基于MODIS NPP数据的青海湖流域产草量与载畜量估算研究
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摘要
快速评价区域草地生产力状况,是制定牧区草畜平衡策略,保障草地生态系统健康可持续发展的前提基础。基于MODIS NPP产品数据,对青海湖流域草地生产力进行了估算和评价。结果表明:(1)牛羊可食性最高的高寒草甸、高寒草原和温性草原,其单位面积产草量估算值的均方根误差RMSE为26.15g·m~(-2),表明该方法可以快速估算区域尺度的产草量。(2)全年干草产量为145.42万t,其中能被牛羊直接采食利用的牧草共计59.18万t,理论载畜量为81.07万羊单位;(3)影响单位面积干草产量的主要气候因子,海拔3500 m以下地区,是活动积温且与单位面积干草产量呈负相关关系; 3500 m以上地区,是温度且与单位面积产草量呈正相关关系。研究结果可为高寒地区合理规划牧业生产活动、生态补偿等提供科学依据和决策支持,也可为全国其他牧区的草原产草量的估算提供参考。
Fast evaluating grassland productivity is critically significant to make a balancing development strategy between grassland and livestock in pastoral areas, as well as promoting the healthy and sustainable development of grassland ecosystems. Based on the NPP products of MODDIS, the grassland productivity was estimated in the Qinghai Lake Basin. The results showed that:(1)The RMSE of the estimated grass yield per unit of alpine meadow, alpine grassland and warm grassland with the highest edible degree of cattle and sheep was 26.15 g·m~(-2), which indicated that the method could be used to quickly estimate the grassland yield in a regional scale.(2) The annual hay yield in the Qinghai Lake Basin was 1454200 tons, of which 591800 tons could be directly eaten by cattle and sheep; theoretical stock-carrying capacity was 810,700 sheep unit.(3) In the areas below the altitude of 3500 m, the accumulated temperature was the main factor that affected hay production per unit, and their correlation was negative. While above 3500 m, temperature was the main factor; the relationship between the factor of temperature and the hay production per unit was positive. The research results can provide scientific basis and supportive strategies for the planning of livestock production activities and ecological compensation in the alpine regions.
Fast evaluating grassland productivity is critically significant to make a balancing development strategy between grassland and livestock in pastoral areas, as well as promoting the healthy and sustainable development of grassland ecosystems. Based on the NPP products of MODDIS, the grassland productivity was estimated in the Qinghai Lake Basin. The results showed that:(1)The RMSE of the estimated grass yield per unit of alpine meadow, alpine grassland and warm grassland with the highest edible degree of cattle and sheep was 26.15 g·m~(-2), which indicated that the method could be used to quickly estimate the grassland yield in a regional scale.(2) The annual hay yield in the Qinghai Lake Basin was 1454200 tons, of which 591800 tons could be directly eaten by cattle and sheep; theoretical stock-carrying capacity was 810,700 sheep unit.(3) In the areas below the altitude of 3500 m, the accumulated temperature was the main factor that affected hay production per unit, and their correlation was negative. While above 3500 m, temperature was the main factor; the relationship between the factor of temperature and the hay production per unit was positive. The research results can provide scientific basis and supportive strategies for the planning of livestock production activities and ecological compensation in the alpine regions.
引文
[1]袁子茹,任灵,陈建纲,等.祁连山不同草地类型土壤有机质与全氮分布的关系[J].草原与草坪, 2016, 36(3):12–16.
[2]李以康,冉飞,包苏科,等.高寒草甸矮嵩草对氮肥的生理响应[J].草业学报, 2010, 19(3):240–244.
[3]魏克家,胡瑞宁,马建华,等.青海湖环湖区草地生态环境问题与防治对策研讨[J].四川草原, 1997, 16(2):2–6.
[4]张旭萍,郭连云,田辉春.环青海湖盆地气候变化对草地生态环境的影响[J].草原与草坪, 2008, 26(2):64–69.
