农田土壤重金属Cd的环保淋洗剂筛选研究
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摘要
土壤淋洗是一种有效修复重金属污染土壤的方法,而淋洗剂的选择是淋洗过程的关键因素,直接影响淋洗效率。研究了4种淋洗剂(乙酸、柠檬酸、CaCl_2、FeCl_3)对Cd轻度污染的农田土壤淋洗性能及影响因素。结果表明:淋洗效果依次为FeCl_3>柠檬酸>乙酸>CaCl_2;FeCl_3的淋洗机理是Fe~(3+)与土壤中的Cd~(2+)离子交换,其水解出的H~+可促进碳酸盐结合态Cd溶出,Cl~-还可与Cd~(2+)形成稳定的螯合物;经优化后的最佳的淋洗条件是固液比为1∶5,浸提时间为4 h,此时乙酸、柠檬酸、CaCl_2和FeCl_3的最大土壤Cd去除率分别为30.24%,24.62%,24.82%,81.90%;pH值对淋洗效果的影响较大,除CaCl_2外,3种淋洗剂的淋洗效果都随pH值的升高而降低(pH值在2.5～5.0范围内),FeCl_3的淋洗效果降低最为显著。研究成果可为Cd污染农田土壤修复提供技术支撑。
Soil washing is an effective approach for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Soil washing agent is a crucial factor which directly affects the efficiency of washing. We examined the performances of four washing agents, inclusive of acetic acid, citric acid, CaCl_2, and FeCl_3, in purifying farmland soil slightly contaminated by Cadmium(Cd) and the influential factors. We found that the effect of FeCl_3 is the optimum, followed by citric acid, acetic acid, and CaCl_2 in sequence.The H~+ hydrolyzed from the exchange between Fe_3~+ from FeCl_3 solution and Cd~(2+) from the soil stimulated the dissolution of carbonate bounded form of Cd; Cl~- together with Cd~(2+) could also form a stable chelate. In optimized operation condition(solid-liquid ratio at 1∶5, and washing for 4 hours), the maximum removal rate of Cd was 30.24%, 24.62%,24.82%, and 81.90% by acetic acid, citric acid, CaCl_2, and FeCl_3, respectively. The pH value of soil had large impact on the washing effect. Apart from CaCl_2,the washing effects of the other three washing agents all declined with the rising of pH value within 2.5-5.0, among which the washing effect of FeCl_3 underwent the most severe decline.
Soil washing is an effective approach for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil. Soil washing agent is a crucial factor which directly affects the efficiency of washing. We examined the performances of four washing agents, inclusive of acetic acid, citric acid, CaCl_2, and FeCl_3, in purifying farmland soil slightly contaminated by Cadmium(Cd) and the influential factors. We found that the effect of FeCl_3 is the optimum, followed by citric acid, acetic acid, and CaCl_2 in sequence.The H~+ hydrolyzed from the exchange between Fe_3~+ from FeCl_3 solution and Cd~(2+) from the soil stimulated the dissolution of carbonate bounded form of Cd; Cl~- together with Cd~(2+) could also form a stable chelate. In optimized operation condition(solid-liquid ratio at 1∶5, and washing for 4 hours), the maximum removal rate of Cd was 30.24%, 24.62%,24.82%, and 81.90% by acetic acid, citric acid, CaCl_2, and FeCl_3, respectively. The pH value of soil had large impact on the washing effect. Apart from CaCl_2,the washing effects of the other three washing agents all declined with the rising of pH value within 2.5-5.0, among which the washing effect of FeCl_3 underwent the most severe decline.
引文
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[16] ISOYAMA M,WADA S I.Remediation of Pb-contaminated Soils by Washing with Hydrochloric Acid and Subsequent Immobilization with Calcite and Allophonic Soil[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,143:636-642.
