底泥中三氯生残留对轮叶黑藻的生态毒性效应
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摘要
为探讨三氯生(triclosan,TCS)低浓度长期暴露对水生生态系统的毒性效应,本文以典型沉水植物——轮叶黑藻为研究对象,利用HPLC-MS、UV-VIS等分析技术,研究了0.05～0.5 mg·kg~(-1)TCS底泥暴露28 d后轮叶黑藻体内TCS的残留浓度及叶绿素、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,在处理组中轮叶黑藻叶片中TCS的含量在暴露初期(14 d)呈下降趋势,随着暴露时间延长,叶片中TCS含量逐渐升高,暴露28 d时,0.5 mg·kg~(-1)TCS处理组中轮叶黑藻叶片中TCS浓度高达2.16 mg·kg~(-1)。TCS暴露周期内,轮叶黑藻叶片中叶绿素含量呈持续下降趋势,可溶性蛋白含量呈先促进后抑制的趋势,而其茎部可溶性蛋白含量则始终呈抑制状态。此外,TCS胁迫可显著影响轮叶黑藻叶片和茎部的过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性,对轮叶黑藻的抗氧化系统造成不可逆的损伤。研究结果为评估水体环境中TCS的生态风险提供了基础数据和理论依据。
Chronic toxicity of triclosan(TCS)on submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata in sediments with 0.05～0.5 mg·kg~(-1) TCS was studied. TCS concentration, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activities in H. verticillata were determined using HPLC-MS and UV-VIS techniques. The results showed that TCS concentration in the leaves of H. verticillata in treatment groups was low in the early exposure stage(14 d). However, bioaccumulation of TCS increased with exposure time; its concentration in the leaves was2.16 mg·kg~(-1) for 0.5 mg·kg~(-1) TCS sediment in 28 d. During the TCS exposure period, the chlorophyll content in the leaves of H. verticillata decreased continuously in the TCS treatment groups in comparison to the control group. The soluble protein content in H. verticillata leaves first increased and then declined with increasing exposure time, whereas in the plant stems it was inhibited significantly during the entire TCS exposure period. Furthermore, TCS had significant influences on H. verticillata antioxidant enzyme system(CAT, SOD, and POD activities), which led to plant damage. The current findings will provide fundamental data for evaluating the risk and toxicity of TCS to the aquatic ecosystems.
Chronic toxicity of triclosan(TCS)on submerged plant Hydrilla verticillata in sediments with 0.05～0.5 mg·kg~(-1) TCS was studied. TCS concentration, chlorophyll content, soluble protein content, and antioxidant enzyme activities in H. verticillata were determined using HPLC-MS and UV-VIS techniques. The results showed that TCS concentration in the leaves of H. verticillata in treatment groups was low in the early exposure stage(14 d). However, bioaccumulation of TCS increased with exposure time; its concentration in the leaves was2.16 mg·kg~(-1) for 0.5 mg·kg~(-1) TCS sediment in 28 d. During the TCS exposure period, the chlorophyll content in the leaves of H. verticillata decreased continuously in the TCS treatment groups in comparison to the control group. The soluble protein content in H. verticillata leaves first increased and then declined with increasing exposure time, whereas in the plant stems it was inhibited significantly during the entire TCS exposure period. Furthermore, TCS had significant influences on H. verticillata antioxidant enzyme system(CAT, SOD, and POD activities), which led to plant damage. The current findings will provide fundamental data for evaluating the risk and toxicity of TCS to the aquatic ecosystems.
引文
[1]周艳君,施阳.三氯生和三氯卡班的毒性研究进展[J].安徽医科大学学报,2017,52(1):147-150.ZHOU Yan-jun,SHI Yang.Advances in studies on toxicity of triclosan and triclocarban[J].Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Anhui,2017,52(1):147-150.
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[7]韩琦,薛爽,刘影,等.河流底泥中溶解性有机物的释放途径及影响因素研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(12):3737-3749.HAN Qi,XUE Shuang,LIU Ying,et al.Release pathway and influencing factors of dissolved organic matter in river sediments[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(12):3737-3749.
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[9]Hwang J,Suh S S,Park M,et al.Differential gene expression patterns during embryonic development of sea urchin exposed to triclosan[J].Environmental Toxicology,2017,32(2):426-433.
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[11]李义刚,刘滨扬,彭颖,等.三氯生对羊角月牙藻生长及其抗氧化系统的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(3):357-365.LI Yi-gang,LIU Bin-yang,PENG Ying,et al.Toxic effects of triclosan on growth and antioxidase activity of Selenastrum capricornutum[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2013,8(3):357-365.
