天津城区大气气溶胶复折射指数的反演及消光贡献分析
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摘要
气溶胶的复折射指数是直接影响其散射特性和吸收特性的基本物理量之一.为深入研究城市大气气溶胶的复折射指数特征,引入一种具有高时间分辨率优点的反演方法来反演气溶胶复折射指数.依据辐射传输理论,将天津大气边界层观测站观测到的高精度散射系数、吸收系数和数浓度谱分布数据利用查表法代入Mie理论气溶胶粒子群消光计算公式,对大气气溶胶复折射指数进行反演.结果表明:①天津城区2011年4月观测地点0. 55μm波长处的气溶胶复折射指数实部平均值为1. 64,虚部平均值为0. 015.②气溶胶复折射指数实部和虚部均有明显日变化规律,实部和虚部均与相对湿度呈正相关,与风速呈负相关.③利用反演得到的复折射指数对不同粒径大气气溶胶的消光特性进行计算发现,对散射特性而言,>0. 25～1. 00μm粒子对散射系数的贡献率达86%;对吸收特性而言,>0. 25～2. 50μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为53%,>2. 50～32. 00μm粒子对吸收系数的贡献率为47%.研究显示,>0. 25～1. 00和>1. 00～32. 00μm的粒子对吸收系数的贡献率均较高,但对散射系数而言,>0. 25～1. 00μm的粒子贡献率较高,因此综合考虑气溶胶散射系数、吸收系数和消光系数,控制>0. 25～1. 00μm的气溶胶粒子数浓度可有效改善大气能见度.
Aerosol complex refractive index is one of the most fundamental optical parameter,which can directly relate to aerosol properties such as scattering and absorption index. In this study,we retrieved the aerosol complex refractive index using an inversion method with fine resolution for time series. Based on high precision measured size distribution of aerosol,aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients,the aerosol complex refractive index was retrieved using the Lorenz-Mie scattering theory. The results indicated that:( 1) In the urban area of Tianjin City in April 2011,the real part of averaged equivalent complex refractive index of the aerosol at the wavelength of 0. 55 μm was 1. 64,and the imaginary part was 0. 015.( 2) An obvious daily variation regularity of aerosol complex refractive index is found in this study. Both the real part and imaginary part of complex refractive index were significantly positively correlated with relative humidity,and were negatively correlated with wind speed.( 3) The contributions of different scale aerosol to total extinction coefficient were calculated,it showed that 86% of the scattering coefficient is from the small aerosols with radius >0. 25-1. 00 μm. Meanwhile,the aerosols particles with radius from 0. 25 to 2. 50 μm and from 2. 50 to 32. 00 μm contribute 53% and 47% to the total absorption coefficient,respectively. Studies had shown that aerosol particles > 0. 25-1. 00 μm and particles > 1. 00-32. 00 μm have similarly higher contribution rate to the absorption coefficient,but for the scattering coefficient,aerosol particles with a contribution rate of > 0. 25-1. 00μm are higher. Based on comprehensive consideration of aerosol scattering coefficient,absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient,controlling aerosol particles >0. 25-1. 00 μm can effectively improve atmospheric visibility.
Aerosol complex refractive index is one of the most fundamental optical parameter,which can directly relate to aerosol properties such as scattering and absorption index. In this study,we retrieved the aerosol complex refractive index using an inversion method with fine resolution for time series. Based on high precision measured size distribution of aerosol,aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients,the aerosol complex refractive index was retrieved using the Lorenz-Mie scattering theory. The results indicated that:( 1) In the urban area of Tianjin City in April 2011,the real part of averaged equivalent complex refractive index of the aerosol at the wavelength of 0. 55 μm was 1. 64,and the imaginary part was 0. 015.( 2) An obvious daily variation regularity of aerosol complex refractive index is found in this study. Both the real part and imaginary part of complex refractive index were significantly positively correlated with relative humidity,and were negatively correlated with wind speed.( 3) The contributions of different scale aerosol to total extinction coefficient were calculated,it showed that 86% of the scattering coefficient is from the small aerosols with radius >0. 25-1. 00 μm. Meanwhile,the aerosols particles with radius from 0. 25 to 2. 50 μm and from 2. 50 to 32. 00 μm contribute 53% and 47% to the total absorption coefficient,respectively. Studies had shown that aerosol particles > 0. 25-1. 00 μm and particles > 1. 00-32. 00 μm have similarly higher contribution rate to the absorption coefficient,but for the scattering coefficient,aerosol particles with a contribution rate of > 0. 25-1. 00μm are higher. Based on comprehensive consideration of aerosol scattering coefficient,absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient,controlling aerosol particles >0. 25-1. 00 μm can effectively improve atmospheric visibility.
