中国近10年SO_2时空格局变化遥感监测
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摘要
开展近地表大气中的二氧化硫浓度长时序空间格局动态变化监测,对于保护生态环境、评估节能减排成效具有重要意义。该文利用OMI L3 SO_2产品数据分析2008-2017年近地表中国区域SO_2柱浓度的年际、季相、月际及空间变化特征,并与SO_2排放量统计数据进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)从年际变化来说,2008-2017年中国SO_2柱浓度总体呈下降趋势,于2016年下降至最低值,2017年SO_2柱浓度与2016年持平,2008-2017年OMI SO_2柱浓度与国内SO_2排放量相关系数可达0.74;(2)在空间分布上,中国中东部地区SO_2柱浓度较高,尤其是京津冀及其周边地区,而西部地区SO_2柱浓度普遍较低,如西藏、青海、新疆等地区;(3)从各年份SO_2柱浓度分布情况可以得出,自2012年起全国SO_2柱浓度高值区范围逐年缩小,京津冀及山东地区高值区范围缩小程度最为明显,至2015年全国已不存在SO_2柱浓度高值区;(4)从季相变化来看,SO_2柱浓度高低排序为:冬季>秋季>春季>夏季;SO_2柱浓度月均值呈现以年为周期的波动形式,SO_2柱浓度最低值一般出现在每年的5-7月,最高值一般出现在11、12、1、2月,与季度变化趋势相一致。近10年来中国制定了许多环保政策,加大了环保治理力度,如节能减排,淘汰落后产能,优化产业结构,近地表大气SO_2柱浓度不断下降的时序遥感监测结果充分证明了中国近年来在环保领域所取得的重大进步。
It is of great significance for protecting the ecological environment and evaluating the effect of energy saving and emission reduction to monitor the long-time spatial pattern of SO_2concentration in the near-surface atmosphere.The characteristics of annual,seasonal,monthly and spatial variations of SO_2column concentration in near-surface China from 2008 to2017 were analyzed using OMI L3 SO_2data.The statistical data of SO_2emission were used to comparative analysis.The results show that in terms of annual variation,the SO_2column concentration in China decreased from 2008 to 2017.It dropped to its lowest level in 2016,and the SO_2column concentration in 2017 was the same as that in 2016.The correlation coefficient between OMI SO_2column concentration and domestic SO_2emissions during 2008-2017 was 0.74.As for spatial distribution,the SO_2column concentration was higher in the central and eastern part of China,especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas.However,the SO_2column concentration was generally low in the western region,such as Tibet,Qinghai,Xinjiang and so on.From the distribution of SO_2column concentration,the range of high SO_2column concentration has been shrinking year by year since 2012.The range of high SO_2column concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong areas reduced most obviously.By 2015,there was no high SO_2column concentration in the whole country.With regard to seasonalchange,SO_2column concentration ranked as winter>autumn>spring>summer.The monthly mean value of SO_2column concentration showed a wave pattern with annual cycle.The lowest value of SO_2column concentration generally occurred from May to July every year,and the highest value generally appeared in November,December,January and February,which was consistent with the seasonal change.In the past ten years,China has formulated many environmental protection policies and strengthened environmental protection governance,such as energy conservation and emission reduction,eliminating backward production capacity and optimizing industrial structure.The results of long-time series remote sensing monitoring of the decreasing of the near-surface atmospheric SO_2column concentration have fully proved the significant progress made in the field of environmental protection in recent years in China.
