长江源区大气降水化学特征及离子来源
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摘要
基于长江源区冬克玛底流域2013年6～9月采集的64个降水样品,分析了降水的pH值、电导率及离子浓度特征,并应用因子分析、相关分析、富集因子及后向轨迹法,讨论了降水离子主要来源及其与大气环流的联系.结果表明,长江源区冬克玛底流域降水pH值变化范围为5. 26～9. 25,加权平均值为6. 70;电导率变化范围为0. 23～28. 70μS·cm-1,加权平均值为3. 45μS·cm-1,低于瓦里关全球大气本底站降水电导率;总离子浓度变化范围为7. 0～376. 9μeq·L-1,平均总浓度仅为40. 8μeq·L-1;各离子加权平均浓度大小顺序为:HCO_3~-> NH_4~+> Ca~(2+)> NO_3~-> SO_4~(2-)> Na~+> Cl~-> K~+> Mg~(2+); HCO_3~-、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)和NO_3~-是降水中的主要离子,占总离子浓度的74. 75%;相对酸度(FA)分析表明,有97. 8%的降水酸度被碱性物质中和,同时中和因子(NF)分析表明NH_4~+和Ca~(2+)对降水酸性的中和起主导作用;研究区降水离子主要来自陆源的贡献,而来自海源的输入则相对较少;结合气团的后向轨迹分析发现,不同来源的总离子浓度差异明显,其加权平均浓度大小顺序为:局地源>西风源>季风源,表明不同的大气环流背景和气团来源对降水化学组成具有重要影响.长江源区大气降水受人类活动影响较小,其降水化学特征一定程度上可以代表偏远地区的大气质量状况和本底值.研究结果能够为长江源区水质的保护以及为评估人类活动对该区域大气环境的影响提供科学依据.
Using 64 precipitation samples collected from June to September 2013 in the Dongkemadi Basin in the source region of the Yangtze River,the pH,conductivity,and main ionic concentration characteristics of precipitation were analyzed. The main ionic sources of precipitation and their relationships with atmospheric circulation were examined using factor analysis,correlation analysis,enrichment factor analysis,and backward trajectory analysis. The results showed that the range of precipitation pH values varied from5. 26 to 9. 25 with a weighted average of 6. 70,and conductivity ranged from 0. 23 to 28. 70 μS·cm-1 with a weighted average of 3. 45μS·cm-1. The conductivity of precipitation was lower than for the Mt. Waliguan basin( China Global Atmosphere Watch baseline observatory). The total ionic concentrations in the precipitation ranged from 7. 0 to 376. 9 μeq·L-1 with a weighted average of 40. 8μeq·L-1. The ranked order of ionic concentrations was HCO3-> NH4+> Ca2 +> NO3-> SO24-> Na+> Cl-> K+> Mg2 +. HCO3-,NH4+,Ca2 +,and NO3-were the dominant ions,which accounted for 74. 75% of the total ionic concentration. Fractional acidity( FA)analysis showed that 97. 8% of the precipitation acidity was neutralized by alkaline constituents. Neutral factor( NF) analysis indicated that NH4+and Ca2 +were the dominant neutralization constituents in the precipitation. The precipitation ions in this study area were mainly derived from terrestrial material,while input from marine sources was relatively low. Backward trajectory analysis revealed that the total ionic concentrations varied significantly between the different sources,which followed the order of local sources > westerly sources > monsoon sources. This indicates that different atmospheric circulation conditions and air mass sources have a significant influence on the chemical composition of precipitation in this area. To some extent,the chemical characteristics of precipitation could reflect the air quality and background values for remote areas due to the limited effect of human activities. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the protection of water quality and the assessment of the impact of human activities on the atmospheric environment in the source region of the Yangtze River.