[5]周薇薇,殷青军.青海湖流域草地产草量与MODIS植被指数的相关性分析[J].盐湖研究, 2012, 20(4):8–12.
[6]张明,崔军,曹学章.青海湖流域草地退化时空分布特征[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2017, 33(5):426–432.
[7]骆成凤,许长军,游浩妍,等. 2000—2010年青海湖流域草地退化状况时空分析[J].生态学报, 2013, 33(14):4450–4459.
[8]王辉,任继周,袁宏波.黄河源区天然草地沙化机理分析研究[J].草业学报, 2006, 15(6):19–25.
[9]卫亚星,陈全功,王一谋,等.利用TM资料调查土地利用状况动态变化——以玛曲县为例[J].草业科学, 2002,17(3):6–8.
[10]甘肃农业大学.草原调查与规划[M].北京:农业出版社,1985.
[11]朝克图,那亚,那松乌力吉,金花.载畜量的研究进展概述[J].内蒙古草业, 2010, 22(1):12–14.
[12]杨理,侯向阳.草畜平衡管理与草地资源可持续利用[J].中国农业经济评论, 2005, 4(3):453–461.
[13]安卯柱,高娃,朝鲁.内蒙古第四次草地资源调查草地生产力测定及计算方法简介[J].内蒙古草业, 2002, 14(4):20–21.
[14]任继周．草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[15]李高飞,任海,李岩,等.植被净第一性生产力研究回顾与发展趋势[J].生态科学, 2003, 22(04):360–365.
[16]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力[J].植物生态学报, 2001, 25(05):603–608+644.
[17]李刚,孙炜琳,张华,等.基于秸秆补饲的青藏高原草地载畜量平衡遥感监测[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(17):200–211.
[18]秦泗国,钟国辉,王景升.那曲草地气候格局对草地NPP的影响及载畜量研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2010,24(07):159–164.
[19]乔凯,郭伟.青海湖流域植被的净初级生产力估算[J].水土保持通报, 2016, 36(06):204–209.
[20]郑中,祁元,潘小多,等.基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究[J].冰川冻土,2013, 35(02):465–474.
[21]朱延龙,韩昆,王芳.青海湖流域气候变化特点及水文生态响应[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报, 2012, 9(4):260–266.
[22]王琪,陈克龙,吴成永.基于GIS的青海湖流域公路交通通达性分析[J].云南地理环境研究, 2017, 29(2):29–32+56+79.
[23]蔡国英,尹小娟,赵继荣.青海湖流域人类福祉认知及综合评价[J].冰川冻土, 2014, 34(2):469–478.
[24] RUNNING S W, MU Q, ZHAO M. MOD17A3H MODIS/Terra Net Primary Production Yearly L4 Global500m SIN Grid V006[DB/OL]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2015. https://doi. org/10. 5067/MODIS/MOD17A3H. 006.
[25] NASA. MOD17A净初级生产力产品的第3阶段验证准确性声明[DB/OL].(2014-4-1)[2015-11-13]. https://landval. gsfc. nasa. gov/ProductStatus. php?ProductID=MOD17.
[26]陈世荣,王世新,周艺.基于遥感的中国草地生产力初步计算[J].农业工程学报, 2008, 22(1):208–212.
[27]方精云,刘国华,徐嵩龄.中国陆地生态系统的碳循环及其全球意义[A].王庚辰,温玉璞.温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程[D].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996:129–139.
[28] ZENG Chaoxu, WU Jianshuang, ZHANG Xianzhou.Effects of Grazing on Above-vs. Below-Ground Biom-ass Allocation of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Plos One, 2015, 10(8):e0135173.
[29]朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,等.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报, 2004, 28(4):491–498.
[30] SCARNECCHIA D L. Concepts of carrying capacity and substitution ratios:a systems viewpoint[J]. Journal of Range Management, 1990, 43(6):553–555.
