多溴联苯醚分布特征及环境风险研究进展
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摘要
多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers,PBDEs)作为一种高效、添加型阻燃剂被广泛使用,因其具有蒸汽压低、亲脂性强、污染持久和可生物富集等特点,而成为近年来环境领域研究热点之一。在查阅近年相关文献和分析PBDEs性质的基础上,本文以PBDEs使用-环境分布-生物体内的分布-对生物毒性及机理为线索,重点总结了PBDEs在环境和尤其是在生物体内的分布情况,并分别从神经系统、甲状腺和肝脏等角度阐述了PBDEs产生毒性效应以及致毒机制的最新研究成果。在总结研究成果的基础上,提出了应逐渐重视十溴联苯醚的环境风险、电子垃圾拆解地PBDEs修复、PBDEs代谢过程以及代谢中间物的毒性等建议,以期为PBDEs相关领域研究者提供参考。
As an efficient flame retardant additive,polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) have been used in a wide range of commercial products. PBDEs are highly lipophilic,degradation resistant,bio-accumulative with low saturated vapor pressure. These special properties have made PBDEs a research focus in environmental disciplines in the past few years. Based on recent publications and the characteristic analysis of PBDEs,the distributions of PBDEs in natural environments and organisms were illustrated. Moreover,the toxic effect(e.g. neurotoxicity,thyrotoxicosis,hepatotoxicity,etc.) of PBDEs on organisms,as well as its toxicological mechanisms,were prominently summarized in the present study,following a path of"PBDEs application-environmental distribution-toxicological behavior in organisms-bio-toxicity". More critical studies need to be conducted in the future,including the potential risk of BDE-209,the remedy of former e-waste recycling sites,and the exploration of PBDEs metabolism and the toxicity of metabolites. They may serve as meaningful references for researchers in relative fields.
As an efficient flame retardant additive,polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) have been used in a wide range of commercial products. PBDEs are highly lipophilic,degradation resistant,bio-accumulative with low saturated vapor pressure. These special properties have made PBDEs a research focus in environmental disciplines in the past few years. Based on recent publications and the characteristic analysis of PBDEs,the distributions of PBDEs in natural environments and organisms were illustrated. Moreover,the toxic effect(e.g. neurotoxicity,thyrotoxicosis,hepatotoxicity,etc.) of PBDEs on organisms,as well as its toxicological mechanisms,were prominently summarized in the present study,following a path of"PBDEs application-environmental distribution-toxicological behavior in organisms-bio-toxicity". More critical studies need to be conducted in the future,including the potential risk of BDE-209,the remedy of former e-waste recycling sites,and the exploration of PBDEs metabolism and the toxicity of metabolites. They may serve as meaningful references for researchers in relative fields.
引文
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[2]李亚宁．复杂介质中典型溴化阻燃剂的污染诊断、归趋及生态毒理效应研究[D]．天津:南开大学，2010:8-9Li Y N. The fate and ecotoxicological effects of BFRs in soil environment[D]. Tianjing:Nankai University,2010:8-9(in Chinese)
[3] Lee H J,Kim G B. An overview of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in the marine environment[J].Ocean Science Journal,2015,50(2):119-142
[4] Zhu C,Li Y,Wang P,et al. Polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)and polybrominated biphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in environmental samples from Ny-lesund and London Island,Svalbard,the Arctic[J]. Chemosphere,2015,126(1):40-46
[5] Kim S K,Kim K S,Sang H H. Overview on relative importance of house dust ingestion in human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs):International comparison and Korea as a case[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2016,571:82-91
[6] Abbasi G,Buser A M,Soehl A,et al. Stocks and flows of PBDEs in products from use to waste in the US and Canada from 1970 to 2020[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(3):1521-1528
[7] Meng X Z,Duan Y P,Yang C,et al. Occurrence,sources, and inventory of hexabromocyclododecanes(HBCDs)in soils from Chongming Island,the Yangtze River Delta(YRD)[J]. Chemosphere,2011,82(5):725-731
[8] Newton S,Sellstrom U,de Wit C A. Emerging flame retardants,PBDEs,and HBCDDs in indoor and outdoor media in Stockholm,Sweden[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49(5):2912-2920
[9] Li T,Wang W,Pan Y W,et al. A hydroxylated metabolite of flame-retardant PBDE-47 decreases the survival,proliferation,and neuronal differentiation of primary cultured adult neural stem cells and interferes with signaling of ERK5 MAP kinase and neurotrophin 3[J]. Toxicological Sciences,2013,134(1):111-124
[10] Lai Y,Cai Z. In vitro metabolism of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their inhibitory effects on17β-estradiol metabolism in rat liver microsomes[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2012,19(8):3219-3227