引文
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[22]阎逢旗,胡欢陵,周军.大气气溶胶粒子数密度谱和折射率虚部的测量[J].光学学报,2003,23(7):855-859.YAN Fengqi,HU Huanling,ZHOU Jun. Measurements of number density distribution and imaginary part of refractive index of aerosol particles[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2003,23(7):855-859.
[23]李学彬,宫纯文.大气气溶胶粒子折射率虚部反演方法研究[J].光子学报,2009,38(2):401-404.LI Xuebin,GONG Chunwen. Method of retrieving refractive index of aerosol particles[J].Acta Photonica Sinica,2009,38(2):401-404.
[24] YANG B,YAN C,ZHANG J,et al. Refractive index and surface roughness estimation using passive multispectral and multiangular polarimetric measurements[J].Optics Communications,2016,381:336-345.
[25]李学彬,黄印博,徐赤东,等.厦门地区气溶胶折射率的测量[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(10):1831-1835.LI Xuebin,HUANG Yinbo,XU Chidong,et al. Measurement of refractive index for aerosol particle in Xiamen[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering,2008,16(10):1831-1835.
[26] ZHANG X,HUANG Y,RAO R,et al.Retrieval of effective complex refractive index from intensive measurements of characteristics of ambient aerosols in the boundary layer[J]. Optics Express,2013,21(15):17849-17862.
[27]吕睿,于兴娜,沈丽,等.北京春季大气气溶胶光学特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1660-1668.LV Rui,YU Xingna,SHEN Li,et al. Aerosol optical properties in spring over urban Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(6):1660-1668.
[28]耿蒙,李学彬,秦武斌,等.典型地区大气气溶胶谱分布和复折射率特征研究[J].红外与激光工程,2018,47(3):1-7.GENG Meng,LI Xuebin,QIN Wubin,et al. Research on the characteristics of aerosol size distribution and complex refractive index in typical areas of China[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2018,47(3):1-7.
[29] ARNOTT W P,MOOSMULLER H,SHERIDAN P J,et al.Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements:instrument comparisons and the role of relative humidity[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003. doi:10. 1029/2002jd002165.
[30]张小林,毛毛,银燕.气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究[J].光散射学报,2017,29(2):102-106.ZHANG Xiaolin,MAO Mao,YIN Yan. A numerical study of dependencies of aerosol scattering and absorption on its refractive index[J].The Journal of Light Scattering,2017,29(2):102-106.
[31]黄鹤,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津市PM10,PM2. 5和PM1连续在线观测分析[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(8):897-903.HUANG He,CAI Ziying,HAN Suqin,et al. Continuous online observation analysis of mass concentrations of PM10,PM2. 5and PM1in Tianjin City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2011,24(8):897-903.
[32]姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津冬季雾霾天气下颗粒物质量浓度分布与光学特性[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(5):462-469.YAO Qing,CAI Ziying,HAN Suqin,et al. PM2. 5pollution characteristics and aerosol optical properties during fog-haze episodes in Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):462-469.
[33]田文寿,黄倩.大气气溶胶有效折射率的计算及相对湿度对它的影响[J].环境科学,1996,17(3):31-34.TIAN Wenshou,HUANG Qian. Calculation of effective refractive index of atmospheric aerosol and the effect of relative humidity on it[J].Environmental Science,1996,17(3):31-34.