Using 64 precipitation samples collected from June to September 2013 in the Dongkemadi Basin in the source region of the Yangtze River,the pH,conductivity,and main ionic concentration characteristics of precipitation were analyzed. The main ionic sources of precipitation and their relationships with atmospheric circulation were examined using factor analysis,correlation analysis,enrichment factor analysis,and backward trajectory analysis. The results showed that the range of precipitation pH values varied from5. 26 to 9. 25 with a weighted average of 6. 70,and conductivity ranged from 0. 23 to 28. 70 μS·cm-1 with a weighted average of 3. 45μS·cm-1. The conductivity of precipitation was lower than for the Mt. Waliguan basin( China Global Atmosphere Watch baseline observatory). The total ionic concentrations in the precipitation ranged from 7. 0 to 376. 9 μeq·L-1 with a weighted average of 40. 8μeq·L-1. The ranked order of ionic concentrations was HCO3-> NH4+> Ca2 +> NO3-> SO24-> Na+> Cl-> K+> Mg2 +. HCO3-,NH4+,Ca2 +,and NO3-were the dominant ions,which accounted for 74. 75% of the total ionic concentration. Fractional acidity( FA)analysis showed that 97. 8% of the precipitation acidity was neutralized by alkaline constituents. Neutral factor( NF) analysis indicated that NH4+and Ca2 +were the dominant neutralization constituents in the precipitation. The precipitation ions in this study area were mainly derived from terrestrial material,while input from marine sources was relatively low. Backward trajectory analysis revealed that the total ionic concentrations varied significantly between the different sources,which followed the order of local sources > westerly sources > monsoon sources. This indicates that different atmospheric circulation conditions and air mass sources have a significant influence on the chemical composition of precipitation in this area. To some extent,the chemical characteristics of precipitation could reflect the air quality and background values for remote areas due to the limited effect of human activities. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the protection of water quality and the assessment of the impact of human activities on the atmospheric environment in the source region of the Yangtze River.
引文
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[6]张寅生,姚檀栋,蒲健辰,等.青藏高原唐古拉山冬克玛底河流域水文过程特征分析[J].冰川冻土,1997,19(3):214-222.Zhang Y S,Yao T D,Pu J C,et al. The features of hydrological processes in the Dongkemadi river basin,Tanggula Pass,Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1997,19(3):214-222.
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[9] Barrie L A,Hales J M. The spatial distributions of precipitation acidity and major ion wet deposition in North America during1980[J]. Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,1984,36(5):333-355.
[10] Balasubramanian R,Victor T,Chun N. Chemical and statistical analysis of precipitation in Singapore[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2001,130(1-4):451-456.
[11] Possanzini M,Buttini P,Di Palo V. Characterization of a rural area in terms of dry and wet deposition[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1988,74:111-120.
[12] Xu Z F, Han G L. Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater in Beijing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(12):1954-1961.
[13] Cao Y Z,Wang S Y,Zhang G,et al. Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou,South China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2009,94(3):462-469.
[14] Keene W C,Pszenny A A P,Galloway J N,et al. Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1986,91(D6):6647-6658.
[15] Taylor S R. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust:a new table[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1964,28(8):1273-1285.
[16]肖红伟,肖化云,张忠义,等.西沙永兴岛大气降水化学特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(11):3237-3244.Xiao H W, Xiao H Y, Zhang Z Y, et al. Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric precipitation in Yongxing Island[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(11):3237-3244.
[17]张学文.气流对物质和能量输送量的垂直分布[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2009,3(2):1-5.Zhang X W. Vertical distribution of the transported quantity of material and energy by airflow[J]. Desert and Oasis Meteorology,2009,3(2):1-5.
[18]周晓得,徐志方,刘文景,等.中国西南酸雨区降水化学特征研究进展[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4438-4446.Zhou X D,Xu Z F,Liu W J,et al. Progress in the studies of precipitation chemistry in acid rain areas of southwest China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4438-4446.
[19]郭晓方,崔阳,王开扬,等.近3年太原市夏季降水的化学特征研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):388-395.Guo X F,Cui Y,Wang K Y,et al. Chemical characteristics of3-year atmospheric precipitation in summer, Taiyuan[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):388-395.
[20]章典,师长兴,假拉.西藏降水化学分析[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(4):471-475.Zhang D,Shi C X,Jia L. Analysis on chemical composition of rainfall on the Tibet Plateau[J]. Arid Zone Research,2005,22(4):471-475.
[21]黎彬,王峰.上海青浦地区大气降水的化学特征[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(5):24-29.Li B, Wang F. Chemical characteristics of atmospheric precipitation in Qingpu district of Shanghai[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(5):24-29.
