清代苜蓿栽培利用刍考
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摘要
记载我国清代苜蓿的史料资源丰富。本研究采用植物考据学原理与方法,以记载清代苜蓿的相关典籍为基础,结合近现代研究成果,考查清代苜蓿的栽培利用状况。结果表明,苜蓿是清代重要的作物或饲草,在华东、华北、东北和西北乃至陕川鄂毗邻地区均有苜蓿种植,据不完全考证,清代有21个省的176个县(州、府、地区等)种植苜蓿。苜蓿的考证亦受到清代学者的重视,雍正《畿辅通志》曰:"藤蔓菀,叶丛生,紫花,荚实。"徐松曰:苜蓿"今中国有之,惟西域紫花为异"。在清代亦有学者对苜蓿的名称进行了进一步的考证;清代苜蓿的植物学与生长特性研究也比较突出,程瑶田和吴其濬开展了苜蓿植物形态学方面的研究,同时程瑶田还对苜蓿生长特性、物候期进行了系统的研究;苜蓿的治碱改土和固氮肥田等生态特性在清代被广泛利用,并将苜蓿纳入了轮作制中,苜蓿的饲蔬两用性和本草性得到广泛利用,特别是在灾荒年里,苜蓿的食用性得到很好的体现;罗振玉提倡在僻远地区种苜蓿等绿肥作物以肥田,并建议引进国外苜蓿良种;为了保护苜蓿,陕西有些县村都制定了苜蓿保护条例;在苜蓿种植管理技术方面有明显进步,主要表现在苜蓿适宜土壤的选择,利用苜蓿耐瘠薄、耐盐碱、抗风沙等特性,将苜蓿种植在了碱地、沙地、石地、淤地、虫地、草地和阴地等上;认识到了苜蓿种子的硬实性,并在播种前进行处理,掌握了苜蓿的适宜播种时间,并制定了苜蓿刈割制度,规范了苜蓿干草调制方法,强调苜蓿地的冬春季管理,在清代有了比较清晰系统的苜蓿农事月龄。
The Qing Dynasty(1616-1911) was the last feudal dynasty in China. It was a period of relatively developed agricultural economy. In this period, practices for the cultivation and utilization of many crops were greatly developed, and there are many historical records. This article focuses on alfalfa and reviews and collates selected passages from 44 of those records, to understand the patterns of cultivation and utilization of alfalfa in the Qing Dynasty, and the foundation that historical practice has laid for the present day. By the start of the Qing dynasty, alfalfa was planted in vast areas of north and east China, and as far south as Sichuan and Hubei provinces. The texts accessed, which are not a complete list, record the cultivation of alfalfa in 182 counties in 22 provinces at that time. Textual research on alfalfa is complex both because of the need to differentiate between references to alfalfa and related species such as Medicago polymorpha, and Melilotus spp., and because up to 6 different names were used for alfalfa in different texts. Despite this complication, the Qing dynasty literature contains rich detail on the botanical characteristics of alfalfa and the husbandry practices used to grow it. In the Yongzheng period, Jifu Tongzhi wrote, "vines, leaves were clustered, purple flowers, pods", while Xu Song referred to the different purple flower color of the western varieties. Cheng Yaotian(1725-1814) and Wu Qijun(1789-1846) also systematically studied the growth characteristics and seasonal phenological development of alfalfa. Plantings on alkaline soil and incorporation in crop rotations for its biological nitrogen fixation were widely utilized in the Qing dynasty. Luo Zhenyu(1866-1940) advocated planting alfalfa for use as a green manure in remote areas. In 1909, the American soil scientist Franklin visited China to examine the use of alfalfa for green manure in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces and subsequently wrote a text "Farmers of forty centuries of permanent agriculture ……" which described the techniques he had observed and commented that these farmers had recognized the importance of legumes very early. The importance of alfalfa in the later Qing dynasty was such that some villages in Shaanxi had formulated alfalfa protection regulations. By the start of the 20 th century there were obvious advances in the management of alfalfa, mainly in the selection of sites with suitable soil for alfalfa, and also from a breeding perspective, with development of varieties tolerant of sandy or stony soils or with enhanced salt and alkaline soil tolerance. Husbandry techniques also became more sophisticated, with traits like hard-seededness recognized, optimal sowing dates confirmed, critical winter and spring management practices developed, and optimal cutting regimes and hay making practices identified in the Qing Dynasty.
The Qing Dynasty(1616-1911) was the last feudal dynasty in China. It was a period of relatively developed agricultural economy. In this period, practices for the cultivation and utilization of many crops were greatly developed, and there are many historical records. This article focuses on alfalfa and reviews and collates selected passages from 44 of those records, to understand the patterns of cultivation and utilization of alfalfa in the Qing Dynasty, and the foundation that historical practice has laid for the present day. By the start of the Qing dynasty, alfalfa was planted in vast areas of north and east China, and as far south as Sichuan and Hubei provinces. The texts accessed, which are not a complete list, record the cultivation of alfalfa in 182 counties in 22 provinces at that time. Textual research on alfalfa is complex both because of the need to differentiate between references to alfalfa and related species such as Medicago polymorpha, and Melilotus spp., and because up to 6 different names were used for alfalfa in different texts. Despite this complication, the Qing dynasty literature contains rich detail on the botanical characteristics of alfalfa and the husbandry practices used to grow it. In the Yongzheng period, Jifu Tongzhi wrote, "vines, leaves were clustered, purple flowers, pods", while Xu Song referred to the different purple flower color of the western varieties. Cheng Yaotian(1725-1814) and Wu Qijun(1789-1846) also systematically studied the growth characteristics and seasonal phenological development of alfalfa. Plantings on alkaline soil and incorporation in crop rotations for its biological nitrogen fixation were widely utilized in the Qing dynasty. Luo Zhenyu(1866-1940) advocated planting alfalfa for use as a green manure in remote areas. In 1909, the American soil scientist Franklin visited China to examine the use of alfalfa for green manure in Zhejiang, Jiangsu and Shandong provinces and subsequently wrote a text "Farmers of forty centuries of permanent agriculture ……" which described the techniques he had observed and commented that these farmers had recognized the importance of legumes very early. The importance of alfalfa in the later Qing dynasty was such that some villages in Shaanxi had formulated alfalfa protection regulations. By the start of the 20 th century there were obvious advances in the management of alfalfa, mainly in the selection of sites with suitable soil for alfalfa, and also from a breeding perspective, with development of varieties tolerant of sandy or stony soils or with enhanced salt and alkaline soil tolerance. Husbandry techniques also became more sophisticated, with traits like hard-seededness recognized, optimal sowing dates confirmed, critical winter and spring management practices developed, and optimal cutting regimes and hay making practices identified in the Qing Dynasty.
引文
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