降雨特性和坡度对辽西低山丘陵区坡耕地褐土溅蚀的影响
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摘要
为揭示辽西低山丘陵区坡耕地典型土壤溅蚀特征,选取褐土为研究对象,采用人工模拟降雨试验研究降雨特性和坡度对溅蚀的影响。结果表明:随着降雨强度的增大,5°和10°溅蚀量分别由6.86g/cm和8.13g/cm增加到14.21g/cm和16.00g/cm,增加幅度为48.47%～209.81%;不同溅蚀距离内的溅蚀量表现为0～5cm>5～10cm>10～15cm>15～20cm>20～25cm,溅蚀距离0～5cm范围内的溅蚀量(75mm/h)为7.29g/cm,占0～25cm范围内总溅蚀量(16.00g/cm)的45.56%,溅蚀距离20～25cm范围内的溅蚀量仅占9.88%。溅蚀量与降雨强度和溅蚀距离均具有较好的指数关系,其回归方程的决定系数R2在0.8以上。随着降雨时间的延续,溅蚀量逐渐增加,但溅蚀量增长率呈减小的趋势;降雨历时由5min增加到10min时溅蚀量增长率最大。溅蚀量和降雨历时之间具有较好的指数关系,其回归方程的决定系数R2在0.9以上。随着降雨强度发生变化时,溅蚀团聚体空间分布规律也随之发生改变。各径级团聚体的溅蚀距离均随降雨强度的增大而增大,2～5mm团聚体由30mm/h的0～5cm扩大到75mm/h的0～15cm。溅蚀团聚体以粒径<1mm为主,小粒径团聚体溅蚀距离和溅蚀量均大于大粒径团聚体,>5mm团聚体并没有迁移。5°总溅蚀量、上坡溅蚀量、下坡溅蚀量、净溅蚀量(75mm/h)依次为14.21,3.54,10.67,7.13g/cm,10°依次为16.00,3.85,12.15,8.30g/cm,与5°相比显著增加12.60%,8.76%,13.87%,16.41%,下坡溅蚀量大于上坡溅蚀量。
In order to study the characteristics of typical soil splash erosion on slope farmland in low mountain and hilly region of western Liaoning Province,taking cinnamon soil as research object,the effects of rainfall characteristics and slope on splash erosion were studied by artificial rainfall simulation experiments.The results showed that with the increase of rainfall intensities,the splash erosion of 5°and 10°increased from6.86 g/cm and 8.13 g/cm to 14.21 g/cm and 16.00 g/cm,respectively,with an increase range of 48.47%to209.81%.The splash erosion with different splash distance was 0～5 cm>5～10 cm>10～15 cm>15～20 cm>20～25 cm.The splash erosion with splash distance at 0～5 cm with 75 mm/h was 7.29 g/cm,accounting for45.56% of the total splash erosion(16.00 g/cm)in the range of 0～25 cm,and splash erosion with splash distance at 20～25 cm was only 9.88%.The splash erosion had a good exponential relationship with rainfall intensity and splash distance,and the determinant coefficient of the regression equation was above 0.8.With the extension of rainfall time,the splash erosion increased gradually,while the growth rate of splash erosion decreased.The growth rate of splash erosion was the largest when the rainfall duration increased from 5 min to 10 min.The splash erosion had a good exponential relationship with rainfall duration,and the determinant coefficient of the regression equation was above 0.9.Spatial distribution of splash aggregates changed with the changes of rainfall intensities.The splash distance of each diameter aggregate increased with the increasing rainfall intensities.The splash distance of 2～5 mm aggregate increased from 0～5 cm at 30 mm/h to 0～15 cm at 75 mm/h.Splash distance and splash erosion of small size aggregates were larger than that of large size aggregates.Splash aggregates were dominated by<1 mm aggregate,and>5 mm aggregate did not migrate.The total splash erosion,upslope erosion,downslope erosion,and net splash erosion of 5°with 75 mm/h were 14.21,3.54,10.67,and 7.13 g/cm,respectively,and which of 10°were 16.00,3.85,12.15,and 8.30 g/cm.Compared with 5°,the splash erosion of 10°increased by 12.60%,8.76%,13.87% and 16.41%respectively.The splash erosion on downslope was larger than that of upslope splash erosion.