[2] STOCKER T F,QIN D,PLATTNER G K,et al.IPCC,2013:climate change 2013:the physical science basis contribution of working group I to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change[M]. Cambridge,UK:Cambridge University Press,2013:13-15.
[3] LIAO H,SEINFELD J H. Radiative forcing by mineral dust aerosols:sensitivity to key variables[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(D24):31637-31645.
[4] LIOU K N.大气辐射导论[M]. 2版.北京:气象出版社,2004:489-491.
[5] YAMAMOTO G,TANAKA M.Increase of global albedo due to air pollution[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1972,29(8):1405-1412.
[6]董真,郑有飞.中国地区大气气溶胶光学吸收特性实验研究[J].过程工程学报,2009(S2):237-242.DONG Zhen,ZHENG Youfei. Experimental study on optical absorption properties of atmospheric aerosol in China area[J].The Chinese Journal of Process Engineering,2009(S2):237-242.
[7] CHAZETTE P,LIOUSSE C.A case study of optical and chemical ground apportionment for urban aerosols in Thessaloniki[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(14):2497-2506.
[8] PETZOLD A,RASP K,WEINZIERL B,et al. Saharan dust absorption and refractive index from aircraft-based observations during SAMUM 2006[J].Tellus,2009,61(1):118-130.
[9] MILES R E,WALKER J S,BURNHAM D R,et al.Retrieval of the complex refractive index of aerosol droplets from optical tweezers measurements[J]. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics,2012,14(9):3037-3047.
[10] KOLGOTIN A,MULLER D,CHEMYAKIN E,et al.Perspectives of the explicit retrieval of the complex refractive index of aerosols from optical data taken with lidar[J].European Physical Journal Web of Conferences,2016.doi:10. 1051/epjconf/201611917016.
[11] SPINDLER C,RIZIQ A A,RUDICH Y.Retrieval of aerosol complex refractive index by combining cavity ring down aerosol spectrometer measurements with full size distribution information[J]. Aerosol Science&Technology,2007,41(11):1011-1017.
[12] REED B E,PETERS D M,MCPHEAT R,et al. The complex refractive index of volcanic ash aerosol retrieved from spectral mass extinction[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,2018,123:1339-1350.
[13] DUBOVIK,SINYUK A,LAPYONOK T,et al. Application of spheroid models to account for aerosol particle nonsphericity in remote sensing of desert dust[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2006.doi:10. 1029/2005JD006619.
[14] RAUT J C,CHAZETTE P. Vertical profiles of urban aerosol complex refractive index in the Frame of ESQUIF airborne measurements[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics,2008,8(4):901-919.
[15] CHAZETTE P,RANDRIAMIARISOA H,SANAK J,et al. Optical properties of urban aerosol from airborne and ground-based in situ measurements performed during the Etude et Simulation de la Qualitéde l'air en Ile de France(ESQUIF)program[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2005.doi:10. 1029/2004jd004810.
[16] RAUT J C,CHAZETTE P. Retrieval of aerosol complex refractive index from a synergy between lidar,sunphotometer and in situ measurements during LISAIR experiment[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry&Physics Discussions,2007,7(1):2797-2815.
[17] EBERT M,WEINBRUCH S,HOFFINANN P,et al. The chemical composition andcomplex refractive Index of rural and urban influenced aerosols determined by individual particle analysis[J].Atmospheric Environment,2004,38(38):6531-6545.
[18] MULLER D,ANSMANN A,WAGNER F,et al.European pollution outbreaks during ACE 2:microphysical multiwavelength lidar observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2002.doi:10. 1029/2001JD001110.
[19] KAUFMAN Y J,TANRE D,DUBOVIK O,et al. Absorption of sunlight by dust as inferred from satellite and ground-based remote sensing[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2001,28(8):1479-1482.
