雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处不同粒径气溶胶的微生物特性
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摘要
粒径分布和微生物种群结构是雾-霾天气溶胶与人体健康密切相关的典型特征.采用安德森六级采样器在人体平均呼吸高度(近地面1. 5 m)处对北京某地雾-霾天及晴天分别进行气溶胶样品采集,从不同粒径气溶胶中的可培养细菌、真菌浓度及种群结构角度展开研究.结果表明,雾-霾天不同粒径气溶胶中可培养微生物浓度呈现不均匀分布状态;不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度、种群结构差异性均明显高于晴天.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3. 3μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)占据优势地位,在粒径小于3. 3μm的气溶胶中,芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.)和解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)占优势地位.而当雾-霾过后,解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)在所有粒径的生物气溶胶中均占优势地位.雾-霾天条件下,在粒径大于3. 3μm的气溶胶中共检出5种优势真菌,分别是链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.)、意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)、蓝状菌(Talaromyces stollii)、枝孢菌(Cladosporium sp.)和Davidiella sp.;而当雾-霾过后,仅链格孢菌(Alternaria sp.)被检测为优势菌.无论雾-霾天还是晴天,在粒径小于3. 3μm的气溶胶中真菌均主要以意大利青霉(Penicillium italicum)和蓝状菌(Talaromyces stollii)为主.在人体平均呼吸高度处,雾-霾天与晴天不同粒径气溶胶中微生物浓度和种群结构存在明显差异.雾-霾天人体平均呼吸高度处微生物浓度高、且种群结构较为复杂,其微生物特性对人体健康的潜在风险不容忽视.
Size distribution and microbial population structure are typical characteristics of bioaerosols that are relevant to human health. The concentrations and population structure of bioaerosols associated with size-segregated airborne particulate matter at human average respiratory height were studied using a 6-stage Andersen impactor during and after fog-haze days in the area of Beijing. The results showed that the size distribution of the cultured microbial populations was uneven during fog-haze days,and that the microbial concentration and the difference in the population structure of the size-segregated airborne particulate matter were higher during than after the fog-haze days. During the fog-haze days,Bacillus sp. was the dominant bacteria present in bioaerosols of > 3. 3 μm,whereas Bacillus sp. and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were the dominant bacteria in bioaerosols of < 3. 3 μm. In contrast,after the fog-haze days,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was dominant in all the bioaerosol sizes. Five species( Alternaria sp.,Penicillium italicum,Talaromyces stollii,Cladosporium sp.,and Davidiella sp.) were detected as the dominant fungi in the bioaerosols > 3. 3 μm during the fog-haze days,and only Alternaria sp. was detected in the bioaerosols > 3. 3 μm after fog-haze. Penicillium italicum and Talaromyces stollii were also detected in the bioaerosols of < 3. 3 μm during and after the fog-haze. There were significant differences in the concentration and population structure of the size-segregated airborne particulate matter at human average respiratory height collected during and after the fog-haze days. The high concentration of microorganisms and the relatively complex population at human average respiratory height on haze days indicate that the potential risks of the microbiological characteristics of the bioaerosols to human health cannot be ignored.
Size distribution and microbial population structure are typical characteristics of bioaerosols that are relevant to human health. The concentrations and population structure of bioaerosols associated with size-segregated airborne particulate matter at human average respiratory height were studied using a 6-stage Andersen impactor during and after fog-haze days in the area of Beijing. The results showed that the size distribution of the cultured microbial populations was uneven during fog-haze days,and that the microbial concentration and the difference in the population structure of the size-segregated airborne particulate matter were higher during than after the fog-haze days. During the fog-haze days,Bacillus sp. was the dominant bacteria present in bioaerosols of > 3. 3 μm,whereas Bacillus sp. and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens were the dominant bacteria in bioaerosols of < 3. 3 μm. In contrast,after the fog-haze days,Bacillus amyloliquefaciens was dominant in all the bioaerosol sizes. Five species( Alternaria sp.,Penicillium italicum,Talaromyces stollii,Cladosporium sp.,and Davidiella sp.) were detected as the dominant fungi in the bioaerosols > 3. 3 μm during the fog-haze days,and only Alternaria sp. was detected in the bioaerosols > 3. 3 μm after fog-haze. Penicillium italicum and Talaromyces stollii were also detected in the bioaerosols of < 3. 3 μm during and after the fog-haze. There were significant differences in the concentration and population structure of the size-segregated airborne particulate matter at human average respiratory height collected during and after the fog-haze days. The high concentration of microorganisms and the relatively complex population at human average respiratory height on haze days indicate that the potential risks of the microbiological characteristics of the bioaerosols to human health cannot be ignored.
