幅为36.5%.土壤酸性磷酸酶活性随着生物炭施加量的增加而增加,与土壤速效磷含量呈显著正相关关系;土壤FDA水解酶和脲酶主要与土壤速效钾含量有关;酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶与土壤容重呈显著正相关.施用生物炭6年后土壤脱氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性明显升高,增幅分别为48.8%和27.5%,而过氧化氢酶活性逐渐下降,且显著低于对照BC_0.STR处理显著增加了土壤脲酶、FDA水解酶、脱氢酶、酸性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶的活性,降低了过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶的活性,降幅分别为23.4%和15.9%.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects on soil fertility and enzyme activities in paddy field after six years of one-split rice straw-derived biochar [0(BC_0), 7.5(BC_1), 15(BC_2), 22.5(BC_3) t·hm~(-2)] and rice straw(3.75 t·hm~(-2), STR) application. The results showed that soil organic carbon, available phosphorus and rapidly available potassium concentrations significantly increased, by 34.6%, 12.4% and 26.2%, respectively. Soil pH and soil bulk density were significantly reduced, but total nitrogen content had no significant difference compared with BC_0. Biochar addition significantly increased the activities of soil urease and acid phosphatase. The soil fluorescein diacetate(FDA hydrolase) and arylsulfatase activity were inhibited to varying degrees. Among them, BC_2 treatment increased soil urease activity by 36.5%. The soil acid phosphatase activity increased with the increases of biochar application rate, which was positively correlated with soil available phosphorus concentration. FDA hydrolase and urease activity had positive correlation with soil available potassium content, while soil acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activity had positive correlation with soil bulk density. After six years, soil dehydrogenase and polyphenol oxidase activity significantly increased by 48.8% and 27.5%, respectively, while catalase activity significantly decreased when compared with control BC_0. STR treatment increased activities of soil urease, FDA hydrolase, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase significantly, while decreased the catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities by 23.4% and 15.9%, respectively.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects on soil fertility and enzyme activities in paddy field after six years of one-split rice straw-derived biochar [0(BC_0), 7.5(BC_1), 15(BC_2), 22.5(BC_3) t·hm~(-2)] and rice straw(3.75 t·hm~(-2), STR) application. The results showed that soil organic carbon, available phosphorus and rapidly available potassium concentrations significantly increased, by 34.6%, 12.4% and 26.2%, respectively. Soil pH and soil bulk density were significantly reduced, but total nitrogen content had no significant difference compared with BC_0. Biochar addition significantly increased the activities of soil urease and acid phosphatase. The soil fluorescein diacetate(FDA hydrolase) and arylsulfatase activity were inhibited to varying degrees. Among them, BC_2 treatment increased soil urease activity by 36.5%. The soil acid phosphatase activity increased with the increases of biochar application rate, which was positively correlated with soil available phosphorus concentration. FDA hydrolase and urease activity had positive correlation with soil available potassium content, while soil acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activity had positive correlation with soil bulk density. After six years, soil dehydrogenase and polyphenol oxidase activity significantly increased by 48.8% and 27.5%, respectively, while catalase activity significantly decreased when compared with control BC_0. STR treatment increased activities of soil urease, FDA hydrolase, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase significantly, while decreased the catalase and polyphenol oxidase activities by 23.4% and 15.9%, respectively.
