保护地空间邻近效应和保护成效评估——以若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为例
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摘要
目前多采用比较保护地建立前后时间序列上或与邻近区域比较的方法判断保护地的保护成效,而未充分考虑保护地的空间邻近效应和空间异质性,因此影响了其准确性.为进一步改进自然保护地保护成效评估技术方法,识别辨析人为保护管理措施在高寒草地-沼泽湿地区域气候变化背景下的景观生态学效应,以四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区为案例,采用"BACI"试验设计思路,以斑块密度、最大斑块指数和蔓延度指数等景观格局指数等为指标,定量分析若尔盖保护区的空间邻近效应和保护成效.结果显示:(1)保护区内湿地面积呈缩减趋势,灌丛、草地和建设用地面积增加,但沙化地面积减少;(2)若尔盖保护区存在空间邻近效应,为泄漏效应;(3)若尔盖湿地整体上仍呈破碎化趋势,但若尔盖自然保护区内大斑块面积减少趋势得到延缓,斑块间连通性降低趋势减小.本研究表明保护区的保护管理减缓了边界范围内景观破碎化趋势,取得保护成效;建议在进一步加强保护区内人为活动管控的同时,强化邻近区域的保护,以消除正在出现的孤岛化现象.(图4表4参35)
Current assessments of protection effectiveness are mostly based on comparisons through a time series or between the inside and outside of protected areas without taking space neighborhood and spatial heterogeneity effects into consideration. In order to identify the protected area's management effects in the context of climate change and human uses, this study took the Sichuan Zoige Wetland National Nature Reserve as the study area and used the "BACI" experimental design principle to develop an evaluation framework to assess the protection effectiveness. Patch density, largest patch index, and contagion index were used as indicators to measure the space neighborhood effects and the protection effectiveness. The results showed that: 1) the wetland area in Zoige Wetland National Nature Reserve has shrunk and the sandy area has been reduced. On the contrary, area of shrubland, grassland and constructed lands has increased; 2) There existed leakage space neighborhood effects in the past 40 years. 3) The Zoige wetland has kept on fragmenting, but the reduction rate of the wetland patch area inside the nature reserve has slowed down. The decrease in connectivity between patches has also been mitigated. Management measures have alleviated landscape fragmentation within its territory. We suggest that in order to eliminate the emerging island effect, human activity both inside the reserve and in adjacent areas should be controlled.
Current assessments of protection effectiveness are mostly based on comparisons through a time series or between the inside and outside of protected areas without taking space neighborhood and spatial heterogeneity effects into consideration. In order to identify the protected area's management effects in the context of climate change and human uses, this study took the Sichuan Zoige Wetland National Nature Reserve as the study area and used the "BACI" experimental design principle to develop an evaluation framework to assess the protection effectiveness. Patch density, largest patch index, and contagion index were used as indicators to measure the space neighborhood effects and the protection effectiveness. The results showed that: 1) the wetland area in Zoige Wetland National Nature Reserve has shrunk and the sandy area has been reduced. On the contrary, area of shrubland, grassland and constructed lands has increased; 2) There existed leakage space neighborhood effects in the past 40 years. 3) The Zoige wetland has kept on fragmenting, but the reduction rate of the wetland patch area inside the nature reserve has slowed down. The decrease in connectivity between patches has also been mitigated. Management measures have alleviated landscape fragmentation within its territory. We suggest that in order to eliminate the emerging island effect, human activity both inside the reserve and in adjacent areas should be controlled.
