池塘养殖污染负荷核算方法研究及比较分析
|
摘要
为科学、准确和定量地分析池塘养殖水管理过程及污染负荷,实现水产养殖的控污减排,对现有污染负荷核算方法进行调研,对其进行了适应性评价和实例计算,并在此基础上对化学分析法进行了优化改进。结果表明:不同方法下污染负荷核算结果为污染负荷率法>竹内俊朗法>物料平衡法>排污系数法>化学分析法;基于物质守恒的3种方法计算结果远高于化学分析法和排污系数法,表明池塘底泥对养殖期间所产生的污染负荷贡献较大;改进化学分析法计算结果显示饵料是池塘养殖中产生污染的主要来源,在试验池塘养殖生产中底泥在TN排污中占比约60%,TP占比高达85%左右。研究表明,池塘水管理及底泥对污染负荷核算结果影响较大,且改进化学分析法可定量反映池塘养殖总产污量及水体和底泥排放分别对外界环境产生的影响。
A scientific, accurate, and quantitative analysis of water management and pollution load is very important for pollution control and load reduction of pond aquaculture. In this study, existing pollution load accounting methods were investigated,adaptability evaluation and pollution load calculations were conducted, and the chemical analysis methods was improved. The results showed the following increasing order of pollution loads calculated by different methods:pollution load rate method>Takeochi method>Mass balance method>pollutant discharge coefficient method>chemical analysis method. The pollution loads calculated by the three methods based on the mass conservation theory were much higher than that by the chemical analysis method and discharge coefficient method. This indicates that fish feed residual sediment contributes more pollutant load to the external environment of the pond. The calculation of loads by the improved chemical analysis method showed that fish feed was the main source of the pollution load in the pond, and the proportions of TN and TP in the sediment were about 60% and 85% of the total pollution load, respectively. Our results indicated that pond water and sediment management have a large impact on pollution load accounting results, and that improved chemical analysis can quantitatively reflect the impact of total aquaculture production, water, and sediment discharge on the external environment.
A scientific, accurate, and quantitative analysis of water management and pollution load is very important for pollution control and load reduction of pond aquaculture. In this study, existing pollution load accounting methods were investigated,adaptability evaluation and pollution load calculations were conducted, and the chemical analysis methods was improved. The results showed the following increasing order of pollution loads calculated by different methods:pollution load rate method>Takeochi method>Mass balance method>pollutant discharge coefficient method>chemical analysis method. The pollution loads calculated by the three methods based on the mass conservation theory were much higher than that by the chemical analysis method and discharge coefficient method. This indicates that fish feed residual sediment contributes more pollutant load to the external environment of the pond. The calculation of loads by the improved chemical analysis method showed that fish feed was the main source of the pollution load in the pond, and the proportions of TN and TP in the sediment were about 60% and 85% of the total pollution load, respectively. Our results indicated that pond water and sediment management have a large impact on pollution load accounting results, and that improved chemical analysis can quantitatively reflect the impact of total aquaculture production, water, and sediment discharge on the external environment.
引文
[1]农业部渔业局.中国渔业统计年鉴[M].北京：中国农业出版社,2018:2-3.Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries Agency.China fishery statistical yearbook[M].Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2018:2-3.
[2]欧阳佚亭,宋国宝,陈景文,等.中国淡水池塘养殖鱼类排污的灰水足迹及污染负荷研究[J].环境污染与防治,2018,40(3):317-322,328.OUYANG Yi-ting,SONG Guo-bao,CHEN Jing-wen,et al.Grey water footprint and pollution loading of fresh water pond:Cultured fish in China[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2018,40(3):317-322,328.
[3]李静,闵庆文,李子君,等.太湖流域农业污染压力分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(3):348-355.LI Jing,MIN Qing-wen,LI Zi-jun,et al.Agricultural pollution pressure in the Taihu Lake basin[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(3):348-355.
[4]彭自然,陈立婧,王武.长江中下游浅水湖泊水产养殖污染现状与对策[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(12):6467-6468,6621.PENG Zi-ran,CHEN Li-jing,WANG Wu.Pollution actuality and counter measures of aquiculture in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Area[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(12):6467-6468,6621.
[5]陈家长,胡庚东,瞿建宏,等.太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖向太湖排放氮磷的研究[J].农村生态环境,2005,21(1):21-23.CHEN Jia-zhang,HU Geng-dong,QU Jian-hong,et al.TN and TPfrom pond crab farming in Taihu Valley[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Enviroument,2005,21(1):21-23.