引文
[1] Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for environmental mana-gement: Science, technology and implementation. Earthscan, 2015, 25: 15801-15811
[2] Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006, 70: 1719-1730
[3] Li L (李力), Liu Y (刘娅), Lu Y-C (陆宇超), et al. Review on environmental effects and applications of biochar. Environmental Chemistry (环境化学), 2011, 30(8): 8-10 (in Chinese)
[4] Guan S-Y (关松荫). Soil Enzyme Research Methods. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1986 (in Chinese)
[5] Chen E-F (陈恩凤). Study on Soil Enzymes and Soil Fertility. Beijing: Science Press, 1979 (in Chinese)
[6] Boerner REJ, Brinkman JA, Smith A. Seasonal variations in enzyme activity and organic carbon in soil of a burned and unburned hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1419-1426
[7] Zhang YM, Zhou GY, Wu N, et al. Soil enzyme activity changes in different-aged spruce forests of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Pedosphere, 2004, 14: 305-312
[8] Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, et al. Biochar effects on soil biota: A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43: 1812-1836
[9] Zou C-J (邹春娇), Zhang Y-Y (张勇勇), Zhang Y-M (张一鸣), et al. Regulation of biochar on matrix enzyme activities and microorganism around cucumber roots under continuous cropping. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(6): 1772-1778 (in Chinese)
[10] Gu M-Y (顾美英), Liu H-L (刘洪亮), Li Z-Q (李志强), et al. Impact of biochar application on soil nutrients and microbial diversities in continuous cultivated cotton fields in Xinjiang. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(20): 4128-4138 (in Chinese)
[11] Schmidt M, Skjemstad JO, Czimczik CI, et al. Compa-rative analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 2001, 15: 163-167
[12] Bruun S. Microbial mineralization and assimilation of black carbon: Dependency on degree of thermal alteration. Organic Geochemistry, 2008, 39: 839-845
[13] Noyce GL, Basiliko N, Fulthorpe R, et al. Soil micro-bial responses over 2 years following biochar addition to a north temperate forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2015, 51: 649-659
[14] Castaldi S, Riondino M, Baronti S, et al. Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes. Chemosphere, 2011, 85: 1464-1471
[15] Nelissen V, Rütting T, Huygens D, et al. Temporal evolution of biochar’s impact on soil nitrogen processes: A 15N tracing study. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 2015, 7: 635-645
[16] Liu H-F (刘海芳), Ma J-H (马军辉), Jin L (金辽), et al. Determination of activity of FDA hydrolysis in paddy soils and its appliction in Taihu Lake region. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2009, 46(2): 365-367 (in Chinese)
[17] Wang C (王灿), Wang D-J (王德建), Sun R-J (孙瑞娟), et al. The relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients by long-term fertilizer expe-riments. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2008, 17(2): 688-692 (in Chinese)
[18] Lu Q (陆琴), Wang X-C (王校常), Yan W-D (严蔚东), et al. Arylsulfatase of paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2003, 40(3): 386-392 (in Chinese)
[19] Yang L-F (杨兰芳), Zeng Q (曾巧), Li H-B (李海波), et al. Measurement of catalase activity in soil by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2011, 42(1): 207-210 (in Chinese)
[20] Chen Q-L (陈强龙), Gu J (谷洁), Gao H (高华), et al. Effect of matching use of straw and fertilizer on the dynamic changes of soil dehydrogenase and polyphenoloxidase activities. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2009, 27(4): 146-151 (in Chinese)
[21] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agrochemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[22] Cheng CH, Lehmann J, Engelhard MH. Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: Changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2008, 72: 1598-1610
[23] Liu J-S (刘金山). Studies on Soil Nutrition Cycling, Soil Fertility Evaluation and Crop Fertilization of Paddy Rice-upland Rotation System. PhD Thesis. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2011 (in Chinese)
[24] Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for Environmental Mana-gement: Science, Technology and Implementation. London: Earthscan Press, 2009
[25] Oguntunde PG, Fosu M, Ajayi AE, et al. Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2004, 39: 295-299