引文
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16 Xian W,Xiang Z,Liu L,Shao L.Monitoring spatial-temporal change of land desertification in a fragile sub-alpine rangeland eco-environment:a case study from China[J].Environ Eng Geosci,2015,21(3):223-234
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19 Zhang WJ,Yi YH,Song KC,John S.Kimball,Lu QF.Hydrological response of alpine wetlands to climate warming in the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Remote Sens,2016,8(336):10.3390/rs8040336
20李志威,王兆印,张晨笛,韩鲁杰,赵娜.若尔盖沼泽湿地的萎缩机制[J].水科学进展,2014,25(2):172-180[Li ZW,Wang ZY,Zhang CD,Han LJ,Zhao N.Atrophy mechanism of the Zoige swamp wetland[J].Adv Water Sci,2014,25(2):172-180]
21 Wang JY,Li AN,Bian JH.Simulation of the grazing effects on grassland aboveground net primary production using DNDC model combined with time-series remote sensing data-a case study in Zoige plateau,China[J].Remote Sens,2016,8(168):10.3390/rs8030168
22申格,徐斌,金云翔,陈实,张文博,郭剑,刘航,张玉静,杨秀春.若尔盖高原湿地研究进展[J].地理与地理信息科学,2016,32(4):76-89[Shen G,Xu B,Jin YX,Chen S,Zhang WB,Guo J,Liu H,Zhang YJ,Yang XC.Advances in research on wetlands in Zoige Plateau[J].Geogr Geo-Inform Sci,2016,32(4):76-89]
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24 Garcia AS,Sawakuchi HO.,Ferreira ME.Landscape changes in a neotropical forest-savanna ecotone zone in central Brazil.The role of protected areas in the maintenance of native vegetation[J].J Environ Manage,2017,187:16-23
25武高洁,林海晏,宁宇,王义飞,马骅,索朗夺尔基.近12年若尔盖自然保护区各功能区景观格局动态分析[J].西部林业科学,2017,46(5):6-12[Wu GJ,Lin HY,Ning Y,Wang YF,Ma H,Suo LDEJ.Landscape pattern dynamic of Zoige wetland during 12 Years based on functional zone division[J].J West China For Sci,2017,46(5):6-12]
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28王根绪,李元寿,王一博,陈玲.近40年来青藏高原典型高寒湿地系统的动态变化[J].地理学报,2007,62(5):481-491[Wang GX,Li X Y,Wang YB,Chen L.Dynamic changes of typical alpine wetland systems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the past 40 years[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2007,62(5):481-491]
29白军红,欧阳华,崔保山,王庆改,陈辉.近40年来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观格局变化[J].生态学报,2008,28(5):2 245-2252[Bai J H,Ouyang H,Cui BS,Wang QG,Chen H.Changes in landscape pattern of alpine wetland on the Zoige plateau in the past four decades[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2008,28(5):2245-2252]
30邓茂林,田昆,段宗亮,周耀华,杨佼,王进琼.高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化[J].山地学报,2010,28(2):240-246[Deng ML,Tian K,Duan ZL,Zhou YH,Yang J,Wang JQ.Landscape changes in the plateau wetland Zoige National Nature Reserve[J].J Mount Sci,2010,28(2):240-246]
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35王燕,赵志中,乔彦松,李朝柱.若尔盖45年来的气候变化特征及其对当地生态环境的影响.地质力学学报,2005,11(4):328-340[Wang Y,Zhao ZZ,Qiao YS,Li CZ.The characteristics of climate change in Zoige for 45 years and its impact on the local ecological environment.JGeomech,2005,11(4):328-340]
2晏玉莹,邓娇,张志强,周先雁,杨道德.野生动物类型自然保护区保护成效评估研究进展[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(4):1128-1134[Yan YY,Deng J,Zhang ZQ,Zhou XY,Yang DD.Research progress in the protection efficacy evaluation of wildlife nature reserves[J].Chin J Ecol,2014,33(4):1128-1134]