[12]李国新,张丹丹,颜昌宙,等.轮叶黑藻对铅的吸附特征及生物吸389附机理研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(8):1327-1333.LI Guo-xin,ZHANG Dan-dan,YAN Chang-zhou,et al.Characterization and mechanism studies on biosorption of lead onto Hydrilla verticallata[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(8):1327-1333.
[13]韩晓弟,刘丹.铅离子对轮叶黑藻生长的毒性影响[J].四川环境,2015,34(2):20-25.HAN Xiao-di,LIU Dan.Toxicological effect of Pb2+on the growth of Hydrilla verticillata[J].Sichuan Environment,2015,34(2):20-25.
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[15]周雪飞,陈家斌,周世兵,等.三氯生检测方法的建立与优化[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(12):126-129.ZHOU Xue-fei,CHEN Jia-bin,ZHOU Shi-bing,et al.Determination of triclosan in wastewater and sludge treatment by use/SPE-HPLC[J].China Water&Wastewater,2010,26(12):126-129.
[16]Hua W,Bennett E R,Letcher R J.Triclosan in waste and surface waters from the upper Detroit River by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Environment International,2005,31:621-630.
[17]周世兵,周雪飞,张亚雷,等.三氯生在水环境中的存在行为及迁移转化规律研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(10):71-74.ZHOU Shi-bing,ZHOU Xue-fei,ZHANG Ya-lei,et al.The research for occurrence,transport and transformation rules of triclosan in water environment[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2008,30(10):71-74.
[18]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1999:130-134.LI He-sheng.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,1999:130-134.
[19]赵英永,戴云,崔秀明,等.考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定草乌中可溶性蛋白质含量[J].云南民族大学学报（自然科学版）,2006,15(3):235-237.ZHAO Ying-yong,DAI Yun,CUI Xiu-ming,et al.Determination of protein contents of Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii using coomassie brillant blue G-250 dye binding[J].Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University(Natural Sciences Edition),2006,15(3):235-237.
[20]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006:211-218.GAO Jun-feng.Plant physiology experiment guide[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006:211-218.
[21]张立娜,宫晓双,安婧,等.三氯生的环境残留,降解代谢及其潜在生态风险[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(9):3139-3146.ZHANG Li-na,GONG Xiao-shuang,AN Jing,et al.Occurrence degradation and potential ecological risks of triclosan in environment[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(9):3139-3146.
[22]张蕾.沉水植物对典型内分泌干扰物的富集降解特性[D].天20199津：天津大学,2008:36-39.ZHANG Lei.Enrichment and degradation characteristics of submerged plants to typical endocrine disruptors[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2008:36-39.
[23]吴文进,胡勇有,陈源波,等.鼠李糖脂对底泥三氯生脱附的影响因素[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(12):6898-6906.WU Wen-jin,HU Yong-you,CHEN Yuan-bo,et al.Influencing factors on desorption of triclosan from sediment by rhamnolipid[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(12):6898-6906.
[24]Ahmed M B M,Rajapaksha A U,Lim J E,et al.Distribution and accumulative pattern of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in edible vegetables of cucumber,tomato,and lettuce[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2014,63(2):398-405.
[25]牟文,熊丽,胡芹芹,等.HgCl2对斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）生理生化特性的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(6):854-859.MU Wen,XIONG Li,HU Qin-qin,et al.Effects of HgCl2 on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Scenedesmus Obliquus[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(6):854-859.
[26]Morant-Manceau A,Pradier E,Tremblin G.Osmotic adjustment,gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence of a hexaploid triticale and its parental species under salt stress[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2004,161(1):25-33.
[27]Lv M,Sun Q,Xu H,et al.Occurrence and fate of triclosan and triclocarban in a subtropical river and its estuary[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,88(1/2):383-388.
[28]高海萍,周雪飞,张亚雷,等.三氯生对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2012,31(8):1145-1150.GAO Hai-ping,ZHOU Xue-fei,ZHANG Ya-lei,et al.The toxic effect of triclosan on the aquatic organisms[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(8):1145-1150.
[29]Wu Y,Von T A.Impact of fungicides on active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in spring barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)exposed to ozone[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,116(1):37-47.
[30]Yang W,Tang Z,Zhou F,et al.Toxicity studies of tetracycline on Microcystis aeruginosa and Selenastrum capricornutum[J].Environmental Toxicology Pharmacology,2013,35(2):320-324.
[31]Qian H,Chen W,Sheng G D,et al.Effects of glufosinate on antioxidant enzymes,subcellular structure,and gene expression in the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2008,88(4):301-307.
[32]Cao D J,Shi X D,Li H,et al.Effects of lead on tolerance,bioaccumulation,and antioxidative defense system of green algae,Cladophora[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,112:231-237.