引文
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[16]孟祥斌,李孟哲,李鸿涛,等.青岛近海冬季大气生物气溶胶中微生物活性研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4147-4155.Meng X B, Li M Z, Li H T, et al. Microbial activity in bioaerosols in winter at the coastal region of Qingdao[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4147-4155.
[17] Lee B U, Lee G, Heo K J. Concentration of culturable bioaerosols during winter[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science,2016,94:1-8.
[18] Xu G S,Han Y P,Li L,et al. Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,74:71-78.
[19] Mentese S,Rad A Y,Arsoy M,et al. Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols in indoor urban environments,Ankara,Turkey[J]. Indoor and Built Environment,2012,21(6):797-810.
[20] Niazi S,Hassanvand M S,Mahvi A H,et al. Assessment of bioaerosol contamination(bacteria and fungi)in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(20):16014-16021.
[21] Han Y P,Zhang M Z,Li L,et al. Microbial population structure in near-ground aerosols during fog-haze days in northern China[J]. Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2017,10(9):1113-1121.
[22] Han Y P,Li L,Liu J X. Characterization of the airborne bacteria community at different distances from the rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant by 16S rRNA gene clone libraries[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(1):5-15.
[23]王艳发,魏士平,崔鸿鹏,等.青藏高原冻土区土壤垂直剖面中微生物的分布与多样性[J].微生物学通报,2016,43(9):1902-1917.Wang Y F,Wei S P,Cui H P,et al. Distribution and diversity of microbial community along a vertical permafrost profile,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Microbiology China,2016,43(9):1902-1917.
[24] Uhrbrand K,Schultz A C,Koivisto A J,et al. Assessment of airborne bacteria and noroviruses in air emission from a new highly-advanced hospital wastewater treatment plant[J]. Water Research,2017,112:110-119.
[25] Han Y P,Wang Y J,Li L,et al. Bacterial population and chemicals in bioaerosols from indoor environment:Sludge dewatering houses in nine municipal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,618:469-478.
[26] Li X,Jiang L,Hoa L P,et al. Size distribution of particle-phase sugar and nitrophenol tracers during severe urban haze episodes in Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,145:115-127.
[27] Pillai S D, Ricke S C. Review/Synthèse bioaerosols from municipal and animal wastes:background and contemporary issues[J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2002,48(8):681-696.
[2]何楷强,苑春刚,张可刚,等.雾霾天气下室内外颗粒物粒径分布特征[J].环境化学,2018,37(3):410-418.He K Q,Yuan C G,Zhang K G,et al. Size distribution of indoor and outdoor particulate matters during haze pollution[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(3):410-418.
[3]胡凌飞,张柯,王洪宝,等.北京雾霾天大气颗粒物中微生物气溶胶的浓度及粒谱特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3144-3149.Hu L F,Zhang K,Wang H B,et al. Concentration and particle size distribution of microbiological aerosol during haze days in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3144-3149.
[4] Li Y P, Lu R, Li W X, et al. Concentrations and size distributions of viable bioaerosols under various weather conditions in a typical semi-arid city of Northwest China[J].Journal of Aerosol Science,2017,106:83-92.
[5] Liaw S B,Chen X J,Yu Y,et al. Effect of particle size on particulate matter emissions during biosolid char combustion under air and oxyfuel conditions[J]. Fuel,2018,232:251-256.
[6]谢丹丹,祁建华,张瑞峰.青岛不同强度霾天气溶胶中二次无机离子的生成及粒径分布[J].环境科学,2017,38(7):2667-2678.Xie D D,Qi J H,Zhang R F. Formation and size distribution of the secondary aerosol inorganic ions in different intensity of haze in Qingdao,China[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(7):2667-2678.
[7] Dong L J,Qi J H,Shao C C,et al. Concentration and size distribution of total airborne microbes in hazy and foggy weather[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2015,541:1011-1018.
[8] Chew B N,Campbell J R,Hyer E J,et al. Relationship between aerosol optical depth and particulate matter over Singapore:effects of aerosol vertical distributions[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2016,16(11):2818-2830.