[6]范立民,徐跑,吴伟,等.淡水养殖池塘微生态环境调控研究综述[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(11):3094-3100.FAN Li-min,XU Pao,WU Wei,et al.Regulation of micro-ecological environment in freshwater aquaculture pond:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(11):3094-3100.
[7]Handy R D,Poxton M G.Nitrogen pollution in mariculture:Toxicity and excretion of nitrogenous compounds by marine fish[J].Reviews in Fish Biology&Fisheries,1993,3(3):205-241.
[8]张韦,缴建华.天津地区水产养殖氮磷污染负荷估算初探[J].科学养鱼,2018(6):54-56.ZHANG Wei,JIAO Jian-hua.Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load in aquaculture in Tianjin[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2018(6):54-56.
[9]张玉珍,洪华生,陈能汪,等.水产养殖氮磷污染负荷估算初探[J].厦门大学学报（自然科学版）,2003(2):223-227.ZHANG Yu-zhen,HONG Hua-sheng,CHEN Neng-wang,et al.Discussion on estimating nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads in aquaculture[J].Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),2003(2):223-227.
[10]边蔚.白洋淀水产养殖污染负荷与控制研究[D].北京：中国地质大学,2013.BIAO Wei.Study on pollution load and control of aquaculture in Baiyangdian Lake[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2013.
[11]全国污染源普查水产养殖业污染源产排污系数测算项目组.第一次全国污染源普查水产养殖业产排污系数手册.2010.National pollution source survey,water and aquaculture pollution source production and emission coefficient measurement project group.China Pollution Source CensiK-Manual of water and aquaculture pollution source production and emission coefficient.2010.
[12]Islam M S,Tanaka M.Optimization of dietary protein requirement for pond-reared mahseer Tor putitora Hamilton(Cypriniformes:Cyprinidae)[J].Aquaculture Research,2015,35(13):1270-1276.
[13]罗永霞,高波,颜晓元,等.太湖地区农业源对水体氮污染的贡献：以宜溧河流域为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(12):2318-2326.LUO Yong-xia,GAO Bo,YAN Xiao-yuan,et al.Estimating contribution of agricultural sources to aquatic nitrogen load in Taihu Lake region:A case study of Yili River catchment[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(12):2318-2326.
[14]辛玉婷.阳澄湖围网养殖污染负荷计算及其污染效应研究[D].南京：河海大学,2007:38-40.XIN Yu-ting.Study on the pollution load calculation and polluting effect of barier net aquiculture in Yangcheng Lake[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2007:38-40.
[15]黄小平,温伟英.上川岛公湾海域环境对其网箱养殖容量限制的389研究[J].热带海洋学报,1998,17(4):57-64.HUANG Xiao-ping,WEN Wei-ying.A study of restriction of marine environment on capacity of Caga-culture in Gongwan bay[J].Tropic Oceanology,1998,17(4):57-64.
[16]曹碧波,戴乙,朱龙基,等.网箱养鱼对河流型水库水质影响的研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2016,27(1):75-81.CAO Bi-bo,DAI Yi,ZHU Long-ji,et al.Study on simulation of influence of fish cage culture on water quality in riverine reservoir[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2016,27(1):75-81.
[17]王安亭,方玮,白云山.洛阳陆浑水库网箱养鱼污染负荷预测计算[J].渔业现代化,2011,38(1):38-40.WANG An-ting,FANG Wei,BAI Yun-shan.Forecast on cage fish culture pollution carrying capacity in Luhun Reservoir of Luoyang[J].Fishery Modernization,2011,38(1):38-40.
[18]高月香,张毅敏,王伟民,等.太湖流域江苏地区代表性水产养殖排污系数测算研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1330-1336.GAO Yue-xiang,ZHANG Yi-min,WANG Wei-min,et al.Study on calculation of representative aquaculture pollution discharging coefficients in the Taihu Lake basin within Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(7):1330-1336.
[19]梁秀,张翔,刘建峰,等.长湖纳污能力及水产养殖污染负荷估算[J].水资源护,2015,31(3):78-84.LIANG Xiu,ZHANG Xiang,LIU Jian-feng,et al.Estimation of permissible pollution bearing capacity and aquaculture pollution load of Changhu Lake[J].Water Resources Protection,2015,31(3):78-84.
[20]中国水产养殖网,宜兴日报.2018-01-10 http：//www.shuichan.cc/news_view-349170.html.China Aquaculture Network,Yixing Daily.2018-01-10 http：//www.shuichan.cc/news_view-349170.html.
[21]蔡惠文,卓丽飞,吴常文.海水养殖污染负荷评估研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报（自然科学版）,2014,33(6):558-567.CAI Hui-wen,ZHUO Li-fei,WU Chang-wen.Review of waste loadings generation from marine aquaculture[J].Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University(Natural Science),2014,33(6):558-567.
