磁暴期间中高纬度电离层离子上行的统计分析
|
摘要
利用美国国防气象卫星计划(defense meteorological satellite program,DMSP)F13和F15卫星观测数据,统计分析了2000—2016年294个磁暴(Min. Dst≤-50 nT)期间中高纬度电离层离子的上行特征。结果表明,磁暴期间,北半球有3个稳定的离子上行源区:磁黎明前,磁正午前后和磁黄昏后;南半球有2个稳定的离子上行源区:磁下午和几乎整个夜侧极光椭圆区。南北半球上行事件对季节的响应特征基本一致:冬季离子上行发生率和离子上行速度高于夏季;夏季离子上行数密度和离子上行通量高于冬季。研究发现,磁暴期间离子上行具有季节响应特征是由于冬季电离层离子摩擦加热和电子沉降事件发生频率大于夏季,会使离子的压力梯度力和向上的双极性电场增强,使离子加速上行。
A statistical study was carried out on the characteristics of ion upflow at mid-and high-latitude ionosphere during geomagnetic storms, with observations from DMSP(defense meteorological satellite program)F13 and F15 spacecrafts during 294 geomagnetic storms(Min. Dst≤-50 nT)between 2000 and 2016. Results show that, during the geomagnetic storms, ion upflow events were primarily detected in the pre-dawn sector, noon sector and post-dusk sector in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, ion upflow events were mainly detected in the afternoon sector and almost all night-side auroral region. For the two hemispheres,the response characteristics of upflow events in different seasons are roughly consistent, that is, ion upflow occurrence rates and velocities are generally larger during winter than those during summer, but ion upflow densities and ion upflow fluxes show an opposite trend. The cause of the characteristic is briefly analyzed. The occurrence frequency of frictional heating in the ionosphere and electron precipitation events are higher in winter than in summer,which indicates that the pressure gradient force of ions and upward bipolar electric field are increasing, causing more ion upflow events.
A statistical study was carried out on the characteristics of ion upflow at mid-and high-latitude ionosphere during geomagnetic storms, with observations from DMSP(defense meteorological satellite program)F13 and F15 spacecrafts during 294 geomagnetic storms(Min. Dst≤-50 nT)between 2000 and 2016. Results show that, during the geomagnetic storms, ion upflow events were primarily detected in the pre-dawn sector, noon sector and post-dusk sector in the northern hemisphere. In the southern hemisphere, ion upflow events were mainly detected in the afternoon sector and almost all night-side auroral region. For the two hemispheres,the response characteristics of upflow events in different seasons are roughly consistent, that is, ion upflow occurrence rates and velocities are generally larger during winter than those during summer, but ion upflow densities and ion upflow fluxes show an opposite trend. The cause of the characteristic is briefly analyzed. The occurrence frequency of frictional heating in the ionosphere and electron precipitation events are higher in winter than in summer,which indicates that the pressure gradient force of ions and upward bipolar electric field are increasing, causing more ion upflow events.
引文
[1]SHELLEY E G,JOHNSON R G,SHARP R D.Satellite observations of energetic heavy ions during a geomagnetic storm[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1972,77(31):6104-6110.DOI:10.1029/JA077i031p06104.
[2]FRANK L A,ACKERSON K L,YEAGER D M.Ob‐servations of atomic oxygen(O+)in the earth.s magneto‐tail[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(1):129-134.DOI:10.1029/JA082i001p00129.
[3]CHAPPELL C R,GILES B L,MOORE T E,et al.The adequacy of the ionospheric source in supplying mag‐netospheric plasma[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2000,62(6):421-436.DOI:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00021-3.
[4]SHELLEY E G.Heavy ions in the magnetosphere[J].Space Science Reviews,1979,23(3):465-497.DOI:10.1007/BF00172251.
[5]YAU A W,ANDRE M.Sources of ion outflow in the high latitude ionosphere[J].Space Science Reviews,1997,80(1-2):1-25.DOI:10.1023/A:100494720.
[6]ANDRE M,NORQVIST P,ANDERSSON L,et al.Ion energization mechanisms at 1700 km in the auroral region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,1998,103(A3):4199-4222.DOI:10.1029/97JA00855.
[7]NOSE M,OHTANI S,TAKAHASHI K,et al.Ion composition of the near-Earth plasma sheet in storm and quiet intervals:Geotail/EPIC measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2001,106(A5):8391-8403.DOI:10.1029/2000JA000376.
[8]NOSE M,MCENTIRE R W,CHRISTON S P.Change of the plasma sheet ion composition during magnetic storm development observed by the Geotail spacecraft[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2003,108(A5):13‐1-13‐10.DOI:10.1029/2002JA009660.