[11] Stapleton H M,Kelly S M,Pei R,et al. Metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)by human hepatocytes in vitro[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2009,117(2):197-202
[12]吴库生．电子垃圾拆解区新生儿多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)暴露与不良出生结局及相关影响因素[D]．汕头:汕头大学，2010:6-8Wu K S. Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)of neonates in association with relevant factors and adverse birth outcomes in an e-waste recycling area[D]. Shantou:Shantou University,2010:6-8(in Chinese)
[13] Chen J W,Yang P,Chen S,et al. Quantitative structure-property relationships for vapor pressures of polybrominated diphenyl ethers[J]. SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research,2003,14(2):97-111
[14] Fischer D,Hooper K,Athanasiadou M,et al. Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four:A case study[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives,2006,114(10):1581-1584
[15]林海涛，李琦路，张干，等．中国8个城市大气多溴联苯醚的污染特征及人体暴露水平[J]．环境科学，2016,37(1):10-15Lin H T,Li Q L,Zhang G,et al. Atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in eight cities of China:Pollution characteristics and human exposure[J]. Environmental Science,2016,37(1):10-15(in Chinese)
[16]徐红．电子废物中多溴联苯醚浸出特性的模拟研究[D]．太原:太原理工大学，2013:4-5Xu H. Simulation study on leaching characteristics of polybrominated biphenyl ethers in electronic wastes[D].Taiyuan:Taiyuan University of Technology,2013:4-5(in Chinese)
[17] Li J,Chen Y,Xiao W. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in articles:A review of its applications and legislation[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2017,24(5):4312-4321
[18] Toms L M L,Harden F A,Symons R K,et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in human milk from Australia[J]. Chemosphere,2007,68(5):797-803
[19] Peng X,Tang C,Yu Y,et al. Concentrations,transport,fate,and releases of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in sewage treatment plants in the Pearl River Delta,South China[J]. Environment International,2009,35(2):303-309
[20] Wu J P,Luo X J,Zhang Y,et al. Bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)and polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs)in wild aquatic species from an electronic waste(e-waste)recycling site in South China[J]. Environment International,2008,34(8):1109-1113
[21] Sjdin A,Ppke O,McGahee E,et al. Concentration of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in household dust from various countries[J]. Chemosphere,2008,73(1):S131-S136
[22] Chen L G,Mai B X,Xu Z C,et al. In-and outdoor sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their human inhalation exposure in Guangzhou,China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):78-86
[23]唐阵武，岳勇，许其功．水体中多溴联苯醚污染及其生态风险[J]．地球科学进展，2009,24(2):204-210Tang Z W,Yue Y,Xu Q G. Pollutions andrisks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic environment[J].Advance in Earth Science,2009,24(2):204-210(in Chinese)
[24] Cristale J,García V A,Barata C,et al. Priority and emerging flame retardants in rivers:Occurrence in water and sediment,Daphnia magna toxicity and risk assessment[J]. Environment International,2013,59(3):232-243
[25] Li W L,Ma W L,Jia H,et al. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in surface soils across five Asian countries:Levels,spatial distribution and source contribution[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2016,50(23):12779-12788
[26] Li H,La Guardia M J,Liu H,et al. Brominated and organophosphate flame retardants along a sediment transect encompassing the Guiyu,China e-waste recycling zone[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2019,646:58-67
[27] Wang X T,Chen L,Wang X K,et al. Occurrence,profiles,and ecological risks of polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs)in river sediments of Shanghai,China[J]. Chemosphere,2015,133:22-30
[28] Jin J,Liu W,Wang Y,et al. Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in plant,shellfish and sediment samples from Laizhou Bay in China[J].Chemosphere,2008,71(6):1043-1050
[29] Zhao Y,Yang L,Wang Q. Modeling persistent organic pollutant(POP)partitioning between tree bark and air and its application to spatial monitoring of atmospheric POPs in mainland China[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42(16):6046-6051
[30]高永飞，王璞，陈卫海，等．喜马拉雅山区葇籽草和棘豆样品中PCBs、PBDEs和PCDD/Fs的分析[J]．环境化学，2012,31(1):26-30Gao Y F,Wang P,Chen W H,et al. PCBs,PBDEs and PCDD/Fs in the grass samples from the Himalayas[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(1):26-30(in Chinese)
[31] Hu J,Jin J,Wang Y,et al. Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing,China[J]. Chemosphere,2011,84(3):355-360
[32] Sun J,Liu J,Yu M,et al. In vivo metabolism of2,2’,4,4’-tetrabromodiphenyl ether(BDE-47)in young whole pumpkin plant[J]. Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(8):3701-3707
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