[31]陈百明.中国农业资源综合生产能力和人口承载能力[M].北京:气象出版社, 2001.
[32]樊江文,邵全琴,王军邦,等.三江源草地载畜压力时空动态分析[J].中国草地学报, 2011, 33(3):64–72.
[33]任继周.草原调查与规划[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1985.
[34]中华人民共和国农业行业标准.天然草地合理载畜量的计算(NY/T635-2002)[S].
[35]辛玉春,李晓明.海西州草地资源生产力评价[J].青海草业, 2016, 25(1):23–29.
[36]武彦朋,陈克龙,张斐,等.青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系[J].生态学杂志, 2011, 30(7):1449–1453.
[37]龙慧灵,李晓兵,黄玲梅,等.内蒙古草原生态系统净初级生产力及其与气候的关系[J].植物生态学报, 2010,34(7):781–791.
[38]周伟,王倩,章超斌,等.黑河中上游草地NDVI时空变化规律及其对气候因子的响应分析[J].草业学报, 2013,22(1):138–147.
[39]陆晴,吴绍洪,赵东升. 1982~2013年青藏高原高寒草地覆盖变化及与气候之间的关系[J].地理科学, 2017,37(2):292–300.
[40]武建双,李晓佳,沈振西,等.藏北高寒草地样带物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局[J].草业学报, 2012, 21(3):17–25.
[41]青海省统计局.青海省统计年鉴(1985-2017)[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2017:279–280.
[2]李以康,冉飞,包苏科,等.高寒草甸矮嵩草对氮肥的生理响应[J].草业学报, 2010, 19(3):240–244.
[3]魏克家,胡瑞宁,马建华,等.青海湖环湖区草地生态环境问题与防治对策研讨[J].四川草原, 1997, 16(2):2–6.
[4]张旭萍,郭连云,田辉春.环青海湖盆地气候变化对草地生态环境的影响[J].草原与草坪, 2008, 26(2):64–69.
[5]周薇薇,殷青军.青海湖流域草地产草量与MODIS植被指数的相关性分析[J].盐湖研究, 2012, 20(4):8–12.
[6]张明,崔军,曹学章.青海湖流域草地退化时空分布特征[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2017, 33(5):426–432.
[7]骆成凤,许长军,游浩妍,等. 2000—2010年青海湖流域草地退化状况时空分析[J].生态学报, 2013, 33(14):4450–4459.
[8]王辉,任继周,袁宏波.黄河源区天然草地沙化机理分析研究[J].草业学报, 2006, 15(6):19–25.
[9]卫亚星,陈全功,王一谋,等.利用TM资料调查土地利用状况动态变化——以玛曲县为例[J].草业科学, 2002,17(3):6–8.
[10]甘肃农业大学.草原调查与规划[M].北京:农业出版社,1985.
[11]朝克图,那亚,那松乌力吉,金花.载畜量的研究进展概述[J].内蒙古草业, 2010, 22(1):12–14.
[12]杨理,侯向阳.草畜平衡管理与草地资源可持续利用[J].中国农业经济评论, 2005, 4(3):453–461.
[13]安卯柱,高娃,朝鲁.内蒙古第四次草地资源调查草地生产力测定及计算方法简介[J].内蒙古草业, 2002, 14(4):20–21.
[14]任继周．草业科学研究方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1998.
[15]李高飞,任海,李岩,等.植被净第一性生产力研究回顾与发展趋势[J].生态科学, 2003, 22(04):360–365.
[16]朴世龙,方精云,郭庆华.利用CASA模型估算我国植被净第一性生产力[J].植物生态学报, 2001, 25(05):603–608+644.
[17]李刚,孙炜琳,张华,等.基于秸秆补饲的青藏高原草地载畜量平衡遥感监测[J].农业工程学报, 2014, 30(17):200–211.
[18]秦泗国,钟国辉,王景升.那曲草地气候格局对草地NPP的影响及载畜量研究[J].干旱区资源与环境, 2010,24(07):159–164.