[26] Zhao X, Wang JW, Xu HJ, et al. Effects of crop-straw biochar on crop growth and soil fertility over a wheat-millet rotation in soils of China. Soil Use and Management, 2015, 30: 311-319
[27] Lin Q-Y (林庆毅), Jiang C-C (姜存仓), Zhang M-Y (张梦阳). Characterization of the physical and chemical structures of biochar under simulated aging condition. Environmental Chemistry (环境化学), 2017, 36(10): 2107-2114 (in Chinese)
[28] Jones DL, Rousk J, Edwards-Jones G, et al. Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2012, 45: 113-124
[29] Zhu K-Y (朱克亚). Effects of Soil Amendment Application on the Soil Quality and the Flue-cured Tobacco Growth Based on Biochar. PhD Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016 (in Chinese)
[30] Clough TJ, Condron LM. Biochar and the nitrogen cycle: Introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39: 1218-1223
[31] Yang F, Cao X, Gao B, et al. Short-term effects of rice straw biochar on sorption, emission, and transformation of soil NH4+-N. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015, 22: 9184-9192
[32] Liu S-N (刘赛男). Effect of Biochar on Soil Microflora Associated with Phosphorus and Potassium. PhD Thesis. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2016 (in Chinese)
[33] Kimetu JM, Lehmann J, Krull E, et al. Stability and stabilisation of biochar and green manure in soil with different organic carbon contents. Soil Research, 2010, 48: 577-585
[34] Green VS, Stott DE, Diack M. Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: Optimization for soil samples. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006, 38: 693-701
[35] Nsabimana D, Haynes RJ, Wallis FM. Size, activity and catabolic diversity of the soil microbial biomass as affected by land use. Applied Soil Ecology, 2004, 26: 81-92
[36] Li X (李鑫), Ma R-P (马瑞萍), An S-S (安韶山), et al. Characteristics of soil organic carbon and enzyme activities in soil aggregates under different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2282-2290 (in Chinese)
[37] Spokas KA, Cantrell KB, Novak JM, et al. Biochar: A synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2012, 41: 973, doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0069
[38] Wang X-C (王校常), Lu Q (陆琴), Li L-M (李腊梅), et al. The profile distribution of FDA hydrolsis in paddy soils in Taihu region. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2006, 12(6): 834-839 (in Chinese)
[39] Su M-M (苏苗苗). Effects of Fertilization on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Soil Urease in a Paddy Fields. PhD Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2012 (in Chinese)
[40] Chen X-X (陈心想), Geng Z-C (耿增超), Wang S (王森), et al. Effects of biochar amendment on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in loess soil. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2014, 33(4): 751-758 (in Chinese)
[41] He L, Bi Y, Zhao J, et al. Population and community structure shifts of ammonia oxidizers after four-year successive biochar application to agricultural acidic and alkaline soils. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 619: 1105-1115
[42] Czimczik CI, Masiello CA. Controls on black carbon storage in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21: 447-448
[43] Jin H. Characterization of Microbial Life Colonizing Biochar and Biocharamended Soils. PhD Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2010
[44] Cao T (曹婷), Meng J (孟军), Lan Y (兰宇), et al. Effects of rice hull biochar on phosphorus leaching from different types of soil. Journal of Shen-yang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学学报), 2017, 48(4): 385-391 (in Chinese)
[45] Dong Y-B (董玉兵), Wu Z (吴震), Li B (李博), et al. Effects of biochar reapplication on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency during wheat season in a rice-wheat annual rotation system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(5): 1258-1267 (in Chinese)
[46] Stevenson FJ, Cole MA. Cycles of soils: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients, 2nd edition. Soil Science, 2000, 165: 185-187
[47] Cernansky R. Agriculture: State-of-the-art soil. Nature, 2015, 517: 258-260
[48] Fenner N, Freeman C, Reynolds B. Observations of a seasonally shifting thermal optimum in peatland carbon-cycling processes: Implications for the global carbon cycle and soil enzyme methodologies. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1814-1821
[2] Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, et al. Black carbon increases cation exchange capacity in soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 2006, 70: 1719-1730