[22]国家环境保护局规划标准处.水质,总氮的测定,碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法HJ 636-2012[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2012.Planning Standards Division of the National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of total nitrogen-Alkaline potassium persulfate digestion-UV spectrophoto method HJ 636-2012[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012.
[23]国家环境保护局.水质,总磷的测定,钼酸铵分光光度法GB11893-1989[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1989.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of total phosphorus-Ammonium molybdate spectrophoto method GB 11893-1989[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1989.
[24]国家环境保护局.水质,铵的测定,纳氏试剂比色法GB 7479-1987[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1987.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of ammonium-Nessler′s reagent colorimetric method GB 7479-201991987[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1987.
[25]国家环境保护局.水质,化学需氧量的测定,重铬酸盐法GB 11914-1989[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1991.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of COD,Dichromate method GB 11914-1989[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1991.
[26]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].四版.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods[M].Fourth Edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[27]国家林业局.森林土壤有机质的测定及碳氮比的计算LY/T 1237-1999[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1999.State Forestry Administration.Determination of organic matter in forest soil and calculation carbon-nitrogen ratio LY/T 1237-1999[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1999.
[28]国家林业局.森林土壤氮的测定LY/T 1228-2015[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2016.State Forestry Administration.Nitrogen determination methods of forest soils LY/T 1228-2015[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2016.
[29]国家林业局.森林土壤磷的测定LY/T 1232-2015[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2016.State Forestry Administration.Phosphorus determination methods of forest soils LY/T 1232-2015[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2016.
[30]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局.中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[N].人民日报,2010-02-10(016).Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China.Ministry of Agriculture of the People′s Republic of China.First national pollution source census bulletin[N].People′s daily,2010-02-10(016）.
[31]李志斐,谢骏,王广军,等.珠江三角洲养殖池塘底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(4):896-906.LI Zhi-fei,XIE Jun,WANG Guang-jun,et al.Community characteristics of the macrozoobenthos and bioassessment of water quality in aquaculture ponds of the Pearl River Delta[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(4):896-906.
[32]李晓洁,唐敏,李云,等.鲢鳙在长寿湖水生态系统氮磷循环中的作用[J].淡水渔业,2018(3):40-46.LI Xiao-jie,TANG Min,LI Yun,et al.Role of silver carp and bighead on nitrogen and phosphorus cycle of aquatic ecosystem in Changshou Lake[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2018(3):40-46.
[33]舒廷飞,温琰茂,陆雍森.网箱养殖N、P物质平衡研究：以广东省哑铃湾网箱养殖研究为例[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(6):1046-1052.SHU Ting-fei,WEN Yan-mao,LU Yong-sen.Research on material balance of N and P in cage culture:Take example for cage culture in Yaling Bay,Guangdong[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(6):1046-1052.
[34]竹内俊郎,星光政,佐藤秀一,等.饲料中可消化能量及有效磷含量对鲤鱼氮排泄量的影响[J].黑龙江水产,1994(3):46-51.Takeochi,et al.Effects of digestible energy and available phosphorus content in feed on nitrogen excretion of carp[J].Heilongjiang Fisheries,1994(3):46-51.
[35]Hakanson H.Portable continuous blood glucose analyzer[J].Methods in Enzymology,1988,137(1):319.2183
[2]欧阳佚亭,宋国宝,陈景文,等.中国淡水池塘养殖鱼类排污的灰水足迹及污染负荷研究[J].环境污染与防治,2018,40(3):317-322,328.OUYANG Yi-ting,SONG Guo-bao,CHEN Jing-wen,et al.Grey water footprint and pollution loading of fresh water pond:Cultured fish in China[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2018,40(3):317-322,328.
[3]李静,闵庆文,李子君,等.太湖流域农业污染压力分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(3):348-355.LI Jing,MIN Qing-wen,LI Zi-jun,et al.Agricultural pollution pressure in the Taihu Lake basin[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(3):348-355.
[4]彭自然,陈立婧,王武.长江中下游浅水湖泊水产养殖污染现状与对策[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(12):6467-6468,6621.PENG Zi-ran,CHEN Li-jing,WANG Wu.Pollution actuality and counter measures of aquiculture in shallow lakes in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Area[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(12):6467-6468,6621.
[5]陈家长,胡庚东,瞿建宏,等.太湖流域池塘河蟹养殖向太湖排放氮磷的研究[J].农村生态环境,2005,21(1):21-23.CHEN Jia-zhang,HU Geng-dong,QU Jian-hong,et al.TN and TPfrom pond crab farming in Taihu Valley[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Enviroument,2005,21(1):21-23.
[6]范立民,徐跑,吴伟,等.淡水养殖池塘微生态环境调控研究综述[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(11):3094-3100.FAN Li-min,XU Pao,WU Wei,et al.Regulation of micro-ecological environment in freshwater aquaculture pond:A review[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2013,32(11):3094-3100.
[7]Handy R D,Poxton M G.Nitrogen pollution in mariculture:Toxicity and excretion of nitrogenous compounds by marine fish[J].Reviews in Fish Biology&Fisheries,1993,3(3):205-241.
[8]张韦,缴建华.天津地区水产养殖氮磷污染负荷估算初探[J].科学养鱼,2018(6):54-56.ZHANG Wei,JIAO Jian-hua.Estimation of nitrogen and phosphorus pollution load in aquaculture in Tianjin[J].Scientific Fish Farming,2018(6):54-56.
[9]张玉珍,洪华生,陈能汪,等.水产养殖氮磷污染负荷估算初探[J].厦门大学学报（自然科学版）,2003(2):223-227.ZHANG Yu-zhen,HONG Hua-sheng,CHEN Neng-wang,et al.Discussion on estimating nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads in aquaculture[J].Journal of Xiamen University(Natural Science),2003(2):223-227.
[10]边蔚.白洋淀水产养殖污染负荷与控制研究[D].北京：中国地质大学,2013.BIAO Wei.Study on pollution load and control of aquaculture in Baiyangdian Lake[D].Beijing:China University of Geosciences,2013.
[11]全国污染源普查水产养殖业污染源产排污系数测算项目组.第一次全国污染源普查水产养殖业产排污系数手册.2010.National pollution source survey,water and aquaculture pollution source production and emission coefficient measurement project group.China Pollution Source CensiK-Manual of water and aquaculture pollution source production and emission coefficient.2010.
[12]Islam M S,Tanaka M.Optimization of dietary protein requirement for pond-reared mahseer Tor putitora Hamilton(Cypriniformes:Cyprinidae)[J].Aquaculture Research,2015,35(13):1270-1276.
[13]罗永霞,高波,颜晓元,等.太湖地区农业源对水体氮污染的贡献：以宜溧河流域为例[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(12):2318-2326.LUO Yong-xia,GAO Bo,YAN Xiao-yuan,et al.Estimating contribution of agricultural sources to aquatic nitrogen load in Taihu Lake region:A case study of Yili River catchment[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(12):2318-2326.
[14]辛玉婷.阳澄湖围网养殖污染负荷计算及其污染效应研究[D].南京：河海大学,2007:38-40.XIN Yu-ting.Study on the pollution load calculation and polluting effect of barier net aquiculture in Yangcheng Lake[D].Nanjing:Hohai University,2007:38-40.
[15]黄小平,温伟英.上川岛公湾海域环境对其网箱养殖容量限制的389研究[J].热带海洋学报,1998,17(4):57-64.HUANG Xiao-ping,WEN Wei-ying.A study of restriction of marine environment on capacity of Caga-culture in Gongwan bay[J].Tropic Oceanology,1998,17(4):57-64.
[16]曹碧波,戴乙,朱龙基,等.网箱养鱼对河流型水库水质影响的研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,2016,27(1):75-81.CAO Bi-bo,DAI Yi,ZHU Long-ji,et al.Study on simulation of influence of fish cage culture on water quality in riverine reservoir[J].Journal of Water Resources&Water Engineering,2016,27(1):75-81.
[17]王安亭,方玮,白云山.洛阳陆浑水库网箱养鱼污染负荷预测计算[J].渔业现代化,2011,38(1):38-40.WANG An-ting,FANG Wei,BAI Yun-shan.Forecast on cage fish culture pollution carrying capacity in Luhun Reservoir of Luoyang[J].Fishery Modernization,2011,38(1):38-40.
[18]高月香,张毅敏,王伟民,等.太湖流域江苏地区代表性水产养殖排污系数测算研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2017,36(7):1330-1336.GAO Yue-xiang,ZHANG Yi-min,WANG Wei-min,et al.Study on calculation of representative aquaculture pollution discharging coefficients in the Taihu Lake basin within Jiangsu Province[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2017,36(7):1330-1336.
[19]梁秀,张翔,刘建峰,等.长湖纳污能力及水产养殖污染负荷估算[J].水资源护,2015,31(3):78-84.LIANG Xiu,ZHANG Xiang,LIU Jian-feng,et al.Estimation of permissible pollution bearing capacity and aquaculture pollution load of Changhu Lake[J].Water Resources Protection,2015,31(3):78-84.