[22]效存德,秦大河,任贾文,等.冰冻圈关键地区雪冰化学的时空分布及环境指示意义[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(5):492-499.Xiao C D, Qin D H, Ren J W, et al. Glaciochemistry distribution in the surface snow/ice in some key regions of the cryosphere:the environmental significance[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(5):492-499.
[23]章典,师长兴,假拉.青藏高原降水化学研究[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):555-557.Zhang D,Shi C X,Jia L. A study of chemical properties of rains on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(3):555-557.
[24] Huang D Y,Xu Y G,Peng P A,et al. Chemical composition and seasonal variation of acid deposition in Guangzhou,South China:comparison with precipitation in other major Chinese cities[J]. Environmental Pollution,2009,157(1):35-41.
[25]艾东升,郑祥民,周立旻,等.近2年上海市夏季降水地球化学特征研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(9):2002-2009.Ai D S,Zheng X M,Zhou L M,et al. Geochemical character of precipitation in summer of Shanghai 2008-2009[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(9):2002-2009.
[26]田晶,沈振兴,张琨,等.西安市春、夏季大气降水的化学组成和来源分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2011,45(5):108-113.Tian J,Sheng Z X,Zhang K,et al. Chemical Composition and potential sources of water-soluble compounds in atmospheric precipitation in Xi'an in spring and summer[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2011,45(5):108-113.
[27] Lee B K,Hong S H, Lee D S. Chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(4):563-575.
[28] Ba爧ak B,Alagha O. The chemical composition of rainwater over Büyük? ekmece Lake, Istanbul[J]. Atmospheric Research,2004,71(4):275-288.
[29]贾文雄,李宗省.祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3322-3332.Jia W X,Li Z X. Hydrochemical characteristics and sources of ions in precipitation at the east Qilian mountains[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3322-3332.
[2]李向应,秦大河,韩添丁,等.中国西部冰冻圈地区大气降水化学的研究进展[J].地理科学进展,2011,30(1):3-16.Li X Y,Qin D H,Hang T D,et al. Progress in precipitation chemistry in cryosphere regions of western China[J]. Progress in Geography,2011,30(1):3-16.
[3]王文兴,许鹏举.中国大气降水化学研究进展[J].化学进展,2009,21(2-3):266-281.Wang W X,Xu P J. Research progress in precipitation chemistry in China[J]. Progress in Chemistry,2009,21(2-3):266-281.
[4]汤洁,薛虎圣,于晓岚,等.瓦里关山降水化学特征的初步分析[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):420-425.Tang J,Xue H S,Yu X L,et al. The preliminary study on chemical characteristics of precipitation at Mt. Waliguan[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2000,20(4):420-425.
[5] Zhang Y L,Kang S C,Li C L,et al. Wet deposition of precipitation chemistry during 2005-2009 at a remote site(Nam co station)in central Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry,2012,69(3):187-200.
[6]张寅生,姚檀栋,蒲健辰,等.青藏高原唐古拉山冬克玛底河流域水文过程特征分析[J].冰川冻土,1997,19(3):214-222.Zhang Y S,Yao T D,Pu J C,et al. The features of hydrological processes in the Dongkemadi river basin,Tanggula Pass,Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,1997,19(3):214-222.
[7]王廷祥.大气冷凝水化学特性研究[D].上海:复旦大学,2012. 1-148.Wang T X. Study on chemical characteristics of air condensation water[D]. Shanghai:Fudan University,2012. 1-148.
[8] Li C L,Kang S C,Zhang Q G,et al. Major ionic composition of precipitation in the Nam Co region,Central Tibetan Plateau[J].Atmospheric Research,2007,85(3-4):351-360.
[9] Barrie L A,Hales J M. The spatial distributions of precipitation acidity and major ion wet deposition in North America during1980[J]. Tellus B:Chemical and Physical Meteorology,1984,36(5):333-355.
[10] Balasubramanian R,Victor T,Chun N. Chemical and statistical analysis of precipitation in Singapore[J]. Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2001,130(1-4):451-456.
[11] Possanzini M,Buttini P,Di Palo V. Characterization of a rural area in terms of dry and wet deposition[J]. Science of the Total Environment,1988,74:111-120.
[12] Xu Z F, Han G L. Chemical and strontium isotope characterization of rainwater in Beijing,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(12):1954-1961.