[20] HAND J,KREIDENWEIS S. A new method for retrieving particle refractive index and effective density from aerosol size distribution data[J].Aerosol Science&Technology,2002,36(10):1012-1026.
[21] SZYMANSKI W W,NAGY A,CZITROVSZKY A,et al. A new method for the simultaneous measurement of aerosol particle size,complex refractive index and particle density[J]. Measurement Science&Technology,2002,13(3):303-307.
[22]阎逢旗,胡欢陵,周军.大气气溶胶粒子数密度谱和折射率虚部的测量[J].光学学报,2003,23(7):855-859.YAN Fengqi,HU Huanling,ZHOU Jun. Measurements of number density distribution and imaginary part of refractive index of aerosol particles[J].Acta Optica Sinica,2003,23(7):855-859.
[23]李学彬,宫纯文.大气气溶胶粒子折射率虚部反演方法研究[J].光子学报,2009,38(2):401-404.LI Xuebin,GONG Chunwen. Method of retrieving refractive index of aerosol particles[J].Acta Photonica Sinica,2009,38(2):401-404.
[24] YANG B,YAN C,ZHANG J,et al. Refractive index and surface roughness estimation using passive multispectral and multiangular polarimetric measurements[J].Optics Communications,2016,381:336-345.
[25]李学彬,黄印博,徐赤东,等.厦门地区气溶胶折射率的测量[J].光学精密工程,2008,16(10):1831-1835.LI Xuebin,HUANG Yinbo,XU Chidong,et al. Measurement of refractive index for aerosol particle in Xiamen[J]. Optics and Precision Engineering,2008,16(10):1831-1835.
[26] ZHANG X,HUANG Y,RAO R,et al.Retrieval of effective complex refractive index from intensive measurements of characteristics of ambient aerosols in the boundary layer[J]. Optics Express,2013,21(15):17849-17862.
[27]吕睿,于兴娜,沈丽,等.北京春季大气气溶胶光学特性研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(6):1660-1668.LV Rui,YU Xingna,SHEN Li,et al. Aerosol optical properties in spring over urban Beijing[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(6):1660-1668.
[28]耿蒙,李学彬,秦武斌,等.典型地区大气气溶胶谱分布和复折射率特征研究[J].红外与激光工程,2018,47(3):1-7.GENG Meng,LI Xuebin,QIN Wubin,et al. Research on the characteristics of aerosol size distribution and complex refractive index in typical areas of China[J].Infrared and Laser Engineering,2018,47(3):1-7.
[29] ARNOTT W P,MOOSMULLER H,SHERIDAN P J,et al.Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements:instrument comparisons and the role of relative humidity[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2003. doi:10. 1029/2002jd002165.
[30]张小林,毛毛,银燕.气溶胶粒子散射和吸收特性对复折射率依赖性的数值研究[J].光散射学报,2017,29(2):102-106.ZHANG Xiaolin,MAO Mao,YIN Yan. A numerical study of dependencies of aerosol scattering and absorption on its refractive index[J].The Journal of Light Scattering,2017,29(2):102-106.
[31]黄鹤,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津市PM10,PM2. 5和PM1连续在线观测分析[J].环境科学研究,2011,24(8):897-903.HUANG He,CAI Ziying,HAN Suqin,et al. Continuous online observation analysis of mass concentrations of PM10,PM2. 5and PM1in Tianjin City[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences,2011,24(8):897-903.
[32]姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津冬季雾霾天气下颗粒物质量浓度分布与光学特性[J].环境科学研究,2014,27(5):462-469.YAO Qing,CAI Ziying,HAN Suqin,et al. PM2. 5pollution characteristics and aerosol optical properties during fog-haze episodes in Tianjin[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2014,27(5):462-469.
[33]田文寿,黄倩.大气气溶胶有效折射率的计算及相对湿度对它的影响[J].环境科学,1996,17(3):31-34.TIAN Wenshou,HUANG Qian. Calculation of effective refractive index of atmospheric aerosol and the effect of relative humidity on it[J].Environmental Science,1996,17(3):31-34.
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