3靳勇超,罗建武,朱彦鹏,辛利娟,刁兆岩,陈冰,王伟.内蒙古辉河国家级自然保护区湿地保护成效[J].环境科学研究,2015,28(9):1424-1429[Jin YC,Luo JB,Zhu YP,Xin LJ,Diao ZY,Chen B,Wang W.Assessment of effectiveness of wetland conservation in Huihe National Nature Reserve in Inner Mongolia[J].Res Environ Sci,2015,28(9):1424-1429]
4 Brandt JS,Butsic V,Schwab B,Kuemmerla T,Radeloff VC.The relative effectiveness of protected areas,a logging ban,and sacred area for oldgrowth forest protection in Southwest China[J].Biol Conserv,2015,181:1-8
5 Jia MM,Liu MY,Wang ZM,Mao DH,Ren CY,Cui HS.Evaluating the effectiveness of conservation on Mangroves:a remote sensing-based comparison for two adjacent protected areas in Shenzhen and Hong Kong,China[J].Remote Sens,2016,8:10.3390/rs8080627
6 Joppa LN,Pfaff A.Global protected area impacts[J].Proc R Soc B,2011,278:1633-1638
7刘方正,张建亮,王亮,杨增武,崔国发.甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区南片植被长势与保护成效[J].生态学报,2015,36(6):1582-1590[Liu FZ,Zhang JL,Wang L,Yang ZW,Cui GF.Vegetation growth and conservation efficacy assessment in the southern part of the Gansu Anxi national nature reserve in hyper-arid desert[J].Acta Ecol Sinica,2016,36(6):1580-1590]
8徐丹丹,侯光雷,董凯凯,何洪林,刘兆礼.基于参照基准的湿地生物多样性保护成效区域对比评估[J].湿地科学,2018,16(2):1 20-129[Xu DD,Hou GL,Dong KK,He HL,Liu ZL.Regional comparative assessment of wetland biodiversity conservation effectiveness based on reference[J].Wet Sci,2018,16(2):120-129]
9张镱锂,胡忠俊,祁威,吴雪,摆万奇,李兰晖,丁明军,刘林山,王兆锋,郑度.基于NPP数据和样区对比法的青藏高原自然保护区保护成效分析[J].地理学报,2015,70(7):1027-1040[Zhang YL,Hu ZJ,Qi W,Wu X,Bai WQ,Li LH,Ding MH,Liu LS,Wang ZF,Zheng D.Analysis on the protection effect of Qinghai-Tibet plateau nature reserve based on NPP data and sample comparing method[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2015,70(7):1027-1024]
10 Ewers RM,Rodrigues ASL.Estimates of reserve effectiveness are confounded by leakage[J].Trends Ecol Environ,2007,23(3):113-116
11刘方正,张鹏,张玉波,陈冰,杜金鸿,王伟,李俊生.基于人工地物时空变化的自然保护区空间近邻效应评估:以沙坡头国家级自然保护区为例[J].生物多样性,2017,25(10):1105-1113[Liu FZ,Zhang P,Zhang YB,Chen B,Du JH,Wang W,Li JS.Assessment of the space neighborhood effect on nature reserves based on temporal and spatial changes of artificial objects:a case study on Shapotou National Nature Reserve[J].Biodiv Sci,2017,25(10):1105-1113]
12 Wang W,Pechacek P,Zhang MX,Xiao NW,Zhu JG,Li JS.Effectiveness of nature reserve system for conserving[J].PLoS ONE,2013,8:1-6
13 Renwick AR,Bode M,Venter O.Reserves in context planning for leakage[J].PLoS ONE,2015,10(6):e129441
14 Andam KS,Ferraro PJ,Pfaff A,Sanchez-Azofeifa G A,Robalino JA.Measuring the effectiveness of protected area network in reducing deforestation[J].PNAS,2008,105(42):16089-16094
15 Lui GV,Coomes DA.Tropical nature reserves are losing their buffer zones,but leakage is not to blame[J].Environ Res,2016,147:580-589
16 Xian W,Xiang Z,Liu L,Shao L.Monitoring spatial-temporal change of land desertification in a fragile sub-alpine rangeland eco-environment:a case study from China[J].Environ Eng Geosci,2015,21(3):223-234
17 Xiao DR,Tian B,Tian K,Yang Y.Landscape patterns and their changes in Sichuan Ruoergai Wetland National[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2010,30:27-32
18王云川,易桂花,张廷斌,别小娟,王继斌,孙姣姣.近35a若尔盖高原泥炭沼泽变化趋势与驱动力分析[J].干旱区研究,2017,34(2):4 03-410[Wang YC,Yi GH,Zhang TB,Bie XJ,Wang JB,Sun JJ.Analysis on the change trend and driving force of peat swamp in the Zoige plateau in recent 35 Years.Arid Zone Res,2017,34(2):403-410]
19 Zhang WJ,Yi YH,Song KC,John S.Kimball,Lu QF.Hydrological response of alpine wetlands to climate warming in the eastern Tibetan Plateau[J].Remote Sens,2016,8(336):10.3390/rs8040336
20李志威,王兆印,张晨笛,韩鲁杰,赵娜.若尔盖沼泽湿地的萎缩机制[J].水科学进展,2014,25(2):172-180[Li ZW,Wang ZY,Zhang CD,Han LJ,Zhao N.Atrophy mechanism of the Zoige swamp wetland[J].Adv Water Sci,2014,25(2):172-180]
21 Wang JY,Li AN,Bian JH.Simulation of the grazing effects on grassland aboveground net primary production using DNDC model combined with time-series remote sensing data-a case study in Zoige plateau,China[J].Remote Sens,2016,8(168):10.3390/rs8030168
22申格,徐斌,金云翔,陈实,张文博,郭剑,刘航,张玉静,杨秀春.若尔盖高原湿地研究进展[J].地理与地理信息科学,2016,32(4):76-89[Shen G,Xu B,Jin YX,Chen S,Zhang WB,Guo J,Liu H,Zhang YJ,Yang XC.Advances in research on wetlands in Zoige Plateau[J].Geogr Geo-Inform Sci,2016,32(4):76-89]
23 Wright SJ,Sanchez-Azoffifa GA,Portillo-Quintero C,Davies D.Poverty and corruption compromise tropical forest reserves[J].Ecol Appl,2007,17(5):1259-1266
24 Garcia AS,Sawakuchi HO.,Ferreira ME.Landscape changes in a neotropical forest-savanna ecotone zone in central Brazil.The role of protected areas in the maintenance of native vegetation[J].J Environ Manage,2017,187:16-23
25武高洁,林海晏,宁宇,王义飞,马骅,索朗夺尔基.近12年若尔盖自然保护区各功能区景观格局动态分析[J].西部林业科学,2017,46(5):6-12[Wu GJ,Lin HY,Ning Y,Wang YF,Ma H,Suo LDEJ.Landscape pattern dynamic of Zoige wetland during 12 Years based on functional zone division[J].J West China For Sci,2017,46(5):6-12]
26孙志高,刘景双,李彬.中国湿地资源的现状、问题与可持续利用对策[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,20(2):83-88[Sun Z G,L iu JS,L i B.Current situation,problems and sustainable utilization countermeasures of China’s wetland resources[J].J Arid Land Res Environ,2006,20(2):83-88]
27郑姚闽,张海英,牛振国,宫鹏.中国国家级湿地自然保护区保护成效初步评估[J].科学通报,2012,57(4):207-230[Zheng Y M,Z hang H Y,Niu ZG,Gong P.Preliminary evaluation of the protection effectiveness of China’s national wetland nature reserve[J].Chin Sci Bull,2012,57(4):207-230]
28王根绪,李元寿,王一博,陈玲.近40年来青藏高原典型高寒湿地系统的动态变化[J].地理学报,2007,62(5):481-491[Wang GX,Li X Y,Wang YB,Chen L.Dynamic changes of typical alpine wetland systems in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in the past 40 years[J].Acta Geogr Sin,2007,62(5):481-491]
29白军红,欧阳华,崔保山,王庆改,陈辉.近40年来若尔盖高原高寒湿地景观格局变化[J].生态学报,2008,28(5):2 245-2252[Bai J H,Ouyang H,Cui BS,Wang QG,Chen H.Changes in landscape pattern of alpine wetland on the Zoige plateau in the past four decades[J].Acta Ecol Sin,2008,28(5):2245-2252]
30邓茂林,田昆,段宗亮,周耀华,杨佼,王进琼.高原湿地若尔盖国家级自然保护区景观变化[J].山地学报,2010,28(2):240-246[Deng ML,Tian K,Duan ZL,Zhou YH,Yang J,Wang JQ.Landscape changes in the plateau wetland Zoige National Nature Reserve[J].J Mount Sci,2010,28(2):240-246]
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