黄土丘陵典型草原土壤理化性质对生态恢复措施的响应
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摘要
研究土壤理化性状及土壤质量变化对草地生态建设具有重要意义。在宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原,以放牧草地为对照,对封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑生态恢复措施实施15年草地的0～40 cm土壤粒径、容重、持水性、孔隙度、有机质、氮磷钾等理化性状进行了比较,通过主成分分析和土壤质量综合指数(SQI),评价了不同措施下土壤质量恢复状况。结果表明:1)土层黏粒含量以水平沟措施最高,粉粒以放牧草地最高、砂粒以鱼鳞坑最高;土壤颗粒体积分形维数值(D)从大到小依次为水平沟、封育、鱼鳞坑和放牧草地,土壤粒径垂直变化差异不明显;2)放牧草地土壤容重最高,为1.14 g·cm~(-3),封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑均可显著减小土壤容重,增加土壤持水性和总孔隙度,但对土壤毛管孔隙和非毛管孔隙的改善效果不大;各处理土壤物理性状垂直变化不显著;3)土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量呈封育>放牧>鱼鳞坑>水平沟,全磷含量以放牧和封育草地较高,水平沟最低;速效钾含量以放牧草地最高,封育草地次之,鱼鳞坑最低,土壤养分含量呈表聚性;4)土壤质量综合指数在放牧、封育、水平沟和鱼鳞坑措施下分别为0.337、0.719、0.348和0.281,呈封育>水平沟>放牧草地>鱼鳞坑。基于土壤理化性状,认为草地封育对土壤质量改善最为明显,是研究区最适宜的草地生态恢复措施。
Study of soil physico-chemical properties and their change over time under different grassland ecological restoration practices provides scientific data for use in regional planning. This research compared soil properties under traditionally grazed grassland(Control) and 3 restoration practices in place for 15 years on hill slopes: grazing exclusion by fencing, contour trenching, and short trenches placed in a fish scale pattern. Data on soil particle size, bulk density, fractal D value, water retention, porosity, organic matter, and nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentrations were evaluated using principal component analysis and a soil quality comprehensive index(SQI) defining recovery of soil quality under the different measures was constructed. The results indicated: 1) Soils on contour-trenched land had the highest content of clay particles, while the highest content of silt occurred in grazed grassland, and land with fish-scale pits had the highest sand content. The fractal dimension(D value) of soil particle volume ranked in order from highest to lowest contour trenches, grazing exclusion, fish-scale pits and grazed control. Vertical variation through the profile in soil particle size was weak. 2) The highest soil bulk density occurred on the grazed control land(1.14 g·cm~(-3)), followed by grazing exclusion, contour trenches and fish-scale pit land. Thus, the evaluated remediation practices significantly reduced the soil bulk density and increased soil total porosity and water holding capacity. However, the remediation practices had little effect on soil capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity. The vertical variation soil physical properties was not statistically significant. 3) The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-nitrogen showed a gradient: grazing exclusion>grazed control>fish-scale pits>contour trenches. The available potassium of soil in grazed control land was higher than with grazing exclusion, and fish-scale pits had the lowest available potassium among the 4 treatments. Soil nutrient concentrations were higher in the upper soil layers. 4) The comprehensive index of soil quality was: grazing exclusion(0.719)>contour trenching(0.348)>grazed control(0.337)>fish-scale pits(0.281). Based on this study of soil physical and chemical properties under the 3 restoration practices, it is concluded that grazing exclusion(fencing) provides the most significant improvement in soil quality and is the most appropriate ecological restoration measure for grassland in the study area.
Study of soil physico-chemical properties and their change over time under different grassland ecological restoration practices provides scientific data for use in regional planning. This research compared soil properties under traditionally grazed grassland(Control) and 3 restoration practices in place for 15 years on hill slopes: grazing exclusion by fencing, contour trenching, and short trenches placed in a fish scale pattern. Data on soil particle size, bulk density, fractal D value, water retention, porosity, organic matter, and nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium concentrations were evaluated using principal component analysis and a soil quality comprehensive index(SQI) defining recovery of soil quality under the different measures was constructed. The results indicated: 1) Soils on contour-trenched land had the highest content of clay particles, while the highest content of silt occurred in grazed grassland, and land with fish-scale pits had the highest sand content. The fractal dimension(D value) of soil particle volume ranked in order from highest to lowest contour trenches, grazing exclusion, fish-scale pits and grazed control. Vertical variation through the profile in soil particle size was weak. 2) The highest soil bulk density occurred on the grazed control land(1.14 g·cm~(-3)), followed by grazing exclusion, contour trenches and fish-scale pit land. Thus, the evaluated remediation practices significantly reduced the soil bulk density and increased soil total porosity and water holding capacity. However, the remediation practices had little effect on soil capillary porosity and non-capillary porosity. The vertical variation soil physical properties was not statistically significant. 3) The soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-nitrogen showed a gradient: grazing exclusion>grazed control>fish-scale pits>contour trenches. The available potassium of soil in grazed control land was higher than with grazing exclusion, and fish-scale pits had the lowest available potassium among the 4 treatments. Soil nutrient concentrations were higher in the upper soil layers. 4) The comprehensive index of soil quality was: grazing exclusion(0.719)>contour trenching(0.348)>grazed control(0.337)>fish-scale pits(0.281). Based on this study of soil physical and chemical properties under the 3 restoration practices, it is concluded that grazing exclusion(fencing) provides the most significant improvement in soil quality and is the most appropriate ecological restoration measure for grassland in the study area.
引文
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