[17] 史志鹏.低分子量有机酸对两种污染土壤铅释放的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[18] 罗冰,张清东.柠檬酸浸出土壤中铜、锌的优化设计[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(9):3629-3634
[19] MOON D H,LEE J R,WAZNE M,et al.Assessment of Soil Washing for Zn Contaminated Soils Using Various Washing Solutions[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2012,18(2):822-825 .
[20] 易龙生,王文燕,刘阳,等.柠檬酸、EDTA 和茶皂素对重金属污染土壤的淋洗效果[J].安全与环境学报,2014,14(1):225-228.
[21] 李丹丹,郝秀珍,周东美.柠檬酸土柱淋洗法去除污染土壤中Cr的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(10):1999-2004.
[22] 梁金利,蔡焕兴,段雪梅,等.有机酸土柱淋洗法修复重金属污染土壤[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(9):3339-3343.
[23] GB/T 17141—1997,土壤质量铅、镉的测定石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法[S].北京:中国环境出版社,1997.
[24] HJ 700—2014,水质 65种元素的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2014.
[25] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[26] MAKINO T,TAKANO H,KAMIYA T,et al.Restoration of Cadmium Contaminated Paddy Soils by Washing with Ferric Chloride:Cd Extraction Mechanism and Bench-scale Verification[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(6):1035-1043.
[27] YANG Z,ZHANG S,LIAO Y,et al.Remediation ofHeavy Metal Contamination in Calcareous Soil by Washing with Reagents:A Column Washing[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,16(4):778-785.
[28] TOKUNAGA S,HAKUTA T.Acid Washing and Stabilization of an Artificial Arsenic Contaminated Soil[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(1):31-38.
[29] 罗希,林莉,李青云.镉污染稻田土壤土柱淋洗修复研究[J].长江科学院院报,2017,34(6):24-28,34.
[30] 严世红.酸化土壤中镉化学形态特征与钝化研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2014.
[31] 李玉姣,温雅,郭倩楠,等.有机酸和FeCl3复合浸提修复 Cd、Pb污染农田土壤的研究[J].农业环境科报,2014,33(12):2335-2342.
[32] 杨忠芳,陈岳龙,钱鑂,等.土壤 pH 对镉存在形态影响的模拟实验研究[J].地学前缘,2005,12(1):252-260.
[33] 王叶.柠檬酸废水作为淋洗剂对土壤重金属镉的协同去除研究[D].青岛:中国石油大学,2014.
[2] LI Xiao-yu,LIU Li-juan,WANG Yu-gang,et al.Heavy Metal Contamination of Urban Soil in an Old Industrial City (Shenyang) in Northeast China[J].Geoderma,2013,192(1):50-58.
[3] WANG Shuai-long,XU Xiang-rong,SUN Yu-xin,et al.Heavy Metal Pollutionin Coastal Areas of South China:A Review[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2013,76(1/2):7-15.
[4] 陈怀满.土壤-植物系统中的重金属污染[M].北京:北京出版社,1996.
[5] 曾咏梅,毛昆明,李永梅.土壤中镉的危害及其防治对策[J].云南农业大学学报,2005,20(3):360-365.
[6] ABUMAIZAR R J,SMITH E H.Heavy Metal Contaminants Removal by Soil Washing[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1999,70(1/2):71-86.
[7] VAN BENSCHOTEN J E,MATSUMOTO M R,YOUNG W H.Evaluation and Analysis of Soil Washing for Seven Lead-contaminated Soils[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1997,123(3):217-224.
[8] REED B E,CARRIERE P C,MOORE R.Flushing of a Pb(Ⅱ) Contaminated Soil Using HCl,EDTA,and CaCl2[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,1996,122(1):48-50.
[9] 曾敏,廖柏寒,曾清如,等.3种萃取剂对土壤重金属的去除及其对重金属有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(4):979-982.
[10] 孙涛,毛霞丽,陆扣萍,等.柠檬酸对重金属复合污染土壤的浸提效果研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(8):2573-2581.