In order to study the characteristics of typical soil splash erosion on slope farmland in low mountain and hilly region of western Liaoning Province,taking cinnamon soil as research object,the effects of rainfall characteristics and slope on splash erosion were studied by artificial rainfall simulation experiments.The results showed that with the increase of rainfall intensities,the splash erosion of 5°and 10°increased from6.86 g/cm and 8.13 g/cm to 14.21 g/cm and 16.00 g/cm,respectively,with an increase range of 48.47%to209.81%.The splash erosion with different splash distance was 0～5 cm>5～10 cm>10～15 cm>15～20 cm>20～25 cm.The splash erosion with splash distance at 0～5 cm with 75 mm/h was 7.29 g/cm,accounting for45.56% of the total splash erosion(16.00 g/cm)in the range of 0～25 cm,and splash erosion with splash distance at 20～25 cm was only 9.88%.The splash erosion had a good exponential relationship with rainfall intensity and splash distance,and the determinant coefficient of the regression equation was above 0.8.With the extension of rainfall time,the splash erosion increased gradually,while the growth rate of splash erosion decreased.The growth rate of splash erosion was the largest when the rainfall duration increased from 5 min to 10 min.The splash erosion had a good exponential relationship with rainfall duration,and the determinant coefficient of the regression equation was above 0.9.Spatial distribution of splash aggregates changed with the changes of rainfall intensities.The splash distance of each diameter aggregate increased with the increasing rainfall intensities.The splash distance of 2～5 mm aggregate increased from 0～5 cm at 30 mm/h to 0～15 cm at 75 mm/h.Splash distance and splash erosion of small size aggregates were larger than that of large size aggregates.Splash aggregates were dominated by<1 mm aggregate,and>5 mm aggregate did not migrate.The total splash erosion,upslope erosion,downslope erosion,and net splash erosion of 5°with 75 mm/h were 14.21,3.54,10.67,and 7.13 g/cm,respectively,and which of 10°were 16.00,3.85,12.15,and 8.30 g/cm.Compared with 5°,the splash erosion of 10°increased by 12.60%,8.76%,13.87% and 16.41%respectively.The splash erosion on downslope was larger than that of upslope splash erosion.
引文
[1]郑粉莉,高学田.坡面土壤侵蚀过程研究进展[J].地理科学,2003,23(2):230-235.
[2]Morin J,Winkel J V.The effect of raindrop impact and sheet erosion on infiltration rate and crust formation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60(4):1223-1227.
[3]Legout C,Leguédois S,Bissonnais Y L.Aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall compared with aggregate stability measurements[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,56(2):225-238.
[4]Ramos M C,Nacci S,Pla I.Effect of raindrop impact and its relationship with aggregate stability to different disaggregation forces[J].Catena,2003,53(4):365-376.
[5]马仁明,蔡崇法,李朝霞,等.前期土壤含水率对红壤团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(3):95-103.
[6]高学田,包忠谟.降雨特性和土壤结构对溅蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):24-26.
[7]郑子成,何淑勤,吴发启.降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(11):103-108.
[8]付玉,李光录,郑腾辉,等.雨滴击溅对耕作层土壤团聚体粒径分布的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):155-160.
[9]陈浩,蔡强国.坡度对溅蚀影响的初步试验研究[J].人民黄河,1986,38(1):36-38.
[10]江忠善,刘志.降雨因素和坡度对溅蚀影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,1989,3(2):29-35.
[11]秦越,程金花,张洪江,等.北京市褐土区降雨参数对土壤溅蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(6):16-20.
[12]胡伟,郑粉莉,边锋.降雨能量对东北典型黑土区土壤溅蚀的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4708-4717.
[13]曹忠杰,蔡景平,何建明,等.辽宁省第四次土壤侵蚀遥感普查成果分析[J].水土保持应用技术,2007,27(5):21-22.
[14]张凯.辽西褐土耕层结构障碍因素分析及其耕作培肥措施研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[15]李忠芳,唐政,李继光,等.长期施肥对辽西褐土区土壤有机碳含量和玉米产量的影响[J].土壤与作物,2013,2(4):150-156.
[16]肖继兵,孙占祥,刘志,等.降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):159-166.
[17]刘立权,凡胜豪,宋国献,等.辽宁省坡耕地现状与防治对策[J].中国水土保持,2015,36(4):15-18.