[3] Li L (李力), Liu Y (刘娅), Lu Y-C (陆宇超), et al. Review on environmental effects and applications of biochar. Environmental Chemistry (环境化学), 2011, 30(8): 8-10 (in Chinese)
[4] Guan S-Y (关松荫). Soil Enzyme Research Methods. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 1986 (in Chinese)
[5] Chen E-F (陈恩凤). Study on Soil Enzymes and Soil Fertility. Beijing: Science Press, 1979 (in Chinese)
[6] Boerner REJ, Brinkman JA, Smith A. Seasonal variations in enzyme activity and organic carbon in soil of a burned and unburned hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1419-1426
[7] Zhang YM, Zhou GY, Wu N, et al. Soil enzyme activity changes in different-aged spruce forests of the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Pedosphere, 2004, 14: 305-312
[8] Lehmann J, Rillig MC, Thies J, et al. Biochar effects on soil biota: A review. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2011, 43: 1812-1836
[9] Zou C-J (邹春娇), Zhang Y-Y (张勇勇), Zhang Y-M (张一鸣), et al. Regulation of biochar on matrix enzyme activities and microorganism around cucumber roots under continuous cropping. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(6): 1772-1778 (in Chinese)
[10] Gu M-Y (顾美英), Liu H-L (刘洪亮), Li Z-Q (李志强), et al. Impact of biochar application on soil nutrients and microbial diversities in continuous cultivated cotton fields in Xinjiang. Scientia Agricultura Sinica (中国农业科学), 2014, 47(20): 4128-4138 (in Chinese)
[11] Schmidt M, Skjemstad JO, Czimczik CI, et al. Compa-rative analysis of black carbon in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycle, 2001, 15: 163-167
[12] Bruun S. Microbial mineralization and assimilation of black carbon: Dependency on degree of thermal alteration. Organic Geochemistry, 2008, 39: 839-845
[13] Noyce GL, Basiliko N, Fulthorpe R, et al. Soil micro-bial responses over 2 years following biochar addition to a north temperate forest. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2015, 51: 649-659
[14] Castaldi S, Riondino M, Baronti S, et al. Impact of biochar application to a Mediterranean wheat crop on soil microbial activity and greenhouse gas fluxes. Chemosphere, 2011, 85: 1464-1471
[15] Nelissen V, Rütting T, Huygens D, et al. Temporal evolution of biochar’s impact on soil nitrogen processes: A 15N tracing study. Global Change Biology Bioenergy, 2015, 7: 635-645
[16] Liu H-F (刘海芳), Ma J-H (马军辉), Jin L (金辽), et al. Determination of activity of FDA hydrolysis in paddy soils and its appliction in Taihu Lake region. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2009, 46(2): 365-367 (in Chinese)
[17] Wang C (王灿), Wang D-J (王德建), Sun R-J (孙瑞娟), et al. The relationship between soil enzyme activities and soil nutrients by long-term fertilizer expe-riments. Ecology and Environmental Sciences (生态环境学报), 2008, 17(2): 688-692 (in Chinese)
[18] Lu Q (陆琴), Wang X-C (王校常), Yan W-D (严蔚东), et al. Arylsulfatase of paddy soils in the Taihu Lake region. Acta Pedologica Sinica (土壤学报), 2003, 40(3): 386-392 (in Chinese)
[19] Yang L-F (杨兰芳), Zeng Q (曾巧), Li H-B (李海波), et al. Measurement of catalase activity in soil by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报), 2011, 42(1): 207-210 (in Chinese)
[20] Chen Q-L (陈强龙), Gu J (谷洁), Gao H (高华), et al. Effect of matching use of straw and fertilizer on the dynamic changes of soil dehydrogenase and polyphenoloxidase activities. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas (干旱地区农业研究), 2009, 27(4): 146-151 (in Chinese)
[21] Bao S-D (鲍士旦). Soil and Agrochemistry Analysis. Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2000 (in Chinese)
[22] Cheng CH, Lehmann J, Engelhard MH. Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: Changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2008, 72: 1598-1610
[23] Liu J-S (刘金山). Studies on Soil Nutrition Cycling, Soil Fertility Evaluation and Crop Fertilization of Paddy Rice-upland Rotation System. PhD Thesis. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University, 2011 (in Chinese)
[24] Lehmann J, Joseph S. Biochar for Environmental Mana-gement: Science, Technology and Implementation. London: Earthscan Press, 2009
[25] Oguntunde PG, Fosu M, Ajayi AE, et al. Effects of charcoal production on maize yield, chemical properties and texture of soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 2004, 39: 295-299
[26] Zhao X, Wang JW, Xu HJ, et al. Effects of crop-straw biochar on crop growth and soil fertility over a wheat-millet rotation in soils of China. Soil Use and Management, 2015, 30: 311-319