[9]NOSE M,TAGUCHI S,HOSOKAWA K,et al.Over‐whelming O+contribution to the plasma sheet energy den‐sity during the October 2003 superstorm:Geotail/EPICand IMAGE/LENA observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2005,110(A9):A09S24‐1-A09S24‐8.DOI:10.1029/2004JA010930.
[10]LENNARTSSON O W,COLLIN H L,PETERSONW K.Solar wind control of Earth.s H+and O+outflow rates in the 15-e V to 33-ke V energy range[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2004,109(A12):A12212-1-A12212-14.DOI:10.1029/2004JA010690.
[11]ZHAO K,JIANG Y,DING L G,et al.Statistical analy‐sis of outflow ionospheric O+,on the declining phase of so‐lar cycle 23 using Fast observations[J].Planetary&Space Science,2014,101(2):170-180.DOI:10.1016/j.pss.2014.07.003.
[12]NILSSON H,BARGHOUTHI I A,SLAPAK R,et al.Hot and cold ion outflow:Observations and implications for numerical models[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2013,118(1):105-117.DOI:10.1029/2012JA017975.
[13]SHARP R D,JOHNSON R G,SHELLEY E G.Obser‐vation of an ionospheric acceleration mechanism producing energetic(ke V)ions primarily normal to the geomagnetic field direction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(22):3324-3328.DOI:10.1029/JA082i022p03324.
[14]OGAWA Y,BUCHERT S C,SAKURAI A,et al.So‐lar activity dependence of ion upflow in the polar iono‐sphere observed with the European Incoherent Scatter(EISCAT)Troms?UHF radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2010,115(A7):A07310‐1-A07310‐11.DOI:10.1029/2009JA014766.
[15]LIU C,HORWITZ J L,RICHARDS P G.Effects of frictional ion heating and soft-electron precipitation on highlatitude F-region upflows[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(20):2713-2716.DOI:10.1029/95GL02551.
[16]WINSER K J,JONES G O L,WILLIAMS P J S,et al.Observations of large field-aligned flows of thermal plas‐ma in the auroral ionosphere[J].Advances in Space Research,1989,9(5):57-63.DOI:10.1016/0273-1177(89)90341-4.
[17]CULLY C M,DONOVAN E F,YAU A W,et al.Ake‐bono/Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer observations of low‐energy ion outflow:Dependence on magnetic activity and solar wind conditions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2003,108(A2):14‐1-14‐11.DOI:10.1029/2001JA009200.
[18]COLEY W R,HEELIS R A.Stormtime measurements of topside ionospheric upflow from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2009,114(A10):A10305‐1-A10305‐15.DOI:10.1029/2009JA014350.
[19]OGAWA Y,BUCHERT S C,FUJII R,et al.Charac‐teristics of ion upflow and downflow observed with the Eu‐ropean Incoherent Scatter Svalbard radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2009,114(A5):A05305‐1-A05305‐13.DOI:10.1029/2008JA013817.
[20]霍亮，马淑英，周云良，等.极区顶部电离层离子上行-DMSP卫星观测[J].极地研究，2006,18(2):98-107.HUO L,MA S Y,ZHOU Y L,et al.Ion upflow in the topside polar ionosphere-observations by the DMSP sat‐ellite[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2006,18(2):98-107(Ch）.
[21]LIU H,MA S Y,SCHLEGEL K.Diurnal,seasonal,and geomagnetic variations of large field-aligned ion up‐flows in the high-latitude ionospheric F region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2001,106(A11):24651-24661.DOI:10.1029/2001JA900047.
[22]COLLIN H L,PETERSON W K,LENNARTSSON OW,et al.The seasonal variation of auroral ion beams[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1998,25(21):4071-4074.DOI:10.1029/1998GL900090.
[23]KEATING J G,MULLIGAN F J,DOYLE D B,et al.Astatistical study of large field-aligned flows of thermal ions at high-latitudes[J].Planetary&Space Science,1990,38(9):1187-1201.DOI:10.1016/0032-0633(90)90026-M.
[24]COLEY W R,HEELIS R A,HAIRSTON M R.Highlatitude plasma outflow as measured by the DMSP spacecraft[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2003,108(A12):10-1-10-9.DOI:10.1029/2003JA009890.
[25]周康俊，蔡红涛，程力君，等.磁暴期间高纬顶部电离层离子上行特征--DMSP卫星观测[J].地球物理学报，2014,57(11):3541-3550.DOI:10.6038/cjg20141106.ZHOU K J,CAI H T,CHENG L J,et al.Feature of ion up-flow at high-latitude topside ionosphere during geo‐magnetic storms from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(11):3541-3550.DOI:10.6038/cjg20141106(Ch）.