[18]肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西地区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀影响因素及相关关系[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):13-19.
[19]林素兰,黄毅,曹忠杰,等.辽西黄土丘陵区坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(1):14-16.
[20]年玉欣,邓继峰,李国忠,等.辽西地区沙地栽植大扁杏林对地表径流和土壤流失的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(1):65-71.
[21]徐翠娇,郭成久,范昊明.辽宁省土石质低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(3):539-539.
[22]肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西地区坡耕地垄膜沟种对土壤侵蚀和作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(20):3904-3917.
[23]董婷婷,张增祥,左利君.基于GIS和RS的辽西地区土壤侵蚀的定量研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(4):48-52.
[24]阜新市土地志编撰办公室.阜新市土地志[M].阜新:阜新市政府机关印刷厂,2001.
[25]吕刚,刘雅卓,陈鸿,等.褐土和棕壤坡耕地细沟侵蚀过程及侵蚀产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2019,33(3):64-69.
[26]苏溦娜,田一梅,高波,等.人工模拟降雨装置的设计及其参数的率定[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(6):120-123.
[27]王才,唐继业,段一贯,等.辽宁省中小河流(无资料地区)设计暴雨洪水计算方法[M].沈阳:辽宁省水文水资源勘测局,1998.
[28]Morgan R P C.Field studies of rainsplash erosion[J].Earth Surface Processes,1978,3(3):295-299.
[29]周一杨,王恩姮,陈祥伟.不同开垦年限黑土溅蚀与团聚体分选特征[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2411-2416.
[30]Legout C,Leguédois S,Bissonnais Y L,et al.Splash distance and size distributions for various soils[J].Geoderma,2005,124(3/4):279-292.
[31]Ma R M,Li Z X,Cai C F.The dynamic response of splash erosion to aggregate mechanical breakdown through rainfall simulation events in Ultisols(subtropical China)[J].Catena,2014,121(7):279-287.
[32]刘和平,符素华,王秀颖,等.坡度对降雨溅蚀影响的研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(3):479-486.
[33]刘宝元,杨扬,陆绍娟.几个常用土壤侵蚀术语辨析及其生产实践意义[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(1):9-16.
[34]徐震,高建恩,赵春红,等.雨滴击溅对坡面径流输沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):20-23.
[35]陈正发,夏清,史东梅,等.基于模拟降雨的土壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):6-11.
[36]程金花,秦越,张洪江,等.华北土石山区模拟降雨下土壤溅蚀研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):153-161.
[37]肖海,刘刚,赵金凡,等.雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):827-835.
[38]郝好鑫,马仁明,占海歌,等.不同粒径红壤团聚体坡面溅蚀特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):37-42.
[39]马仁明,王军光,李朝霞,等.降雨过程中红壤团聚体粒径变化对溅蚀的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(6):779-785.
[2]Morin J,Winkel J V.The effect of raindrop impact and sheet erosion on infiltration rate and crust formation[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1996,60(4):1223-1227.
[3]Legout C,Leguédois S,Bissonnais Y L.Aggregate breakdown dynamics under rainfall compared with aggregate stability measurements[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,56(2):225-238.
[4]Ramos M C,Nacci S,Pla I.Effect of raindrop impact and its relationship with aggregate stability to different disaggregation forces[J].Catena,2003,53(4):365-376.
[5]马仁明,蔡崇法,李朝霞,等.前期土壤含水率对红壤团聚体稳定性及溅蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2014,30(3):95-103.
[6]高学田,包忠谟.降雨特性和土壤结构对溅蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2001,15(3):24-26.
[7]郑子成,何淑勤,吴发启.降雨条件下耕作方式对地表糙度的溅蚀效应[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(11):103-108.
[8]付玉,李光录,郑腾辉,等.雨滴击溅对耕作层土壤团聚体粒径分布的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(3):155-160.
[9]陈浩,蔡强国.坡度对溅蚀影响的初步试验研究[J].人民黄河,1986,38(1):36-38.
[10]江忠善,刘志.降雨因素和坡度对溅蚀影响的研究[J].水土保持学报,1989,3(2):29-35.
[11]秦越,程金花,张洪江,等.北京市褐土区降雨参数对土壤溅蚀的影响[J].水土保持学报,2013,27(6):16-20.