[20]中国水产养殖网,宜兴日报.2018-01-10 http：//www.shuichan.cc/news_view-349170.html.China Aquaculture Network,Yixing Daily.2018-01-10 http：//www.shuichan.cc/news_view-349170.html.
[21]蔡惠文,卓丽飞,吴常文.海水养殖污染负荷评估研究[J].浙江海洋学院学报（自然科学版）,2014,33(6):558-567.CAI Hui-wen,ZHUO Li-fei,WU Chang-wen.Review of waste loadings generation from marine aquaculture[J].Journal of Zhejiang Ocean University(Natural Science),2014,33(6):558-567.
[22]国家环境保护局规划标准处.水质,总氮的测定,碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法HJ 636-2012[S].北京：中国环境科学出版社,2012.Planning Standards Division of the National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of total nitrogen-Alkaline potassium persulfate digestion-UV spectrophoto method HJ 636-2012[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2012.
[23]国家环境保护局.水质,总磷的测定,钼酸铵分光光度法GB11893-1989[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1989.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of total phosphorus-Ammonium molybdate spectrophoto method GB 11893-1989[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1989.
[24]国家环境保护局.水质,铵的测定,纳氏试剂比色法GB 7479-1987[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1987.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of ammonium-Nessler′s reagent colorimetric method GB 7479-201991987[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1987.
[25]国家环境保护局.水质,化学需氧量的测定,重铬酸盐法GB 11914-1989[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1991.National Environmental Protection Agency.Water quality-Determination of COD,Dichromate method GB 11914-1989[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1991.
[26]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].四版.北京：中国环境科学出版社,2002.State Environmental Protection Administration.Water and wastewater monitoring and analysis methods[M].Fourth Edition.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.
[27]国家林业局.森林土壤有机质的测定及碳氮比的计算LY/T 1237-1999[S].北京：中国标准出版社,1999.State Forestry Administration.Determination of organic matter in forest soil and calculation carbon-nitrogen ratio LY/T 1237-1999[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,1999.
[28]国家林业局.森林土壤氮的测定LY/T 1228-2015[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2016.State Forestry Administration.Nitrogen determination methods of forest soils LY/T 1228-2015[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2016.
[29]国家林业局.森林土壤磷的测定LY/T 1232-2015[S].北京：中国标准出版社,2016.State Forestry Administration.Phosphorus determination methods of forest soils LY/T 1232-2015[S].Beijing:China Standards Press,2016.
[30]中华人民共和国环境保护部,中华人民共和国国家统计局.中华人民共和国农业部.第一次全国污染源普查公报[N].人民日报,2010-02-10(016).Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.National Bureau of Statistics of the People′s Republic of China.Ministry of Agriculture of the People′s Republic of China.First national pollution source census bulletin[N].People′s daily,2010-02-10(016）.
[31]李志斐,谢骏,王广军,等.珠江三角洲养殖池塘底栖动物群落结构及水质生物学评价[J].湖泊科学,2017,29(4):896-906.LI Zhi-fei,XIE Jun,WANG Guang-jun,et al.Community characteristics of the macrozoobenthos and bioassessment of water quality in aquaculture ponds of the Pearl River Delta[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,2017,29(4):896-906.
[32]李晓洁,唐敏,李云,等.鲢鳙在长寿湖水生态系统氮磷循环中的作用[J].淡水渔业,2018(3):40-46.LI Xiao-jie,TANG Min,LI Yun,et al.Role of silver carp and bighead on nitrogen and phosphorus cycle of aquatic ecosystem in Changshou Lake[J].Freshwater Fisheries,2018(3):40-46.
[33]舒廷飞,温琰茂,陆雍森.网箱养殖N、P物质平衡研究：以广东省哑铃湾网箱养殖研究为例[J].环境科学学报,2004,24(6):1046-1052.SHU Ting-fei,WEN Yan-mao,LU Yong-sen.Research on material balance of N and P in cage culture:Take example for cage culture in Yaling Bay,Guangdong[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2004,24(6):1046-1052.
[34]竹内俊郎,星光政,佐藤秀一,等.饲料中可消化能量及有效磷含量对鲤鱼氮排泄量的影响[J].黑龙江水产,1994(3):46-51.Takeochi,et al.Effects of digestible energy and available phosphorus content in feed on nitrogen excretion of carp[J].Heilongjiang Fisheries,1994(3):46-51.
[35]Hakanson H.Portable continuous blood glucose analyzer[J].Methods in Enzymology,1988,137(1):319.2183
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |