西北某电子垃圾拆解厂室内外重金属污染特征及暴露风险
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摘要
本研究利用ICP-OES对西北干旱区某规模化电子垃圾拆解厂拆解车间内外空气不同粒径的颗粒物(PM_1. 0、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10))及上风向对照点PM_(2.5)中的6种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn)的浓度进行了分析测定,基于该数据对拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属污染浓度水平、粒径分布特征、职业暴露风险以及呼吸系统沉积特征进行了研究.结果表明,拆解车间内外颗粒物中重金属Zn(室内4 890 ng·m~(-3),室外1 245 ng·m~(-3))、Pb(室内1 201 ng·m~(-3),室外240 ng·m~(-3))、Cu(室内1 200ng·m~(-3),室外110 ng·m~(-3))均表现出较高的污染水平,且室内浓度远高于室外数倍,表明拆解活动是造成室内空气较高浓度重金属的主要原因,室内外空气环境污染特征与电子垃圾拆解种类密切相关.粒径分布特征为:车间内空气环境中重金属主要吸附于PM_(2.5)中,车间外主要是赋存于PM_(10)中.职业暴露风险评估显示:Cr的非致癌与致癌风险最高;拆解厂车间室内外6种重金属总非致癌危害指数为1. 62×10~(-3)和3. 60×10~(-4),远低于U. S. EPA规定的限定值(1. 0);车间室内外致癌总风险值为2. 69×10~(-7)和2. 59×10~(-9),小于可接受范围(1×10~(-6)),表明由重金属所导致的职业健康风险相对较小;评估结果表明按国家环保要求规模化建厂的电子垃圾拆解厂空气环境颗粒物中重金属对公共健康造成的风险处于相对安全的水平.颗粒态重金属在人体呼吸系统的不同器官的沉积特征表现为粒径越小,在呼吸系统的深处的沉积百分占比越大,建议企业应针对细颗粒物给职业工人造成的呼吸健康风险采取相应的减排对策.
Atmospheric particle samples( PM_1. 0、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)) were collected from three sampling sites( indoor and outdoor workplaces of a formal e-waste dismantling plant,and upwind area) in an arid area of Northwest China. The contents of six heavy metals( Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn) were analyzed using ICP-OES. Based on this data,the concentration levels,size distribution characteristics,and occupational exposure risks of heavy metals at the indoor and outdoor dismantling workplaces were studied. Particle analysis showed that Zn( 4 890 ng·m~(-3) indoors,1 245 ng·m~(-3) outdoors) 、Pb( indoors 1 201 ng·m~(-3),outdoors 240 ng·m~(-3)),and Cu( indoors 1 200 ng·m~(-3),outdoors 110 ng·m~(-3)) showed higher pollution levels indoors and outdoors at the dismantling workplace.Moreover,the indoor concentration was much higher than that outdoors,indicating that the dismantling activity was the main cause of the high levels of heavy metal contamination. The indoor and outdoor air pollution characteristics were closely related to the types of electronic waste dismantled. Occupational exposure risk assessments showed that the total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient( HQ) of the indoor and outdoor dismantling workshops was 1. 62 ×10~(-3),and 3. 60 ×10~(-4),respectively,and the carcinogenic risk values were2. 69 ×10~(-7) and 2. 59 ×10~(-9). Cd caused the greatest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks at both indoor and outdoor dismantling workplaces,but it was still far below the limits( 1. 0) and acceptable ranges( 1 ×10~(-6)) stipulated by U. S. EPA,indicating that the health risks caused by heavy metals were minor or negligible. Heavy metals in the ambient particulate matter released from an adequately equipped and formally managed e-waste dismantling plant would not lead to any public health risk. The sedimentation characteristics of particulate heavy metals in different organs of the human respiratory system exhibited that the smaller the particle size was,the greater the proportion of deposition in the depths of the respiratory system was. Enterprises should make scientific and effective decisions on the respiratory health risks caused by such fine particles to the health of professional workers.
Atmospheric particle samples( PM_1. 0、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)) were collected from three sampling sites( indoor and outdoor workplaces of a formal e-waste dismantling plant,and upwind area) in an arid area of Northwest China. The contents of six heavy metals( Cd,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb,and Zn) were analyzed using ICP-OES. Based on this data,the concentration levels,size distribution characteristics,and occupational exposure risks of heavy metals at the indoor and outdoor dismantling workplaces were studied. Particle analysis showed that Zn( 4 890 ng·m~(-3) indoors,1 245 ng·m~(-3) outdoors) 、Pb( indoors 1 201 ng·m~(-3),outdoors 240 ng·m~(-3)),and Cu( indoors 1 200 ng·m~(-3),outdoors 110 ng·m~(-3)) showed higher pollution levels indoors and outdoors at the dismantling workplace.Moreover,the indoor concentration was much higher than that outdoors,indicating that the dismantling activity was the main cause of the high levels of heavy metal contamination. The indoor and outdoor air pollution characteristics were closely related to the types of electronic waste dismantled. Occupational exposure risk assessments showed that the total non-carcinogenic hazard quotient( HQ) of the indoor and outdoor dismantling workshops was 1. 62 ×10~(-3),and 3. 60 ×10~(-4),respectively,and the carcinogenic risk values were2. 69 ×10~(-7) and 2. 59 ×10~(-9). Cd caused the greatest carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks at both indoor and outdoor dismantling workplaces,but it was still far below the limits( 1. 0) and acceptable ranges( 1 ×10~(-6)) stipulated by U. S. EPA,indicating that the health risks caused by heavy metals were minor or negligible. Heavy metals in the ambient particulate matter released from an adequately equipped and formally managed e-waste dismantling plant would not lead to any public health risk. The sedimentation characteristics of particulate heavy metals in different organs of the human respiratory system exhibited that the smaller the particle size was,the greater the proportion of deposition in the depths of the respiratory system was. Enterprises should make scientific and effective decisions on the respiratory health risks caused by such fine particles to the health of professional workers.
引文
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[3]杜晓燕.我国电子垃圾产业化问题研究[D].武汉:中国地质大学,2007.
[4]Cui J R,Forssberg E.Mechanical recycling of waste electric and electronic equipment:a review[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2003,99(3):243-263.
[5]Zheng L K,Wu K S,Li Y,et al.Blood lead and cadmium levels and relevant factors among children from an e-waste recycling town in China[J].Environmental Research,2008,108(1):15-20.
[6]Akesson A,Lundh T,Vahter M,et al.Tubular and glomerular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2005,113(11):1627-1631.
[7]Méar F,Yot P,Cambon M,et al.The characterization of waste cathode-ray tube glass[J].Waste Management,2006,26(12):1468-1476.
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[9]姚琳,廖欣峰,张海洋,等.中国大气重金属污染研究进展与趋势[J].环境科学与管理,2012,37(9):41-44.Yao L,Liao X F,Zhang H Y,et al.Progress and trend of atmospheric heavy metal pollution in China[J].Environmental Science and Management,2012,37(9):41-44.
[10]赵珍丽,赵委托,黄庭,等.电镀厂周边大气PM10中重金属季节性分布特征及生态风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(1):18-26.Zhao Z L,Zhao W T,H T,et al.Seasonal characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in PM10around electroplating plants[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(1):18-26.
[11]田春晖,杨若杼,古丽扎尔·依力哈木,等.南京市大气降尘重金属污染水平及风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(7):3118-3125.Tian C H,Yang R Z,Gulizhaer Y,et al.Pollution levels and risk assessment of heavy metals from atmospheric deposition in Nanjing[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(7):3118-3125.
[12]陈衍婷,杜文娇,陈进生,等.海西城市群PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2017,38(2):429-437.Chen Y T,Du W J,Chen J S,et al.Pollution characteristics of heavy metals in PM2.5and their human health risks among the coastal city group along western Taiwan straits region,China[J].Environment Science,2017,38(2):429-437.
[13]尹伊梦,赵委托,黄庭,等.电子垃圾拆解区土壤-水稻系统重金属分布特征及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2018,39(2):916-926.Yin Y M,Zhao W T,Huang T,et al.Distribution characteristics and health risk assessment of heavy metals in a Soil-rice system in an E-waste dismantling area[J].Environment Science,2018,39(2):916-926.
[14]赵科理,傅伟军,叶正钱,等.电子垃圾拆解区土壤重金属空间异质性及分布特征[J].环境科学,2016,37(8):3151-3159.Zhao K L,Fu W J,Ye Z Q,et al.Spatial variation of soil heavy metals in an E-waste dismantling area and their distribution characteristics[J].Environmental Science,2016,37(8):3151-3159.
[15]张金莲,丁疆峰,卢桂宁,等.广东清远电子垃圾拆解区农田土壤重金属污染评价[J].环境科学,2015,36(7):2633-2640.Zhang J L,Ding J F,Lu G N,et al.Heavy metal contamination in farmland soils at an E-waste disassembling site in qingyuan,Guangdong,South China[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(7):2633-2640.
[16]林娜娜,单振华,朱崇岭,等.清远某电子垃圾拆解区河流底泥中重金属和多氯联苯的复合污染[J].环境化学,2015,34(9):1685-1693.Lin N N,Shan Z H,Zhu C L,et al.Heavy metal and PCBcontamination in river sediments of an E-waste recycling site in Qingyuan City[J].Environmental Chemistry,2015,34(9):1685-1693.
[17]Xue M Q,Yang Y C,Ruan J J,et al.Assessment of noise and heavy metals(Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb)in the ambience of the production line for recycling waste printed circuit boards[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2012,46(1):494-499.
[18]Fang W X,Yang Y C,Xu Z M.PM10and PM2.5and health risk assessment for heavy metals in a typical factory for cathode ray tube television recycling[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2013,47(21):12469-12476.
[19]Deng W J,Louie P K K,Liu W K,et al.Atmospheric levels and cytotoxicity of PAHs and heavy metals in TSP and PM2.5at an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(36):6945-6955.
[20]刘保健,张敏,李文清,等.建立我国西北地区电子垃圾回收渠道[J].资源再生,2007,(4):27-30.Liu B J,Zhang M,Li W Q,et al.Establishing our country nw area electronic refuse recycling channel[J].Resource Recycling,2007,(4):27-30.
[21]董婷,李天昕,赵秀阁,等.某焦化厂周边大气PM10重金属来源及健康风险评价[J].环境科学,2014,35(4):1238-1244.Dong T,Li T X,Zhao X G,et al.Source and health risk assessment of heavy metals in ambient air PM10from one coking plant[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(4):1238-1244.
[22]王宗爽,武婷,段小丽,等.环境健康风险评价中我国居民呼吸速率暴露参数研究[J].环境科学研究,2009,22(10):1171-1175.Wang Z S,Wu T,Duan X L,et al.Research on inhalation rate exposure factors of Chinese residents in environmental health risk assessment[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2009,22(10):1171-1175.
[23]Li J,Xu Z M.Environmental friendly automatic line for recovering metal from waste printed circuit boards[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(4):1418-1423.
[24]卫生部.2007中国卫生统计年鉴[M].北京:中国协和医科大学出版社,2007.
[25]李如忠,潘成荣,陈婧,等.基于盲数理论的城市表土与灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价模型[J].环境科学报,2013,33(1):276-285.Li R Z,Pan C R,Chen J,et al.Uncertainty model for the health risk of heavy metals in urban topsoil and dust based on blind number theory[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(1):276-285.
[26]罗沛.大气颗粒态典型半挥发性有机污染物的粒径分布及人体呼吸暴露风险评估[D].广州:中国科学院研究生院(广州地球化学研究所),2015.
[27]Zhang K,Zhang B Z,Li S M,et al.Calculated respiratory exposure to indoor size-fractioned polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an urban environment[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,431:245-251.
[28]Yang Y C,Fang W X,Xue M Q,et al.TSP,PM10and health risk assessment for heavy metals(Cr,Ni,Cu,Zn,Cd,Pb)in the ambience of the production line for waste cathode ray tube recycling[J].Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management,2016,18(2):296-302.
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