[26]NEWELL P T,MENG C I,LYONS K M.Suppression of discrete aurorae by sunlight[J].Nature,1996,381(6585):766-767.DOI:10.1038/381766a0.
[27]NEWELL P T,LYONS K M,MENG C.A large survey of electron acceleration events[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,1996,101(A11):2599-2614.DOI:10.1029/95JA03147.
[28]DAVIES J A,LESTER M,MCCREA I W.Solar and seasonal dependence of ion frictional heating[J].Annales Geophysicae,1999,17(5):682-691.DOI:10.1007/s00585-999-0682-4.
[29]COHEN I J,LESSARD M R,VARNEY R H,et al.Ion upflow dependence on ionospheric density and solar photoionization[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2016,120(11):10039-10052.DOI:10.1002/2015JA021523.
[30]COLEY W R,HEELIS R A,HAIRSTON M R.Charac‐teristics of high-latitude vertical plasma flow from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2006,111(A11):A11314-1-A11314-12.DOI:10.1029/2005JA011553.
[31]MENG C I.Case studies of the storm time variation of the polar cusp[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,1983,88(A1):137-149.DOI:10.1029/JA088i A01p00137.
[32]WING S,NEWELL P T,MENG C I.CUSP Properties for ByDomainant IMF[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2005:149-174.
[2]FRANK L A,ACKERSON K L,YEAGER D M.Ob‐servations of atomic oxygen(O+)in the earth.s magneto‐tail[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(1):129-134.DOI:10.1029/JA082i001p00129.
[3]CHAPPELL C R,GILES B L,MOORE T E,et al.The adequacy of the ionospheric source in supplying mag‐netospheric plasma[J].Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics,2000,62(6):421-436.DOI:10.1016/S1364-6826(00)00021-3.
[4]SHELLEY E G.Heavy ions in the magnetosphere[J].Space Science Reviews,1979,23(3):465-497.DOI:10.1007/BF00172251.
[5]YAU A W,ANDRE M.Sources of ion outflow in the high latitude ionosphere[J].Space Science Reviews,1997,80(1-2):1-25.DOI:10.1023/A:100494720.
[6]ANDRE M,NORQVIST P,ANDERSSON L,et al.Ion energization mechanisms at 1700 km in the auroral region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,1998,103(A3):4199-4222.DOI:10.1029/97JA00855.
[7]NOSE M,OHTANI S,TAKAHASHI K,et al.Ion composition of the near-Earth plasma sheet in storm and quiet intervals:Geotail/EPIC measurements[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2001,106(A5):8391-8403.DOI:10.1029/2000JA000376.
[8]NOSE M,MCENTIRE R W,CHRISTON S P.Change of the plasma sheet ion composition during magnetic storm development observed by the Geotail spacecraft[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2003,108(A5):13‐1-13‐10.DOI:10.1029/2002JA009660.
[9]NOSE M,TAGUCHI S,HOSOKAWA K,et al.Over‐whelming O+contribution to the plasma sheet energy den‐sity during the October 2003 superstorm:Geotail/EPICand IMAGE/LENA observations[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2005,110(A9):A09S24‐1-A09S24‐8.DOI:10.1029/2004JA010930.
[10]LENNARTSSON O W,COLLIN H L,PETERSONW K.Solar wind control of Earth.s H+and O+outflow rates in the 15-e V to 33-ke V energy range[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2004,109(A12):A12212-1-A12212-14.DOI:10.1029/2004JA010690.
[11]ZHAO K,JIANG Y,DING L G,et al.Statistical analy‐sis of outflow ionospheric O+,on the declining phase of so‐lar cycle 23 using Fast observations[J].Planetary&Space Science,2014,101(2):170-180.DOI:10.1016/j.pss.2014.07.003.
[12]NILSSON H,BARGHOUTHI I A,SLAPAK R,et al.Hot and cold ion outflow:Observations and implications for numerical models[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2013,118(1):105-117.DOI:10.1029/2012JA017975.
[13]SHARP R D,JOHNSON R G,SHELLEY E G.Obser‐vation of an ionospheric acceleration mechanism producing energetic(ke V)ions primarily normal to the geomagnetic field direction[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1977,82(22):3324-3328.DOI:10.1029/JA082i022p03324.
[14]OGAWA Y,BUCHERT S C,SAKURAI A,et al.So‐lar activity dependence of ion upflow in the polar iono‐sphere observed with the European Incoherent Scatter(EISCAT)Troms?UHF radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2010,115(A7):A07310‐1-A07310‐11.DOI:10.1029/2009JA014766.