[12]胡伟,郑粉莉,边锋.降雨能量对东北典型黑土区土壤溅蚀的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(15):4708-4717.
[13]曹忠杰,蔡景平,何建明,等.辽宁省第四次土壤侵蚀遥感普查成果分析[J].水土保持应用技术,2007,27(5):21-22.
[14]张凯.辽西褐土耕层结构障碍因素分析及其耕作培肥措施研究[D].沈阳:沈阳农业大学,2016.
[15]李忠芳,唐政,李继光,等.长期施肥对辽西褐土区土壤有机碳含量和玉米产量的影响[J].土壤与作物,2013,2(4):150-156.
[16]肖继兵,孙占祥,刘志,等.降雨侵蚀因子和植被类型及覆盖度对坡耕地土壤侵蚀的影响[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(22):159-166.
[17]刘立权,凡胜豪,宋国献,等.辽宁省坡耕地现状与防治对策[J].中国水土保持,2015,36(4):15-18.
[18]肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西地区农耕坡地土壤侵蚀影响因素及相关关系[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):13-19.
[19]林素兰,黄毅,曹忠杰,等.辽西黄土丘陵区坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究[J].水土保持研究,2002,9(1):14-16.
[20]年玉欣,邓继峰,李国忠,等.辽西地区沙地栽植大扁杏林对地表径流和土壤流失的影响[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(1):65-71.
[21]徐翠娇,郭成久,范昊明.辽宁省土石质低山丘陵区土壤侵蚀研究[J].安徽农业科学,2006,34(3):539-539.
[22]肖继兵,孙占祥,蒋春光,等.辽西地区坡耕地垄膜沟种对土壤侵蚀和作物产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(20):3904-3917.
[23]董婷婷,张增祥,左利君.基于GIS和RS的辽西地区土壤侵蚀的定量研究[J].水土保持研究,2008,15(4):48-52.
[24]阜新市土地志编撰办公室.阜新市土地志[M].阜新:阜新市政府机关印刷厂,2001.
[25]吕刚,刘雅卓,陈鸿,等.褐土和棕壤坡耕地细沟侵蚀过程及侵蚀产沙特征[J].水土保持学报,2019,33(3):64-69.
[26]苏溦娜,田一梅,高波,等.人工模拟降雨装置的设计及其参数的率定[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(6):120-123.
[27]王才,唐继业,段一贯,等.辽宁省中小河流(无资料地区)设计暴雨洪水计算方法[M].沈阳:辽宁省水文水资源勘测局,1998.
[28]Morgan R P C.Field studies of rainsplash erosion[J].Earth Surface Processes,1978,3(3):295-299.
[29]周一杨,王恩姮,陈祥伟.不同开垦年限黑土溅蚀与团聚体分选特征[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(10):2411-2416.
[30]Legout C,Leguédois S,Bissonnais Y L,et al.Splash distance and size distributions for various soils[J].Geoderma,2005,124(3/4):279-292.
[31]Ma R M,Li Z X,Cai C F.The dynamic response of splash erosion to aggregate mechanical breakdown through rainfall simulation events in Ultisols(subtropical China)[J].Catena,2014,121(7):279-287.
[32]刘和平,符素华,王秀颖,等.坡度对降雨溅蚀影响的研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(3):479-486.
[33]刘宝元,杨扬,陆绍娟.几个常用土壤侵蚀术语辨析及其生产实践意义[J].中国水土保持科学,2018,16(1):9-16.
[34]徐震,高建恩,赵春红,等.雨滴击溅对坡面径流输沙的影响[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(6):20-23.
[35]陈正发,夏清,史东梅,等.基于模拟降雨的土壤表土结皮特征及坡面侵蚀响应[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(4):6-11.
[36]程金花,秦越,张洪江,等.华北土石山区模拟降雨下土壤溅蚀研究[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(2):153-161.
[37]肖海,刘刚,赵金凡,等.雨滴机械打击和消散作用对土壤团聚体的破坏特征[J].土壤学报,2017,54(4):827-835.
[38]郝好鑫,马仁明,占海歌,等.不同粒径红壤团聚体坡面溅蚀特征[J].水土保持学报,2017,31(1):37-42.
[39]马仁明,王军光,李朝霞,等.降雨过程中红壤团聚体粒径变化对溅蚀的影响[J].长江流域资源与环境,2013,22(6):779-785.
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