[27] Lin Q-Y (林庆毅), Jiang C-C (姜存仓), Zhang M-Y (张梦阳). Characterization of the physical and chemical structures of biochar under simulated aging condition. Environmental Chemistry (环境化学), 2017, 36(10): 2107-2114 (in Chinese)
[28] Jones DL, Rousk J, Edwards-Jones G, et al. Biochar-mediated changes in soil quality and plant growth in a three year field trial. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2012, 45: 113-124
[29] Zhu K-Y (朱克亚). Effects of Soil Amendment Application on the Soil Quality and the Flue-cured Tobacco Growth Based on Biochar. PhD Thesis. Nanjing: Nanjing Agricultural University, 2016 (in Chinese)
[30] Clough TJ, Condron LM. Biochar and the nitrogen cycle: Introduction. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2010, 39: 1218-1223
[31] Yang F, Cao X, Gao B, et al. Short-term effects of rice straw biochar on sorption, emission, and transformation of soil NH4+-N. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015, 22: 9184-9192
[32] Liu S-N (刘赛男). Effect of Biochar on Soil Microflora Associated with Phosphorus and Potassium. PhD Thesis. Shenyang: Shenyang Agricultural University, 2016 (in Chinese)
[33] Kimetu JM, Lehmann J, Krull E, et al. Stability and stabilisation of biochar and green manure in soil with different organic carbon contents. Soil Research, 2010, 48: 577-585
[34] Green VS, Stott DE, Diack M. Assay for fluorescein diacetate hydrolytic activity: Optimization for soil samples. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006, 38: 693-701
[35] Nsabimana D, Haynes RJ, Wallis FM. Size, activity and catabolic diversity of the soil microbial biomass as affected by land use. Applied Soil Ecology, 2004, 26: 81-92
[36] Li X (李鑫), Ma R-P (马瑞萍), An S-S (安韶山), et al. Characteristics of soil organic carbon and enzyme activities in soil aggregates under different vegetation zones on the Loess Plateau. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报), 2015, 26(8): 2282-2290 (in Chinese)
[37] Spokas KA, Cantrell KB, Novak JM, et al. Biochar: A synthesis of its agronomic impact beyond carbon sequestration. Journal of Environmental Quality, 2012, 41: 973, doi:10.2134/jeq2011.0069
[38] Wang X-C (王校常), Lu Q (陆琴), Li L-M (李腊梅), et al. The profile distribution of FDA hydrolsis in paddy soils in Taihu region. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science (植物营养与肥料学报), 2006, 12(6): 834-839 (in Chinese)
[39] Su M-M (苏苗苗). Effects of Fertilization on Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters of Soil Urease in a Paddy Fields. PhD Thesis. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2012 (in Chinese)
[40] Chen X-X (陈心想), Geng Z-C (耿增超), Wang S (王森), et al. Effects of biochar amendment on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in loess soil. Journal of Agro-Environment Science (农业环境科学学报), 2014, 33(4): 751-758 (in Chinese)
[41] He L, Bi Y, Zhao J, et al. Population and community structure shifts of ammonia oxidizers after four-year successive biochar application to agricultural acidic and alkaline soils. Science of the Total Environment, 2018, 619: 1105-1115
[42] Czimczik CI, Masiello CA. Controls on black carbon storage in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2007, 21: 447-448
[43] Jin H. Characterization of Microbial Life Colonizing Biochar and Biocharamended Soils. PhD Thesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 2010
[44] Cao T (曹婷), Meng J (孟军), Lan Y (兰宇), et al. Effects of rice hull biochar on phosphorus leaching from different types of soil. Journal of Shen-yang Agricultural University (沈阳农业大学学报), 2017, 48(4): 385-391 (in Chinese)
[45] Dong Y-B (董玉兵), Wu Z (吴震), Li B (李博), et al. Effects of biochar reapplication on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency during wheat season in a rice-wheat annual rotation system. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer (植物营养与肥料学报), 2017, 23(5): 1258-1267 (in Chinese)
[46] Stevenson FJ, Cole MA. Cycles of soils: Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, micronutrients, 2nd edition. Soil Science, 2000, 165: 185-187
[47] Cernansky R. Agriculture: State-of-the-art soil. Nature, 2015, 517: 258-260
[48] Fenner N, Freeman C, Reynolds B. Observations of a seasonally shifting thermal optimum in peatland carbon-cycling processes: Implications for the global carbon cycle and soil enzyme methodologies. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1814-1821
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