[9]纪赵惠子,张晓凯,邱军,等.济南市雾霾天大气颗粒物能谱分析与粒径形状因子[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2018,38(5):1340-1347.Jizhao H Z,Zhang X K,Qiu J,et al. Energy spectrum analysis and particle shape factor of atmospheric particulate matter in the hazy weather of Ji'nan[J]. Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2018,38(5):1340-1347.
[10]胡元洁.室内外大气颗粒物和典型有机污染物的环境行为及人体呼吸暴露风险[D].广州:中国科学院大学(中国科学院广州地球化学研究所),2018. 175-176.
[11] Liu L Q, Breitner S, Schneider A, et al. Size-fractioned particulate air pollution and cardiovascular emergency room visits in Beijing,China[J]. Environmental Research,2013,121:52-63.
[12] Gao M,Jia R Z,Qiu T L,et al. Seasonal size distribution of airborne culturable bacteria and fungi and preliminary estimation of their deposition in human lungs during non-haze and haze days[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2015,118:203-210.
[13] University of Florida and Washington University. Respiratory deposition[EB/OL]. http://aerosol. ees. ufl. edu/respiratory/section01. html,2017-12-07.
[14] World Health Organization(WHO). Climate and health country profiles-2015:a global overview[EB/OL]. http://www. who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2015/climate-change/en,2015-11-17.
[15]李鸿涛,祁建华,董立杰,等.沙尘天气对生物气溶胶中总微生物浓度及粒径分布的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(8):3169-3177.Li H T,Qi J H,Dong L J,et al. Influence of dust events on the concentration and size distribution of microorganisms in bioaerosols[J]. Environmental Science,2017,38(8):3169-3177.
[16]孟祥斌,李孟哲,李鸿涛,等.青岛近海冬季大气生物气溶胶中微生物活性研究[J].环境科学,2016,37(11):4147-4155.Meng X B, Li M Z, Li H T, et al. Microbial activity in bioaerosols in winter at the coastal region of Qingdao[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(11):4147-4155.
[17] Lee B U, Lee G, Heo K J. Concentration of culturable bioaerosols during winter[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science,2016,94:1-8.
[18] Xu G S,Han Y P,Li L,et al. Characterization and source analysis of indoor/outdoor culturable airborne bacteria in a municipal wastewater treatment plant[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences,2018,74:71-78.
[19] Mentese S,Rad A Y,Arsoy M,et al. Seasonal and spatial variations of bioaerosols in indoor urban environments,Ankara,Turkey[J]. Indoor and Built Environment,2012,21(6):797-810.
[20] Niazi S,Hassanvand M S,Mahvi A H,et al. Assessment of bioaerosol contamination(bacteria and fungi)in the largest urban wastewater treatment plant in the Middle East[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(20):16014-16021.
[21] Han Y P,Zhang M Z,Li L,et al. Microbial population structure in near-ground aerosols during fog-haze days in northern China[J]. Air Quality,Atmosphere&Health,2017,10(9):1113-1121.
[22] Han Y P,Li L,Liu J X. Characterization of the airborne bacteria community at different distances from the rotating brushes in a wastewater treatment plant by 16S rRNA gene clone libraries[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2013,25(1):5-15.
[23]王艳发,魏士平,崔鸿鹏,等.青藏高原冻土区土壤垂直剖面中微生物的分布与多样性[J].微生物学通报,2016,43(9):1902-1917.Wang Y F,Wei S P,Cui H P,et al. Distribution and diversity of microbial community along a vertical permafrost profile,Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. Microbiology China,2016,43(9):1902-1917.
[24] Uhrbrand K,Schultz A C,Koivisto A J,et al. Assessment of airborne bacteria and noroviruses in air emission from a new highly-advanced hospital wastewater treatment plant[J]. Water Research,2017,112:110-119.
[25] Han Y P,Wang Y J,Li L,et al. Bacterial population and chemicals in bioaerosols from indoor environment:Sludge dewatering houses in nine municipal wastewater treatment plants[J]. Science of the Total Environment,2017,618:469-478.
[26] Li X,Jiang L,Hoa L P,et al. Size distribution of particle-phase sugar and nitrophenol tracers during severe urban haze episodes in Shanghai[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2016,145:115-127.
[27] Pillai S D, Ricke S C. Review/Synthèse bioaerosols from municipal and animal wastes:background and contemporary issues[J]. Canadian Journal of Microbiology,2002,48(8):681-696.
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