[19]乔凯,郭伟.青海湖流域植被的净初级生产力估算[J].水土保持通报, 2016, 36(06):204–209.
[20]郑中,祁元,潘小多,等.基于WRF模式数据和CASA模型的青海湖流域草地NPP估算研究[J].冰川冻土,2013, 35(02):465–474.
[21]朱延龙,韩昆,王芳.青海湖流域气候变化特点及水文生态响应[J].中国水利水电科学研究院学报, 2012, 9(4):260–266.
[22]王琪,陈克龙,吴成永.基于GIS的青海湖流域公路交通通达性分析[J].云南地理环境研究, 2017, 29(2):29–32+56+79.
[23]蔡国英,尹小娟,赵继荣.青海湖流域人类福祉认知及综合评价[J].冰川冻土, 2014, 34(2):469–478.
[24] RUNNING S W, MU Q, ZHAO M. MOD17A3H MODIS/Terra Net Primary Production Yearly L4 Global500m SIN Grid V006[DB/OL]. NASA EOSDIS Land Processes DAAC, 2015. https://doi. org/10. 5067/MODIS/MOD17A3H. 006.
[25] NASA. MOD17A净初级生产力产品的第3阶段验证准确性声明[DB/OL].(2014-4-1)[2015-11-13]. https://landval. gsfc. nasa. gov/ProductStatus. php?ProductID=MOD17.
[26]陈世荣,王世新,周艺.基于遥感的中国草地生产力初步计算[J].农业工程学报, 2008, 22(1):208–212.
[27]方精云,刘国华,徐嵩龄.中国陆地生态系统的碳循环及其全球意义[A].王庚辰,温玉璞.温室气体浓度和排放监测及相关过程[D].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1996:129–139.
[28] ZENG Chaoxu, WU Jianshuang, ZHANG Xianzhou.Effects of Grazing on Above-vs. Below-Ground Biom-ass Allocation of Alpine Grasslands on the Northern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Plos One, 2015, 10(8):e0135173.
[29]朴世龙,方精云,贺金生,等.中国草地植被生物量及其空间分布格局[J].植物生态学报, 2004, 28(4):491–498.
[30] SCARNECCHIA D L. Concepts of carrying capacity and substitution ratios:a systems viewpoint[J]. Journal of Range Management, 1990, 43(6):553–555.
[31]陈百明.中国农业资源综合生产能力和人口承载能力[M].北京:气象出版社, 2001.
[32]樊江文,邵全琴,王军邦,等.三江源草地载畜压力时空动态分析[J].中国草地学报, 2011, 33(3):64–72.
[33]任继周.草原调查与规划[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1985.
[34]中华人民共和国农业行业标准.天然草地合理载畜量的计算(NY/T635-2002)[S].
[35]辛玉春,李晓明.海西州草地资源生产力评价[J].青海草业, 2016, 25(1):23–29.
[36]武彦朋,陈克龙,张斐,等.青海湖流域典型草地物种丰富度与生产力的关系[J].生态学杂志, 2011, 30(7):1449–1453.
[37]龙慧灵,李晓兵,黄玲梅,等.内蒙古草原生态系统净初级生产力及其与气候的关系[J].植物生态学报, 2010,34(7):781–791.
[38]周伟,王倩,章超斌,等.黑河中上游草地NDVI时空变化规律及其对气候因子的响应分析[J].草业学报, 2013,22(1):138–147.
[39]陆晴,吴绍洪,赵东升. 1982~2013年青藏高原高寒草地覆盖变化及与气候之间的关系[J].地理科学, 2017,37(2):292–300.
[40]武建双,李晓佳,沈振西,等.藏北高寒草地样带物种多样性沿降水梯度的分布格局[J].草业学报, 2012, 21(3):17–25.
[41]青海省统计局.青海省统计年鉴(1985-2017)[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2017:279–280.
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