It is of great significance for protecting the ecological environment and evaluating the effect of energy saving and emission reduction to monitor the long-time spatial pattern of SO_2concentration in the near-surface atmosphere.The characteristics of annual,seasonal,monthly and spatial variations of SO_2column concentration in near-surface China from 2008 to2017 were analyzed using OMI L3 SO_2data.The statistical data of SO_2emission were used to comparative analysis.The results show that in terms of annual variation,the SO_2column concentration in China decreased from 2008 to 2017.It dropped to its lowest level in 2016,and the SO_2column concentration in 2017 was the same as that in 2016.The correlation coefficient between OMI SO_2column concentration and domestic SO_2emissions during 2008-2017 was 0.74.As for spatial distribution,the SO_2column concentration was higher in the central and eastern part of China,especially in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding areas.However,the SO_2column concentration was generally low in the western region,such as Tibet,Qinghai,Xinjiang and so on.From the distribution of SO_2column concentration,the range of high SO_2column concentration has been shrinking year by year since 2012.The range of high SO_2column concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and Shandong areas reduced most obviously.By 2015,there was no high SO_2column concentration in the whole country.With regard to seasonalchange,SO_2column concentration ranked as winter>autumn>spring>summer.The monthly mean value of SO_2column concentration showed a wave pattern with annual cycle.The lowest value of SO_2column concentration generally occurred from May to July every year,and the highest value generally appeared in November,December,January and February,which was consistent with the seasonal change.In the past ten years,China has formulated many environmental protection policies and strengthened environmental protection governance,such as energy conservation and emission reduction,eliminating backward production capacity and optimizing industrial structure.The results of long-time series remote sensing monitoring of the decreasing of the near-surface atmospheric SO_2column concentration have fully proved the significant progress made in the field of environmental protection in recent years in China.
引文
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[9] Fioletov V E, McLinden C A, Krotkov N, et al. Application of OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 satellite SO2retrievals for detection of large emission sources[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2013, 118:11399-11418.
[10] McCormick B T, Herzog M, Yang Jian, et al. A comparison of satellite-and ground-based measurements of SO2emissions from Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2014,119:4264-4285.
[11] Fioletov V E, McLinden C A, Krotkov N, et al. Lifetimes and emissions of SO2from point sources estimated from OMI[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015,42:1969-1976.
[12]杜金辉,孙娟,杜廷芹,等.基于OMI数据的青岛市SO2和NO2干沉降通量估算[J].安全与环境工程, 2015,22(1):60-66.
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[14] Torres O, Tanskanen A, Veihelmann B, et al. Aerosols and surface UV products from ozone monitoring instrument observations:an overview[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2007,112:D24S47.
[15] Fioletov E, McLinden C A, Krotkov N, et al. Estimation of SO2emissions using OMI retrievals[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011,38(21):L21811.
[16] Krotkov N A, Carn S A, Krueger A J, et al. Band residual difference algorithm for retrieval of SO2from the AURA Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI)[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006,44(5):1259-1266.
[17] Yang K, Krotkov N A, Krueger A J, et al. Retrieval of large volcanic SO2columns from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument:comparison and limitations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2007,112:D24S43.
[18] Li C, Joiner J, Krotkov N A, et al. A fast and sensitive new satellite SO2retrieval algorithm based on principal component analysis:application to the ozone monitoring instrument[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013,40:1-5.
[19]闫欢欢,张兴赢,王维和.卫星遥感监测全球和中国区域污染气体NO2和SO2时空变化[J].科技导报, 2015,33(17):41-51.Yan Huanhuan, Zhang Xingying, Wang Weihe. Spatiotemporal variations of NO2and SO2over global region and China by OMI observations during 2004-2014[J]. Science&Technology Review, 2015,33(17):41-51.
[20] Spurr R. Light Scattering Reviews 3:LIDORT and VLIDORT:Linearized Pseudo-Spherical Scalar and Vector Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Models for Use in Remote Sensing Retrieval Problems[M]. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008:229-275.
[21]张晗,余超,苏林,等.基于OMI卫星遥感评估2015年阅兵期间华北地区SO2和NO2减排成效[J].遥感技术与应用,2017,32(4):734-742.Zhang Han, Yu Chao, Su Lin, et al. Analysis on effectiveness of SO2and NO2emission reduction in North China Plain by OMI data during the Military Parade 2015[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2017,32(4):734-742.
[22] Krotkov N A, McClure B, Dickerson R R, et al. Validation of SO2retrievals from the ozone monitoring instrument over NE China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113:D16S40.