[33]Zikic R V,Stajn A,Saicic Z S,et al.The activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and ascorbic acid content in the liver of goldfish(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)exposed to cadmium[J].Physiological Research,1996,45(6):479-481.
[34]Li J,Zheng X,Liu K,et al.Effect of tetracycline on the growth and nutrient removal capacity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in simulated effluent from wastewater treatment plants[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,218:1163-1169.
[2]Chalew T E A,Halden R U.Environmental exposure of aquatic and terrestrial biota to triclosan and triclocarban1[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,2009,45(1):4-13.
[3]Sun Q,Li Y,Li M Y,et al.PPCPs in Jiulong River estuary(China):Spatiotemporal distributions,fate,and their use as chemical markers of wastewater[J].Chemosphere,2016,150:596-604.
[4]Oliveira R,Domingues I,Grisolia C K,et al.Effects of triclosan on zebrafish early-life stages and adults[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2009,16(6):679-688.
[5]Zhang Q Q,Ying G G,Chen Z F,et al.Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China[J].Environmental Science&Pollution Research International,2015,22(13):10130-10143.
[6]Zhao J L,Zhang Q Q,Chen F,et al.Evaluation of triclosan and triclocarban at river basin scale using monitoring and modeling tools:Implications for controlling of urban domestic sewage discharge[J].Water Research,2013,47(1):395-405.
[7]韩琦,薛爽,刘影,等.河流底泥中溶解性有机物的释放途径及影响因素研究[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(12):3737-3749.HAN Qi,XUE Shuang,LIU Ying,et al.Release pathway and influencing factors of dissolved organic matter in river sediments[J].China Environmental Science,2016,36(12):3737-3749.
[8]董玉瑛,仉春华,邹学军,等.环境因子影响三氯生对蝌蚪毒性作用研究[J].大连民族大学学报,2013,15(5):481-492.DONG Yu-ying,ZHANG Chun-hua,ZOU Xue-jun,et al.Influence analysis of environmental factors on toxicity of triclosan to tadpole[J].Journal of Dalian Nationalities University,2013,15(5):481-492.
[9]Hwang J,Suh S S,Park M,et al.Differential gene expression patterns during embryonic development of sea urchin exposed to triclosan[J].Environmental Toxicology,2017,32(2):426-433.
[10]陈东,王海洋,朱亚军,等.三氯生对蛋白核小球藻的毒性效应分析[J].浙江树人大学学报,2018,18(1):20-22.CHEN Dong,WANG Hai-yang,ZHU Ya-jun,et al.Evaluation of the toxic effects of triclosan on Chorella Pyrenoidosa[J].Journal of Zhejiang Shuren University,2018,18(1):20-22.
[11]李义刚,刘滨扬,彭颖,等.三氯生对羊角月牙藻生长及其抗氧化系统的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2013,8(3):357-365.LI Yi-gang,LIU Bin-yang,PENG Ying,et al.Toxic effects of triclosan on growth and antioxidase activity of Selenastrum capricornutum[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2013,8(3):357-365.
[12]李国新,张丹丹,颜昌宙,等.轮叶黑藻对铅的吸附特征及生物吸389附机理研究[J].中国环境科学,2011,31(8):1327-1333.LI Guo-xin,ZHANG Dan-dan,YAN Chang-zhou,et al.Characterization and mechanism studies on biosorption of lead onto Hydrilla verticallata[J].China Environmental Science,2011,31(8):1327-1333.
[13]韩晓弟,刘丹.铅离子对轮叶黑藻生长的毒性影响[J].四川环境,2015,34(2):20-25.HAN Xiao-di,LIU Dan.Toxicological effect of Pb2+on the growth of Hydrilla verticillata[J].Sichuan Environment,2015,34(2):20-25.
[14]曹光群,陈忠良,宋启军.三氯生的光降解产物分析及相关日化产品的安全性研究[J].分析试验室,2008,27(8):58-61.CAO Guang-qun,CHEN Zhong-liang,SONG Qi-jun.Analysis of the photodegradation products of triclosan and the safety study of related daily-used chemical products[J].Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory,2008,27(8):58-61.
[15]周雪飞,陈家斌,周世兵,等.三氯生检测方法的建立与优化[J].中国给水排水,2010,26(12):126-129.ZHOU Xue-fei,CHEN Jia-bin,ZHOU Shi-bing,et al.Determination of triclosan in wastewater and sludge treatment by use/SPE-HPLC[J].China Water&Wastewater,2010,26(12):126-129.
[16]Hua W,Bennett E R,Letcher R J.Triclosan in waste and surface waters from the upper Detroit River by liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry[J].Environment International,2005,31:621-630.
