国内外室内空气微生物限值标准简介及对比分析
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摘要
介绍了欧美发达国家、WHO及其他一些相关国家的室内微生物污染浓度标准限值要求、研究框架、技术路线等。给出了我国大陆、台湾、香港地区的室内微生物污染浓度限值要求,并进行了对比分析。指出各国给出的浓度限值与微生物采样分析方法、微生物种类、室外微生物污染浓度等因素有关,通过人类暴露在微生物环境作出的生理反应确定室内微生物污染浓度限值方面仍缺乏充分研究,以期为我国室内微生物污染浓度限值标准的制订、修订提供参考。
Presents the limit value requirements in indoor microbial contamination concentration standards, research framework and technical roadmaps of developed countries in Europe and America, WHO and other related countries. Provides and compares the limits of indoor microbial contamination concentration in Mainland China, Taiwan China and Hong Kong China. Points out that the concentration limits given by various countries are related to the microbial sampling and analysis methods, microbial species and outdoor microbial contamination concentration. There is still insufficient research on the determination of indoor microbial contamination concentration limits through physiological reaction of human exposure to microbial environment, so as to provide a reference for the formulation and revision of indoor microbial contamination concentration limits in China.
Presents the limit value requirements in indoor microbial contamination concentration standards, research framework and technical roadmaps of developed countries in Europe and America, WHO and other related countries. Provides and compares the limits of indoor microbial contamination concentration in Mainland China, Taiwan China and Hong Kong China. Points out that the concentration limits given by various countries are related to the microbial sampling and analysis methods, microbial species and outdoor microbial contamination concentration. There is still insufficient research on the determination of indoor microbial contamination concentration limits through physiological reaction of human exposure to microbial environment, so as to provide a reference for the formulation and revision of indoor microbial contamination concentration limits in China.
引文
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[2] GEHRING U,BOLTE G,BORTE M,et al.Exposure to endotoxin decreases the risk of atopic eczema in infancy:a cohort study[J].Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,2001,108(5):847
[3] TISCHER C,GEHRING U,CHEN C M,et al.Respiratory health in children,and indoor exposure to (1,3)-β-D-glucan,EPS mould components and endotoxin[J].European Respiratory Journal,2011,37(5):1050- 1059
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[17] EDUARD W.Fungal spores:a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2009,39(10):799- 864
[18] DE AQUINO N F R,DE GóES S L F.Guidelines for indoor air quality in offices in Brazil[C]// Proceedings of Healthy Buildings,2000:549- 554
[19] BARTLETT K H,LEE K S,STEPHENS G,et al.Evaluating indoor air quality:test standards for bioaerosols[R].Columbia,2002:19- 20
[20] WANKUEN J,YOUNGIUN S.Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities,elementary schools,and homes[J].Chemosphere,2005,61(11):1570- 1579
[21] HEIDA H,BARTMAN F,SASKIA C.Occupational exposure and indoor air quality monitoring in a composting facility[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1995,56(1):39
[22] BECHER R,HONGSLO J K,DYBING E.Guidelines for indoor air in Norway—a practical approach[J].Pollution Atmospherique,2000,166:245- 246
[23] EDUARD W.Fungal spores:a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2009,39(10):799
[24] OPPLIGER A,RUSCA S,CHARRIèRE N,et al.Assessment of bioaerosols and inhalable dust exposure in Swiss sawmills[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,2005,49(5):385
[25] MAYNARD R L.1999 TLVs and BEIs:threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices[J].Occupational and Environmental Medicine,2000,11:791
[26] 张进.室内空气微生物污染与卫生标准建议值[J].环境与健康杂志,2001,18(4):247- 249
[27] 尹先仁.公共场所卫生标准——GB 9663～9673—1996和GB 16153—1996简介[J].中国标准导报,1996(5):28
[28] 卫生部卫生法制与监督司,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核医学安全所.GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》实施指南[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2003:1