[23] Meng Zhaoyang, Xu Xiaobin, Wang Tao, et al. Ambient sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia at ten background and rural sites in China during 2007-2008[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(21/22):2625-2631.
[24] Khoder M I. Atmospheric conversion of sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate and nitrogen dioxide to particulate nitrate and gaseous nitric acid in an urban area[J]. Chemosphere,2002,49(6):675-684.
[25]周春艳,王桥,厉青,等.近10年长江三角洲对流层NO2柱浓度时空变化及影响因素[J].中国环境科学, 2016,36(7):1921-1930.Zhou Chunyan, Wang Qiao, Li Qing, et al. Spatio-temporal change and influencing factors of tropospheric NO2column density of Yangtze River Delta in the decade[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(7):1921-1930.
[26]熊敏瑞.论我国能源结构调整与能源法的应对策略[J].生态经济, 2014,30(3):103-108.
[27]康艳青.基于中国SO2排放的环境污染与公共治理研究[J].生态经济, 2018,34(3):160-165.Kang Yanqing. Research on the environmental pollution and public governance based on China's SO2emissions[J]. Ecological Economy, 2018,34(3):160-165.
[28]王立平,刘敏,李然,等.中国二氧化硫污染的“稳健性”影响因素：基于空间面板数据EBA模型的实证分析[J].环境科学学报, 2015,35(8):2362-2369.
[2]闫欢欢,李晓静,王维和,等. BRD和DOAS SO2总量遥感反演算法的比对[J].中国科学:地球科学, 2017,47(9):1071-1083.Yan Huanhuan, Li Xiaojing, Wang Weihe, et al. Comparison of SO2column retrievals from BRD and DOAS algorithms[J]. Science China-Earth Sciences, 2017,47(9):1071-1083.
[3]张晗,余超,苏林,等. MODIS和OMI数据评估阅兵期间北京市大气减排成效[J].遥感学报, 2017,21(4):622-632.Zhang Han, Yu Chao, Su Lin, et al. Emission control effects observed from space during the military parade 2015 in Beijing[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2017,21(4):622-632.
[4] Zhang Leishi, Lee C S, Zhang Ruiqin, et al. Spatial and temporal evaluation of long term trend(2005-2014)of OMI retrieved NO2and SO2concentrations in Henan Province,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2017,154:151-166.
[5]闫欢欢,李晓静,张兴赢,等.大气SO2柱总量遥感反演算法比较分析及验证[J].物理学报, 2016,65(8):1-17.Yan Huanhuan, Li Xiaojing, Zhang Xingying, et al. Comparison and validation of band residual difference algorithm and principal component analysis algorithm for retrievals of atmospheric SO2columns from satellite observations[J].Acta Physica Sinica, 2016,65(8):1-17.
[6]周春艳,厉青,张丽娟,等.遥感监测2005-2015年中国NO2时空特征及分析影响因素[J].遥感技术与应用, 2016,31(6):1190-1200.
[7]周春艳,厉青,王中挺,等. 2005-2014年京津冀对流层NO2柱浓度时空变化及影响因素[J].遥感学报, 2016,20(3):468-480.Zhou Chunyan, Li Qing, Wang Zhongting, et al. Spatiotemporal trend and changing factors of tropospheric NO2column density in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2005 to2014[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2016,20(3):468-480.
[8] Yan Huanhuan, Chen Liangfu, Tao Jinhua, et al. SO2longterm monitoring by satellite in the Pearl River Delta[J]. Journal of Remote Sensing, 2012,16(2):390-404.
[9] Fioletov V E, McLinden C A, Krotkov N, et al. Application of OMI, SCIAMACHY, and GOME-2 satellite SO2retrievals for detection of large emission sources[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2013, 118:11399-11418.
[10] McCormick B T, Herzog M, Yang Jian, et al. A comparison of satellite-and ground-based measurements of SO2emissions from Tungurahua Volcano, Ecuador[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2014,119:4264-4285.
[11] Fioletov V E, McLinden C A, Krotkov N, et al. Lifetimes and emissions of SO2from point sources estimated from OMI[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2015,42:1969-1976.