[17]周世兵,周雪飞,张亚雷,等.三氯生在水环境中的存在行为及迁移转化规律研究进展[J].环境污染与防治,2008,30(10):71-74.ZHOU Shi-bing,ZHOU Xue-fei,ZHANG Ya-lei,et al.The research for occurrence,transport and transformation rules of triclosan in water environment[J].Environmental Pollution&Control,2008,30(10):71-74.
[18]李合生.植物生理生化实验原理和技术[M].北京：高等教育出版社,1999:130-134.LI He-sheng.Principles and techniques of plant physiological and biochemical experiments[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,1999:130-134.
[19]赵英永,戴云,崔秀明,等.考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法测定草乌中可溶性蛋白质含量[J].云南民族大学学报（自然科学版）,2006,15(3):235-237.ZHAO Ying-yong,DAI Yun,CUI Xiu-ming,et al.Determination of protein contents of Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii using coomassie brillant blue G-250 dye binding[J].Journal of Yunnan Nationalities University(Natural Sciences Edition),2006,15(3):235-237.
[20]高俊凤.植物生理学实验指导[M].北京：高等教育出版社,2006:211-218.GAO Jun-feng.Plant physiology experiment guide[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2006:211-218.
[21]张立娜,宫晓双,安婧,等.三氯生的环境残留,降解代谢及其潜在生态风险[J].应用生态学报,2018,29(9):3139-3146.ZHANG Li-na,GONG Xiao-shuang,AN Jing,et al.Occurrence degradation and potential ecological risks of triclosan in environment[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(9):3139-3146.
[22]张蕾.沉水植物对典型内分泌干扰物的富集降解特性[D].天20199津：天津大学,2008:36-39.ZHANG Lei.Enrichment and degradation characteristics of submerged plants to typical endocrine disruptors[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2008:36-39.
[23]吴文进,胡勇有,陈源波,等.鼠李糖脂对底泥三氯生脱附的影响因素[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(12):6898-6906.WU Wen-jin,HU Yong-you,CHEN Yuan-bo,et al.Influencing factors on desorption of triclosan from sediment by rhamnolipid[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,2016,10(12):6898-6906.
[24]Ahmed M B M,Rajapaksha A U,Lim J E,et al.Distribution and accumulative pattern of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in edible vegetables of cucumber,tomato,and lettuce[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2014,63(2):398-405.
[25]牟文,熊丽,胡芹芹,等.HgCl2对斜生栅藻（Scenedesmus obliquus）生理生化特性的影响[J].生态毒理学报,2009,4(6):854-859.MU Wen,XIONG Li,HU Qin-qin,et al.Effects of HgCl2 on physiological and biochemical characteristics of Scenedesmus Obliquus[J].Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology,2009,4(6):854-859.
[26]Morant-Manceau A,Pradier E,Tremblin G.Osmotic adjustment,gas exchanges and chlorophyll fluorescence of a hexaploid triticale and its parental species under salt stress[J].Journal of Plant Physiology,2004,161(1):25-33.
[27]Lv M,Sun Q,Xu H,et al.Occurrence and fate of triclosan and triclocarban in a subtropical river and its estuary[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,88(1/2):383-388.
[28]高海萍,周雪飞,张亚雷,等.三氯生对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展[J].环境化学,2012,31(8):1145-1150.GAO Hai-ping,ZHOU Xue-fei,ZHANG Ya-lei,et al.The toxic effect of triclosan on the aquatic organisms[J].Environmental Chemistry,2012,31(8):1145-1150.
[29]Wu Y,Von T A.Impact of fungicides on active oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in spring barley(Hordeum vulgare L.)exposed to ozone[J].Environmental Pollution,2002,116(1):37-47.
[30]Yang W,Tang Z,Zhou F,et al.Toxicity studies of tetracycline on Microcystis aeruginosa and Selenastrum capricornutum[J].Environmental Toxicology Pharmacology,2013,35(2):320-324.
[31]Qian H,Chen W,Sheng G D,et al.Effects of glufosinate on antioxidant enzymes,subcellular structure,and gene expression in the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris[J].Aquatic Toxicology,2008,88(4):301-307.
[32]Cao D J,Shi X D,Li H,et al.Effects of lead on tolerance,bioaccumulation,and antioxidative defense system of green algae,Cladophora[J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,2015,112:231-237.
[33]Zikic R V,Stajn A,Saicic Z S,et al.The activities of superoxide dismutase,catalase and ascorbic acid content in the liver of goldfish(Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch)exposed to cadmium[J].Physiological Research,1996,45(6):479-481.
[34]Li J,Zheng X,Liu K,et al.Effect of tetracycline on the growth and nutrient removal capacity of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in simulated effluent from wastewater treatment plants[J].Bioresource Technology,2016,218:1163-1169.
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