[29] 陈新宇.微生物气溶胶与呼吸道健康效应研究[D].广州:广州医科大学,2013:77
[2] GEHRING U,BOLTE G,BORTE M,et al.Exposure to endotoxin decreases the risk of atopic eczema in infancy:a cohort study[J].Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology,2001,108(5):847
[3] TISCHER C,GEHRING U,CHEN C M,et al.Respiratory health in children,and indoor exposure to (1,3)-β-D-glucan,EPS mould components and endotoxin[J].European Respiratory Journal,2011,37(5):1050- 1059
[4] RAO C Y,BURGE H A,CHANG J C S.Review of quantitative standards and guidelines for fungi in indoor air[J].Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association,1996,46(9):899- 908
[5] MANDAL J,BRANDL H.Bioaerosols in indoor environment—a review with special reference to residential and occupational locations[J].Open Environmental and Biological Monitoring Journal,2011,4(1):83- 96
[6] ACGIH.Threshold limit values (TLVs) for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices (BEIs)[R].[S.l.]:[s.n.],2009:223- 226
[7] BRIEF R S,BERNATH T.Indoor pollution:guidelines for prevention and control of microbiological respiratory hazards associated with air conditioning and ventilation systems[J].Application Indoor Hygienes,1988,3(3):5- 10
[8] Health Canada.Exposure guidelines for residential indoor air quality[R].Ottawa:[s.n.],1995:13
[9] Health Canada.Indoor air quality in office buildings:a technical guide[R].Ottawa:[s.n.],1995:45
[10] WHO.Indoor air quality:biological contaminants[J].WHO Regional Publications European,1990,31:1- 67
[11] WANNER H U,GRAVESEN S.Biological particles in indoor environments:European collaborative action[M].Luxembourg:Commission of the European Communities,1993:35
[12] HEIDA H,BARTMAN F,VAN DER ZEE S C.Occupational exposure and indoor air quality monitoring in a composting facility[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1995,56(1):39- 43
[13] IFA.Verfahren zur bestimmung der schimmelpilzkonzentration in der luft am arbeitsplatz(#9420)[S].Berlin:Erich Schmidt Verlag,2001:8
[14] IFA.Verfahren zur bestimmung der bakterienkonzentration in der luft am arbeitsplatz(#9430)[S].Berlin:Erich Schmidt Verlag,2004:2
[15] NEV?LAINEN A.Bacterial aerosols in indoor air[M].Canada:National Public Health Institute,1989:25- 34
[16] PEGAS P N,EVTYUGINA M G,ALVES C A,et al.Outdoor/indoor air quality in primary schools in Lisbon:a preliminary study[J].Química Nova,2010,33(5):1145- 1149
[17] EDUARD W.Fungal spores:a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2009,39(10):799- 864
[18] DE AQUINO N F R,DE GóES S L F.Guidelines for indoor air quality in offices in Brazil[C]// Proceedings of Healthy Buildings,2000:549- 554
[19] BARTLETT K H,LEE K S,STEPHENS G,et al.Evaluating indoor air quality:test standards for bioaerosols[R].Columbia,2002:19- 20
[20] WANKUEN J,YOUNGIUN S.Indoor and outdoor bioaerosol levels at recreation facilities,elementary schools,and homes[J].Chemosphere,2005,61(11):1570- 1579
[21] HEIDA H,BARTMAN F,SASKIA C.Occupational exposure and indoor air quality monitoring in a composting facility[J].American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal,1995,56(1):39
[22] BECHER R,HONGSLO J K,DYBING E.Guidelines for indoor air in Norway—a practical approach[J].Pollution Atmospherique,2000,166:245- 246
[23] EDUARD W.Fungal spores:a critical review of the toxicological and epidemiological evidence as a basis for occupational exposure limit setting[J].Critical Reviews in Toxicology,2009,39(10):799
[24] OPPLIGER A,RUSCA S,CHARRIèRE N,et al.Assessment of bioaerosols and inhalable dust exposure in Swiss sawmills[J].Annals of Occupational Hygiene,2005,49(5):385
[25] MAYNARD R L.1999 TLVs and BEIs:threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices[J].Occupational and Environmental Medicine,2000,11:791
[26] 张进.室内空气微生物污染与卫生标准建议值[J].环境与健康杂志,2001,18(4):247- 249
[27] 尹先仁.公共场所卫生标准——GB 9663～9673—1996和GB 16153—1996简介[J].中国标准导报,1996(5):28
[28] 卫生部卫生法制与监督司,中国疾病预防控制中心环境与健康相关产品安全所,中国疾病预防控制中心辐射防护与核医学安全所.GB/T 18883—2002《室内空气质量标准》实施指南[M].北京:中国标准出版社,2003:1
[29] 陈新宇.微生物气溶胶与呼吸道健康效应研究[D].广州:广州医科大学,2013:77
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