[15]LIU C,HORWITZ J L,RICHARDS P G.Effects of frictional ion heating and soft-electron precipitation on highlatitude F-region upflows[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1995,22(20):2713-2716.DOI:10.1029/95GL02551.
[16]WINSER K J,JONES G O L,WILLIAMS P J S,et al.Observations of large field-aligned flows of thermal plas‐ma in the auroral ionosphere[J].Advances in Space Research,1989,9(5):57-63.DOI:10.1016/0273-1177(89)90341-4.
[17]CULLY C M,DONOVAN E F,YAU A W,et al.Ake‐bono/Suprathermal Mass Spectrometer observations of low‐energy ion outflow:Dependence on magnetic activity and solar wind conditions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2003,108(A2):14‐1-14‐11.DOI:10.1029/2001JA009200.
[18]COLEY W R,HEELIS R A.Stormtime measurements of topside ionospheric upflow from Defense Meteorological Satellite Program[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2009,114(A10):A10305‐1-A10305‐15.DOI:10.1029/2009JA014350.
[19]OGAWA Y,BUCHERT S C,FUJII R,et al.Charac‐teristics of ion upflow and downflow observed with the Eu‐ropean Incoherent Scatter Svalbard radar[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2009,114(A5):A05305‐1-A05305‐13.DOI:10.1029/2008JA013817.
[20]霍亮，马淑英，周云良，等.极区顶部电离层离子上行-DMSP卫星观测[J].极地研究，2006,18(2):98-107.HUO L,MA S Y,ZHOU Y L,et al.Ion upflow in the topside polar ionosphere-observations by the DMSP sat‐ellite[J].Chinese Journal of Polar Research,2006,18(2):98-107(Ch）.
[21]LIU H,MA S Y,SCHLEGEL K.Diurnal,seasonal,and geomagnetic variations of large field-aligned ion up‐flows in the high-latitude ionospheric F region[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2001,106(A11):24651-24661.DOI:10.1029/2001JA900047.
[22]COLLIN H L,PETERSON W K,LENNARTSSON OW,et al.The seasonal variation of auroral ion beams[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1998,25(21):4071-4074.DOI:10.1029/1998GL900090.
[23]KEATING J G,MULLIGAN F J,DOYLE D B,et al.Astatistical study of large field-aligned flows of thermal ions at high-latitudes[J].Planetary&Space Science,1990,38(9):1187-1201.DOI:10.1016/0032-0633(90)90026-M.
[24]COLEY W R,HEELIS R A,HAIRSTON M R.Highlatitude plasma outflow as measured by the DMSP spacecraft[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2003,108(A12):10-1-10-9.DOI:10.1029/2003JA009890.
[25]周康俊，蔡红涛，程力君，等.磁暴期间高纬顶部电离层离子上行特征--DMSP卫星观测[J].地球物理学报，2014,57(11):3541-3550.DOI:10.6038/cjg20141106.ZHOU K J,CAI H T,CHENG L J,et al.Feature of ion up-flow at high-latitude topside ionosphere during geo‐magnetic storms from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program[J].Chinese Journal of Geophysics,2014,57(11):3541-3550.DOI:10.6038/cjg20141106(Ch）.
[26]NEWELL P T,MENG C I,LYONS K M.Suppression of discrete aurorae by sunlight[J].Nature,1996,381(6585):766-767.DOI:10.1038/381766a0.
[27]NEWELL P T,LYONS K M,MENG C.A large survey of electron acceleration events[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,1996,101(A11):2599-2614.DOI:10.1029/95JA03147.
[28]DAVIES J A,LESTER M,MCCREA I W.Solar and seasonal dependence of ion frictional heating[J].Annales Geophysicae,1999,17(5):682-691.DOI:10.1007/s00585-999-0682-4.
[29]COHEN I J,LESSARD M R,VARNEY R H,et al.Ion upflow dependence on ionospheric density and solar photoionization[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2016,120(11):10039-10052.DOI:10.1002/2015JA021523.
[30]COLEY W R,HEELIS R A,HAIRSTON M R.Charac‐teristics of high-latitude vertical plasma flow from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,2006,111(A11):A11314-1-A11314-12.DOI:10.1029/2005JA011553.
[31]MENG C I.Case studies of the storm time variation of the polar cusp[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Space Physics,1983,88(A1):137-149.DOI:10.1029/JA088i A01p00137.
[32]WING S,NEWELL P T,MENG C I.CUSP Properties for ByDomainant IMF[M].Dordrecht:Springer,2005:149-174.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |