不同秸秆生物炭对黄壤理化性质及综合肥力的影响
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摘要
【目的】研究不同秸秆生物炭对黄壤物理、化学性质和生物活性影响的差异,并对添加不同生物炭的黄壤肥力进行综合评价,以期为土壤改良和秸秆资源的合理利用提供理论参考。【方法】以玉米、水稻和油菜秸秆500℃炭化得到的生物炭为添加材料,以贵州省地带性黄壤为供试土壤,通过室内培养试验,以未添加生物炭处理为对照,分析比较添加量为1%,2%,4%的玉米、水稻和油菜秸秆生物炭处理黄壤体积质量、pH、养分含量和酶活性的变化,通过相关性分析和模糊数学原理计算不同生物炭处理黄壤的综合肥力水平。【结果】与对照相比,生物炭降低了0～10 cm土层土壤的体积质量,其中0～5 cm土层降幅较大(1.54%～8.46%)。添加生物炭使土壤pH明显增大,其中以添加4%油菜秸秆生物炭处理的pH最大,为7.33。土壤有机质、氮磷钾含量对生物炭类型及添加量的响应不同。与对照相比,不同生物炭处理有机质含量增加了146.80%～445.63%;添加4%油菜秸秆生物炭可以显著提高土壤的碱解N含量,较对照升高了31.23%;有效P、速效K和全N、全P、全K含量均随着生物炭添加量的增加而增大,增幅分别为28.04%～134.58%,19.76%～162.48%,13.85%～112.31%,6.25%～43.75%和10.53%～31.58%。与对照相比,添加生物炭可以显著降低土壤的过氧化氢酶活性,提高脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性。由土壤肥力综合指标值(IFI)可知,不同生物炭处理土壤的IFI值为46.09～59.55,均高于对照(IFI 40.11),且IFI随着生物炭添加量的增大而升高,油菜秸秆生物炭处理的土壤肥力水平优于玉米和水稻秸秆生物炭处理。【结论】生物炭对酸性黄壤的体积质量、pH、养分含量和酶活性均具有明显影响,且生物炭类型及其添加量对以上指标的影响存在明显差异。生物炭能明显提高黄壤肥力水平,其中添加4%油菜秸秆生物炭是提高酸性黄壤肥力水平的最优处理。
【Objective】 This study investigated the effects of different straw biochar on physicochemical properties and biological activities of yellow soil as well as the comprehensive fertility to provide information for soil amelioration and proper management of straw residue.【Method】 The experimental soil was zonal yellow soil in Guizhou.Through a laboratory cultivate experiment,the effects of corn, rice and rape straw biochar(1%,2% and 4%) pyrolyzed at 500 ℃ on soil bulk density,pH,nutrient content and enzyme activities were investigated with the control without biochar.The comprehensive fertility levels of different yellow soil treatments were also calculated by correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics theory.【Result】 The soil bulk density(0-10 cm) was reduced after biochar addition,and the drop in 0 to 5 cm soil layer was bigger(1.54%-8.46%) compared to control.Soil pH was increased significantly after biochar addition and pH of 4% rape straw biochar was the largest(7.33).The soil organic matter content was increased by 146.80%-445.63% compared with control.The contents of soil organic matter,N,P,and K had different responses to biochar type and addition amount.The 4% rape straw biochar addition significantly increased the content of soil available N by 31.23%.The contents of available P,available K and total N,total P and total K were increased with increase of biochar addition.The increasing ranges were 28.04%-134.58%,19.76-162.48%,13.85%-112.31%,13.85%-43.75% and 10.53%-31.58%,respectively.Biochar addition significantly reduced catalase activity and increased activities of urease, invertase and neutral phosphatase compared with control with increases of 5.0%-30.0%,26.6%-341.0%,5.5%-104.3% and 33.3%-433.3%,respectively.The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility showed that IFI values of different biochar controls were 46.09-59.55,all higher than control(IFI 40.11).IFI values increased with biochar addition,and the soil fertility level of rape straw biochar was better than that of corn and rice straw biochar.【Conclusion】 Biochar addition had significant effect on acid yellow soil bulk density,pH,nutrient content and enzyme activities and there was significant differences among indexes.Biochar significantly increased yellow soil fertility levels,and 4% of rape straw biochar addition was the best.
【Objective】 This study investigated the effects of different straw biochar on physicochemical properties and biological activities of yellow soil as well as the comprehensive fertility to provide information for soil amelioration and proper management of straw residue.【Method】 The experimental soil was zonal yellow soil in Guizhou.Through a laboratory cultivate experiment,the effects of corn, rice and rape straw biochar(1%,2% and 4%) pyrolyzed at 500 ℃ on soil bulk density,pH,nutrient content and enzyme activities were investigated with the control without biochar.The comprehensive fertility levels of different yellow soil treatments were also calculated by correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics theory.【Result】 The soil bulk density(0-10 cm) was reduced after biochar addition,and the drop in 0 to 5 cm soil layer was bigger(1.54%-8.46%) compared to control.Soil pH was increased significantly after biochar addition and pH of 4% rape straw biochar was the largest(7.33).The soil organic matter content was increased by 146.80%-445.63% compared with control.The contents of soil organic matter,N,P,and K had different responses to biochar type and addition amount.The 4% rape straw biochar addition significantly increased the content of soil available N by 31.23%.The contents of available P,available K and total N,total P and total K were increased with increase of biochar addition.The increasing ranges were 28.04%-134.58%,19.76-162.48%,13.85%-112.31%,13.85%-43.75% and 10.53%-31.58%,respectively.Biochar addition significantly reduced catalase activity and increased activities of urease, invertase and neutral phosphatase compared with control with increases of 5.0%-30.0%,26.6%-341.0%,5.5%-104.3% and 33.3%-433.3%,respectively.The comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility showed that IFI values of different biochar controls were 46.09-59.55,all higher than control(IFI 40.11).IFI values increased with biochar addition,and the soil fertility level of rape straw biochar was better than that of corn and rice straw biochar.【Conclusion】 Biochar addition had significant effect on acid yellow soil bulk density,pH,nutrient content and enzyme activities and there was significant differences among indexes.Biochar significantly increased yellow soil fertility levels,and 4% of rape straw biochar addition was the best.
引文
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[19] 张旭辉,李治玲,李勇,等.施用生物炭对西南地区紫色土和黄壤的作用效果 [J].草业学报,2017,26(4):63-72.Zhang X H,Li Z L,Li Y,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on purple and yellow soil [J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(4):63-72.
[20] 顾美英,刘洪亮,李志强,等.新疆连作棉田施用生物炭对土壤养分及微生物群落多样性的影响 [J].中国农业科学,2014,47(20):4128-4138.Gu M Y,Liu H L,Li Z Q,et al.Impact of biochar application on soil nutrients and microbial diversities in continuous cultivated cot-ton fields in Xinjiang [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(20):4128-4138.
[21] 张祥,王典,姜存仓,等.生物炭对我国南方红壤和黄棕壤理化性质的影响 [J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(8):979-984.Zhang X,Wang D,Jiang C C,et al.Effect of biochar on physicochemical properties of red and yellow brown soils in the South China Region [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(8):979-984.
[22] Yuan J H,Xu R K,Zhang H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures [J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(30):3488-3497.
[23] Lehmann J,Pereira D,Sliva J,et al.Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol central amazonia:fertilizer,and charcoal amendments [J].Plant and Soil,2003,249(2):343-357.
[24] 郑浩.芦竹生物炭对农业土壤环境的影响 [D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.Zheng H.Effect of giant reed biochar on agricultural soil environment [D].Qingdao,Shandong:China Ocean University,2013.
[25] 尚杰,耿增超,陈心想,等.施用生物炭对旱作农田土壤有机碳、氮及其组分的影响 [J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3):509-517.Shang J,Geng Z C,Chen X X,et al.Effects of biochar on the soil organic carbon,nitrogen and their components in a rainfed farmland [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(3):509-517.
[26] Chen C R,Phillips I R,Condron L M,et al.Impacts of green-waste biochar on ammonia volatilisation from bauxite processing resi-due sand [J].Plant and Soil,2012,367(1/2):301-312.
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[2] 郭文,熊康宁,张锦华,等.饲用灌木资源开发利用研究现状及其对贵州石漠化地区的启示 [J].中国农业科技导报,2017,19(7):108-116.Guo W,Xiong K N,Zhang J H,et al.Research status of forage shrub resources utilization and enlightenment for rocky desertification area in Guizhou province [J].Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology,2017,19(7):108-116.
[3] 张雅蓉,李渝,蒋太明,等.贵州主要农作物秸秆资源分布及综合利用现状 [J].贵州农业科学,2015,43(8):262-267.Zhang Y R,Li Y,Jiang T M,et al.Distribution and comprehensive utilization of strow resources of main crops in Guizhou [J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2015,43(8):262-267.
[4] Pace N R.Problems with “Procaryote” [J].Journal of Bacteriology,2009,191(7):2008-2010.
[5] Clough T J,Condron L M.Biochar and the nitrogen cycle:introduction [J].Journal of Environmental Quality,2010,39(4):1218-1223.
[6] Steiner C,Glaser B,Teixeira W G,et al.Nitrogen retention and plant uptake on a highly weathered central Amazonian Ferrasol amended with compost and charcoal [J].Plant Nutrient Soil Science,2008,171(6):893-899.
[7] 周桂玉,窦森,刘世杰.生物质炭结构性质及其对土壤有效养分和腐殖质组成的影响 [J].农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):2075-2080.Zhou G Y,Dou S,Liu S J.The structural characteristics of biochar and its effects on soil available nutrients and humus composition [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(10):2075-2080.
[8] 张晗芝,黄云,刘钢,等.生物炭对玉米苗期生长、养分吸收及土壤化学性状的影响 [J].生态环境学报,2010,19(11):2713-2717.Zhang H Z,Huang Y,Liu G,et al.Effects of biochar on corn growth,nutrient uptake and soil chemical properties in seeding stage [J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2010,19(11):2713-2717.
[9] Yuan J H,Xu R K,Zhang H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures [J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(3):3488-3497.
[10] 张伟明.生物炭的理化性质及其在作物生产上的应用 [D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2012.Zhang W M.Physical and chemical properties of biochar and its application in crop production [D].Shenyang:Shenyang Agricultural University,2012.
[11] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析 [M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000.Bao S D.The method of analysis for soil agro-chemistry [M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2000.
[12] 关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法 [M].北京:农业出版社,1986:3-25.Guang Y S.Soil enzyme and its study method [M].Beijing:Agricultural Press,1986:3-25.
[13] 赵兰坡,姜岩.土壤磷酸酶测定方法的探讨 [J].土壤通报,1986,17(3):138-141.Zhao L P,Jiang Y.Discussion of determination method of soil phosphatase [J].Journal of Soil Bulletin,1986,17(3):138-141.
[14] 骆伯胜,钟继洪,陈俊坚.土壤肥力数值化综合评价研究[J].土壤,2004,36(1):104-106.Luo B S,Zhong J H,Chen J J.Numerical value comprehensive evaluation of soil fertility study [J].Soil,2004,36(1):104-106.
[15] 张丽琼,郝明德,臧逸飞,等.长期定位条件下不同轮作系统的土壤肥力数值化综合评价 [J].核农学报,2013,27(8):1216-1226.Zhang L Q,Hao M D,Zang Y F,et al.Soil fertility numerical value comprehensive evaluation of different rotation system under the long-term positioning conditions [J].Journal of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences,2013,27(8):1216-1226.
[16] 曹承绵,严长生,张志明,等.关于土壤肥力数值化综合评价的探讨 [J].土壤通报,1983(4):13-15.Cao C M,Yan C S,Zhang Z M,et al.Study of soil fertility numerical value comprehensive evaluation [J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1983(4):13-15.
[17] Zhao R D,Jiang D W,Neil C,et al.Effects of biochar on the acidity of a loamy clay soil under different incubation conditions [J].Soils Sediments,2015,15(9):1919-1926.
[18] Zhao R D,Coles N,Kong Z,et al.Effects of aged and fresh biochars on soil acidity under different incubation conditions [J].Soil &Tillage Research,2015,146:133-138.
[19] 张旭辉,李治玲,李勇,等.施用生物炭对西南地区紫色土和黄壤的作用效果 [J].草业学报,2017,26(4):63-72.Zhang X H,Li Z L,Li Y,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on purple and yellow soil [J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(4):63-72.
[20] 顾美英,刘洪亮,李志强,等.新疆连作棉田施用生物炭对土壤养分及微生物群落多样性的影响 [J].中国农业科学,2014,47(20):4128-4138.Gu M Y,Liu H L,Li Z Q,et al.Impact of biochar application on soil nutrients and microbial diversities in continuous cultivated cot-ton fields in Xinjiang [J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2014,47(20):4128-4138.
[21] 张祥,王典,姜存仓,等.生物炭对我国南方红壤和黄棕壤理化性质的影响 [J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(8):979-984.Zhang X,Wang D,Jiang C C,et al.Effect of biochar on physicochemical properties of red and yellow brown soils in the South China Region [J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(8):979-984.
[22] Yuan J H,Xu R K,Zhang H.The forms of alkalis in the biochar produced from crop residues at different temperatures [J].Bioresource Technology,2011,102(30):3488-3497.
[23] Lehmann J,Pereira D,Sliva J,et al.Nutrient availability and leaching in an archaeological anthrosol and a ferralsol central amazonia:fertilizer,and charcoal amendments [J].Plant and Soil,2003,249(2):343-357.
[24] 郑浩.芦竹生物炭对农业土壤环境的影响 [D].山东青岛:中国海洋大学,2013.Zheng H.Effect of giant reed biochar on agricultural soil environment [D].Qingdao,Shandong:China Ocean University,2013.
[25] 尚杰,耿增超,陈心想,等.施用生物炭对旱作农田土壤有机碳、氮及其组分的影响 [J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3):509-517.Shang J,Geng Z C,Chen X X,et al.Effects of biochar on the soil organic carbon,nitrogen and their components in a rainfed farmland [J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2015,34(3):509-517.
[26] Chen C R,Phillips I R,Condron L M,et al.Impacts of green-waste biochar on ammonia volatilisation from bauxite processing resi-due sand [J].Plant and Soil,2012,367(1/2):301-312.
[27] 周志红,李心清,邢英,等.生物炭对土壤氮素淋失的抑制作用 [J].地球与环境,2011,39(2):278-284.Zhou Z H,Li X Q,Xing Y,et al.Effect of biochar amendment on nitrogen leaching in soil [J].Earth and the Environment,2011,33(2):278-284.
[28] Angst T E,Sohi S P.Establishing release dynamics for plant nutrients from biochar [J].GCB Bio-energy,2012,5(2):221-226.
[29] 黄剑.生物炭对土壤微生物量及土壤酶的影响研究 [D].北京:中国农业科学院,2012.Huang J.Effect of biochar on soil microbial biomass and soil enzyme [D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,2012.
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