[11] 陈春乐,王果,王珺玮.3 种中性盐与HCl复合淋洗剂对Cd污染土壤淋洗效果研究[J].安全与环境学报,2014,14(5) :205-210.
[12] 陈海凤,莫良玉,范稚莲.有机酸对重金属污染耕地土壤的修复研究[J].现代农业科学,2009,16(3):141-143.
[13] MAKINO T,SUGAHARA K,SAKURAI Y,et al.Restoration of Cadmium Contamination in Paddy Soils by Washing with Chemicals:Selection of Washing Chemicals[J].Environmental Pollution,2006,144(1):2-10.
[14] MAKINO T,KAMIYA T,TAKANO H,et al.Restoration of Cadmium Contaminated Paddy Soils by Washing with Calcium Chloride:Verification of On-site Washing[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,147 (1):112-119.
[15] MAKINO T,KAMIYA T,TAKANO H,et al.Restoration of Cadmium Contaminated Paddy Soils by Washing with Chemicals:Effect of Soil Washing on Cadmium Uptake by Soybean[J].Chemosphere,2007,67(4):748-754.
[16] ISOYAMA M,WADA S I.Remediation of Pb-contaminated Soils by Washing with Hydrochloric Acid and Subsequent Immobilization with Calcite and Allophonic Soil[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2007,143:636-642.
[17] 史志鹏.低分子量有机酸对两种污染土壤铅释放的影响[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2012.
[18] 罗冰,张清东.柠檬酸浸出土壤中铜、锌的优化设计[J].环境工程学报,2013,7(9):3629-3634
[19] MOON D H,LEE J R,WAZNE M,et al.Assessment of Soil Washing for Zn Contaminated Soils Using Various Washing Solutions[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2012,18(2):822-825 .
[20] 易龙生,王文燕,刘阳,等.柠檬酸、EDTA 和茶皂素对重金属污染土壤的淋洗效果[J].安全与环境学报,2014,14(1):225-228.
[21] 李丹丹,郝秀珍,周东美.柠檬酸土柱淋洗法去除污染土壤中Cr的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,32(10):1999-2004.
[22] 梁金利,蔡焕兴,段雪梅,等.有机酸土柱淋洗法修复重金属污染土壤[J].环境工程学报,2012,6(9):3339-3343.
[23] GB/T 17141—1997,土壤质量铅、镉的测定石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法[S].北京:中国环境出版社,1997.
[24] HJ 700—2014,水质 65种元素的测定电感耦合等离子体质谱法[S].北京:中国环境出版社,2014.
[25] 鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999.
[26] MAKINO T,TAKANO H,KAMIYA T,et al.Restoration of Cadmium Contaminated Paddy Soils by Washing with Ferric Chloride:Cd Extraction Mechanism and Bench-scale Verification[J].Chemosphere,2008,70(6):1035-1043.
[27] YANG Z,ZHANG S,LIAO Y,et al.Remediation ofHeavy Metal Contamination in Calcareous Soil by Washing with Reagents:A Column Washing[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,16(4):778-785.
[28] TOKUNAGA S,HAKUTA T.Acid Washing and Stabilization of an Artificial Arsenic Contaminated Soil[J].Chemosphere,2002,46(1):31-38.
[29] 罗希,林莉,李青云.镉污染稻田土壤土柱淋洗修复研究[J].长江科学院院报,2017,34(6):24-28,34.
[30] 严世红.酸化土壤中镉化学形态特征与钝化研究[D].淮南:安徽理工大学,2014.
[31] 李玉姣,温雅,郭倩楠,等.有机酸和FeCl3复合浸提修复 Cd、Pb污染农田土壤的研究[J].农业环境科报,2014,33(12):2335-2342.
[32] 杨忠芳,陈岳龙,钱鑂,等.土壤 pH 对镉存在形态影响的模拟实验研究[J].地学前缘,2005,12(1):252-260.
[33] 王叶.柠檬酸废水作为淋洗剂对土壤重金属镉的协同去除研究[D].青岛:中国石油大学,2014.
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