[12]杜金辉,孙娟,杜廷芹,等.基于OMI数据的青岛市SO2和NO2干沉降通量估算[J].安全与环境工程, 2015,22(1):60-66.
[13] Levelt P F, Hilsenrath E, Leppelmeier G W, et al. Science objectives of the ozone monitoring instrument[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006, 44(5):1199-1207.
[14] Torres O, Tanskanen A, Veihelmann B, et al. Aerosols and surface UV products from ozone monitoring instrument observations:an overview[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2007,112:D24S47.
[15] Fioletov E, McLinden C A, Krotkov N, et al. Estimation of SO2emissions using OMI retrievals[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2011,38(21):L21811.
[16] Krotkov N A, Carn S A, Krueger A J, et al. Band residual difference algorithm for retrieval of SO2from the AURA Ozone Monitoring Instrument(OMI)[J]. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2006,44(5):1259-1266.
[17] Yang K, Krotkov N A, Krueger A J, et al. Retrieval of large volcanic SO2columns from the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument:comparison and limitations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2007,112:D24S43.
[18] Li C, Joiner J, Krotkov N A, et al. A fast and sensitive new satellite SO2retrieval algorithm based on principal component analysis:application to the ozone monitoring instrument[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2013,40:1-5.
[19]闫欢欢,张兴赢,王维和.卫星遥感监测全球和中国区域污染气体NO2和SO2时空变化[J].科技导报, 2015,33(17):41-51.Yan Huanhuan, Zhang Xingying, Wang Weihe. Spatiotemporal variations of NO2and SO2over global region and China by OMI observations during 2004-2014[J]. Science&Technology Review, 2015,33(17):41-51.
[20] Spurr R. Light Scattering Reviews 3:LIDORT and VLIDORT:Linearized Pseudo-Spherical Scalar and Vector Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer Models for Use in Remote Sensing Retrieval Problems[M]. Springer Berlin Heidelberg,2008:229-275.
[21]张晗,余超,苏林,等.基于OMI卫星遥感评估2015年阅兵期间华北地区SO2和NO2减排成效[J].遥感技术与应用,2017,32(4):734-742.Zhang Han, Yu Chao, Su Lin, et al. Analysis on effectiveness of SO2and NO2emission reduction in North China Plain by OMI data during the Military Parade 2015[J]. Remote Sensing Technology and Application, 2017,32(4):734-742.
[22] Krotkov N A, McClure B, Dickerson R R, et al. Validation of SO2retrievals from the ozone monitoring instrument over NE China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2008, 113:D16S40.
[23] Meng Zhaoyang, Xu Xiaobin, Wang Tao, et al. Ambient sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ammonia at ten background and rural sites in China during 2007-2008[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(21/22):2625-2631.
[24] Khoder M I. Atmospheric conversion of sulfur dioxide to particulate sulfate and nitrogen dioxide to particulate nitrate and gaseous nitric acid in an urban area[J]. Chemosphere,2002,49(6):675-684.
[25]周春艳,王桥,厉青,等.近10年长江三角洲对流层NO2柱浓度时空变化及影响因素[J].中国环境科学, 2016,36(7):1921-1930.Zhou Chunyan, Wang Qiao, Li Qing, et al. Spatio-temporal change and influencing factors of tropospheric NO2column density of Yangtze River Delta in the decade[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(7):1921-1930.
[26]熊敏瑞.论我国能源结构调整与能源法的应对策略[J].生态经济, 2014,30(3):103-108.
[27]康艳青.基于中国SO2排放的环境污染与公共治理研究[J].生态经济, 2018,34(3):160-165.Kang Yanqing. Research on the environmental pollution and public governance based on China's SO2emissions[J]. Ecological Economy, 2018,34(3):160-165.
[28]王立平,刘敏,李然,等.中国二氧化硫污染的“稳健性”影响因素：基于空间面板数据EBA模型的实证分析[J].环境科学学报, 2015,35(8):2362-2369.
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