[13] Cao Y Z,Wang S Y,Zhang G,et al. Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou,South China[J]. Atmospheric Research,2009,94(3):462-469.
[14] Keene W C,Pszenny A A P,Galloway J N,et al. Sea-salt corrections and interpretation of constituent ratios in marine precipitation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1986,91(D6):6647-6658.
[15] Taylor S R. Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust:a new table[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,1964,28(8):1273-1285.
[16]肖红伟,肖化云,张忠义,等.西沙永兴岛大气降水化学特征及来源分析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(11):3237-3244.Xiao H W, Xiao H Y, Zhang Z Y, et al. Chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric precipitation in Yongxing Island[J]. China Environmental Science,2016,36(11):3237-3244.
[17]张学文.气流对物质和能量输送量的垂直分布[J].沙漠与绿洲气象,2009,3(2):1-5.Zhang X W. Vertical distribution of the transported quantity of material and energy by airflow[J]. Desert and Oasis Meteorology,2009,3(2):1-5.
[18]周晓得,徐志方,刘文景,等.中国西南酸雨区降水化学特征研究进展[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4438-4446.Zhou X D,Xu Z F,Liu W J,et al. Progress in the studies of precipitation chemistry in acid rain areas of southwest China[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4438-4446.
[19]郭晓方,崔阳,王开扬,等.近3年太原市夏季降水的化学特征研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):388-395.Guo X F,Cui Y,Wang K Y,et al. Chemical characteristics of3-year atmospheric precipitation in summer, Taiyuan[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(2):388-395.
[20]章典,师长兴,假拉.西藏降水化学分析[J].干旱区研究,2005,22(4):471-475.Zhang D,Shi C X,Jia L. Analysis on chemical composition of rainfall on the Tibet Plateau[J]. Arid Zone Research,2005,22(4):471-475.
[21]黎彬,王峰.上海青浦地区大气降水的化学特征[J].中国环境监测,2016,32(5):24-29.Li B, Wang F. Chemical characteristics of atmospheric precipitation in Qingpu district of Shanghai[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China,2016,32(5):24-29.
[22]效存德,秦大河,任贾文,等.冰冻圈关键地区雪冰化学的时空分布及环境指示意义[J].冰川冻土,2002,24(5):492-499.Xiao C D, Qin D H, Ren J W, et al. Glaciochemistry distribution in the surface snow/ice in some key regions of the cryosphere:the environmental significance[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2002,24(5):492-499.
[23]章典,师长兴,假拉.青藏高原降水化学研究[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(3):555-557.Zhang D,Shi C X,Jia L. A study of chemical properties of rains on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(3):555-557.
[24] Huang D Y,Xu Y G,Peng P A,et al. Chemical composition and seasonal variation of acid deposition in Guangzhou,South China:comparison with precipitation in other major Chinese cities[J]. Environmental Pollution,2009,157(1):35-41.
[25]艾东升,郑祥民,周立旻,等.近2年上海市夏季降水地球化学特征研究[J].环境科学,2010,31(9):2002-2009.Ai D S,Zheng X M,Zhou L M,et al. Geochemical character of precipitation in summer of Shanghai 2008-2009[J].Environmental Science,2010,31(9):2002-2009.
[26]田晶,沈振兴,张琨,等.西安市春、夏季大气降水的化学组成和来源分析[J].西安交通大学学报,2011,45(5):108-113.Tian J,Sheng Z X,Zhang K,et al. Chemical Composition and potential sources of water-soluble compounds in atmospheric precipitation in Xi'an in spring and summer[J]. Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University,2011,45(5):108-113.
[27] Lee B K,Hong S H, Lee D S. Chemical composition of precipitation and wet deposition of major ions on the Korean peninsula[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2000,34(4):563-575.
[28] Ba爧ak B,Alagha O. The chemical composition of rainwater over Büyük? ekmece Lake, Istanbul[J]. Atmospheric Research,2004,71(4):275-288.
[29]贾文雄,李宗省.祁连山东段降水的水化学特征及离子来源研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(9):3322-3332.Jia W X,Li Z X. Hydrochemical characteristics and sources of ions in precipitation at the east Qilian mountains[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(9):3322-3332.
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